學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作總結(jié)分析解析

專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作考點(diǎn)總結(jié)Part?AcademicEnglishWriting（專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作）Chapter1SixConsiderationsinAcademicWritingAcademicwritingisaproductofmanyconsideration:audience,purposeandstrategy,organization,style,flowandpresentation.（學(xué)術(shù)寫(xiě)作六要素：寫(xiě)作對(duì)象，目的，組織結(jié)構(gòu)，文體特征，表達(dá)連貫和宣講或宣讀）。Organizationusuallyhasthefollowingfourparts:問(wèn)題-解決方法包括四個(gè)部分descriptionofasituation（描述情況）Identificationofaproblem（甄別問(wèn)題）Descriptionofasolution（描述解決方法）Evaluationofthesolution（評(píng)估解決方法）FormalGrammarStyle：（正規(guī)的語(yǔ)法風(fēng)格）(1)Generallyavoidcontractions（一般來(lái)講避免使用略縮詞）例：won’t改為willnotUsethemoreappropriateformalnegativeforms（使用更為適宜的正規(guī)的否定形式）例：not...any改為nonot...much改為littlenot...many改為fewLimittheuseof“run-on”expressions,suchasandsoforthandetc.（限制使用多個(gè)詞連用的表達(dá)法）例：句子內(nèi)不能出現(xiàn)andsoforth和etc.出現(xiàn)時(shí)應(yīng)將省略的部分?jǐn)U展出來(lái)。Avoidaddressingthereaderasyou(except,ofcourse,ifyouarewritingatextbookorotherinstructionalmaterials).（避免向讀者說(shuō)“你”）例：YoucanseetheresultsinTable1.改為：TheresultscanbeseeninTable1.Becarefulaboutusingdirectquestions.Insomefieldstheyarecommon,whileinotherstheyarenot.（使用直接引語(yǔ)時(shí)需謹(jǐn)慎）例：Whatcanbedonetolowercosts?改為：Itisnecessarytoconsiderhowcostsmaybelowered.或者Wenowneedtoconsiderhowcostsmaybelowered.Placeadverbwithintheverb.（將副詞放于動(dòng)詞詞組內(nèi)）例：ThismodelwasdevelopedbyKrugmanoriginally.改為：ThismodelwasoriginallydevelopedbyKrugman.Considerwhetheryoushouldsplitinfinitives.（考慮是否該使用割裂不定式）例：Weneedtoadequatelymeettheneedsofthoseenrolledintheprogram.Aimforanefficientuseofwords.（目的是為了有效地使用詞匯）例：Therearesomeinorganicmaterialsthatcanbeusedbybioengineersintheprocessoftissueengineeringthathavebeenshowntobeverypromising.改為：Someinorganicmaterialsusedintissueengineeringhaveshowngreatpromise.習(xí)題：Youcanusethismodeltoanalyzetheeffectsofseveralparameterchanges.錯(cuò)誤：使用了you。改為：Thismodelcanbeusedtoanalyzethe effectsofseveralparameterchanges.OK,whatarethereasonsthatcoffeepriceshavefallen?There’realotofpossibilities.錯(cuò)誤：使用了口語(yǔ)OK；直接引語(yǔ)的使用；使用了縮略詞There’re。改為：Coffeepriceshavefallenformany reasons.Youcanseethedifferencebetweenthesetwoapproachestodesigningundergroundsubwaystationsclearly.錯(cuò)誤：使用了you；將副詞clearly放在了句尾。改為：Thedifferencebetweenthesetwoapproachestodesigningunderground subwaystationcanclearlybeseen.Recentresearchhasshownthatthearmsareusedcommonlyforprotectionduringafalltotheground.錯(cuò)誤：將副詞commonly放在了動(dòng)詞之后。改為：Recentresearchhasshownthatthearmsarecommonlyusedforprotectionduringafalltotheground.Sofar,therehasn’tbeenanycomprehensivestudylookingintotheroleofsmilingingettingtheinitialtrustofindividuals.錯(cuò)誤：使用了Sofar；使用了therebe結(jié)構(gòu)；使用了not...any結(jié)構(gòu)；使用了非正式的lookinginto。改為：Todate,nocomprehensivestudyhasexaminedtheroleofsmilingingaining theinitialtrustofindividual.Therearesomestudiesthathaveconcludedthatbamboocouldbeusedbybuildersmorewidelythanitisnowasaconstructionmaterial.錯(cuò)誤：使用了therebe結(jié)構(gòu)；副詞widely位置放錯(cuò)。改為：Somestudieshaveconcludedthatbamboocouldbemorewidelyused thanitisnowasaconstructionmaterial. Thesespecialtaxlawshavebeenenactedinsixstates:Illinois,Iowa,Ohio,etc.錯(cuò)誤：使用了etc。改為：Thesespecialtaxlawshavebeenenactedinsixmidwesternstates:Illinois,Iowa,Indiana,Ohio,Michigan,andMinnesota.Thereisn’tverymuchresearchontheuseofoilpalmshellascoarseaggregateintheproductionofconcrete.錯(cuò)誤：使用了therebe結(jié)構(gòu)；使用了not...verymuch。改為：Littleresearchhasbeendoneontheuseofoilpalmshellascoarseaggregatein theproductionofconcrete.Chapter2TwoUnderlyingStructuresinAcademicWriting（專(zhuān)業(yè)寫(xiě)作的兩個(gè)基本結(jié)構(gòu)）1、Twounderlyingstructuresinacademicwriting：（專(zhuān)業(yè)寫(xiě)作的兩個(gè)基本結(jié)構(gòu)）general-specificstructure（泛論-特指(GS)結(jié)構(gòu)）problem-process-solutionstructure（問(wèn)題-過(guò)程-解決方法）GStextsusuallybeginwithoneofthefollowing:（GS文本通常以下列一種形式開(kāi)始）Ashortorextendeddefinition（簡(jiǎn)短或拓展定義）Acontrastiveorcomparativedefinition（對(duì)比或比較定義）Ageneralizationorpurposestatement（一般化或目標(biāo)性陳述）Astatementoffact.（事實(shí)陳述）Superordinate-categoryword：technique,method,process,device,andsystem.（超級(jí)坐標(biāo)詞）Deletions（刪除）：在下列情況下，你可以減少限制性關(guān)系代詞A.定語(yǔ)從句僅有關(guān)系代詞、be動(dòng)詞、一個(gè)或多個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ) B.定語(yǔ)從句由被動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞加上一些額外的信息 C.定語(yǔ)從句含有關(guān)系代詞、以-ble結(jié)尾的形容詞和額外的信息例題：p23(1).metalthatisoftenused—>metaloftenused(2).devicethatiscapableof—>devicecapableof(3).roofwhichisontopof—>roofontopof (4).precipitationwhichresultsfrom—>precipitationresultingfrom(5).Thissentencecannotbereduced.(6).flutethatispitchedanoctavehigher>flutepitchedanoctavehigher.aprocessthatinvolvestheselectivetransport—>aprocessinvolvingtheselectivetransport.acelestialbodywhichhasapproximatelythesamemass—>acelestialbodywithapproximatelythesamemass考題類(lèi)型：句子排序例題：P27ComparativeDefinitions（對(duì)比性定義）（1）比較定義基本上有兩類(lèi)：1)呈現(xiàn)一個(gè)概念是如何隨著時(shí)間的流逝而變化 的這樣一種史實(shí)陳述。2)呈現(xiàn)對(duì)當(dāng)代各位專(zhuān)家是怎樣不同地看待此概 念所做的一個(gè)全面性的評(píng)述。Participle（分詞）例題：P39（1）Theoilisskimmedfromthesurfacebyusingaboomandthenpumpedintoatankforrecycling.（2）Afterbeingharvested,thegrapesarecrushedtoreleasethepulpandseedandthenfermentedforthreeweeks.（3）First,theglassiscuttosizeandinspectedtodetermineifithasanyimperfections.Itisthenheatedtoover600oCandcooledinastepknownasquenching.詞和詞型的變換P23-P25Chapter3DataCommentary（數(shù)據(jù)信息解讀）Inmanydisciplinesthedataisdisplayedinatable,graph,figure,orsomeotherkindofnon-verbalillustration.（在許多學(xué)科中，數(shù)據(jù)信息都是以圖表、圖形、數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)圖或非口頭圖示的方式展示出來(lái)。）2、StructureofDataCommentary（數(shù)據(jù)信息解讀的基本結(jié)構(gòu)）A、Locationelementsand/orsummarystatements.（定位要素和/或總結(jié)陳述）B、Highlightingstatements.（強(qiáng)調(diào)陳述內(nèi)容）C、Discussionsofimplications,problems,exceptions,recommendations,etc.（對(duì)內(nèi)涵含義,問(wèn)題,例外情況,推薦等的討論）Locationelementsandsummaries.（定位要素和總結(jié)）A、StartingaDataCommentary.（開(kāi)始數(shù)據(jù)解讀）B、PassivesinStartingaDataCommentary.（用在開(kāi)始數(shù)據(jù)解讀中的被動(dòng)式）C、VerbsinIndicativeandInformativesSummaries.（用在陳述性和信息性總結(jié)中的動(dòng)詞）D、LanguageFocus:Linkingas-Clause.（語(yǔ)言聚焦：連接詞As引出的從句）Chapter4SummaryandAbstractWriting（總結(jié)與摘要寫(xiě)作）PrincipleRequirementsforagoodSummary（一份良好的任務(wù)總結(jié)具備四個(gè)主要需求）Itshouldbefocusedontherelevantaspectsofthesourcetextortextsandpresentacomprehensiveviewofallthemainpointsoftheoriginal.（它應(yīng)聚焦于來(lái)源文本的相關(guān)方面并能呈現(xiàn)對(duì)全部原始要點(diǎn)的綜合性觀點(diǎn)）Itshouldpresentthesourcematerialinanaccurateandobjectivefashion.（它應(yīng)以精確、客觀的形式呈現(xiàn)來(lái)源材料）Itshouldcondensethesourcematerialandbepresentedinthesummarywriter’sownwordsandavoidterminology.（它應(yīng)凝縮來(lái)源材料并以總結(jié)寫(xiě)作者自己的文字呈現(xiàn)出來(lái),而且要避免用專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)）Provideanindependentlyreferentialsummary,andkeepthelengthincontrol.（提供完全獨(dú)立的參閱性總結(jié)，并能控制其文章長(zhǎng)度）2、寫(xiě)作總結(jié)的基本步驟(1)快速略讀文本，腦中注意小標(biāo)題。若無(wú)小標(biāo)題，試將文本分成幾部分。(2)考慮清楚為什么給了你這個(gè)文本。確定你在處理哪種類(lèi)型的文本,即:來(lái)源文本類(lèi)型(3)讀文本，標(biāo)示重要的信息或者作筆記(4)用你自己的詞匯寫(xiě)下每一部分的要點(diǎn)。每一部分盡量寫(xiě)出一個(gè)一句話的總結(jié)。(5)對(duì)每一個(gè)主要題目，寫(xiě)下關(guān)鍵的佐證點(diǎn)，但必要時(shí)也要包括小的細(xì)節(jié)。(6)再次仔細(xì)檢查這個(gè)過(guò)程，做些適當(dāng)?shù)淖儎?dòng)。3、BasicStructureofAbstractWriting（摘要寫(xiě)作的基本結(jié)構(gòu)）（1）Topicsentence（主題句）（2）SupportingSentences（佐證句）（3）ConcludingSentence（結(jié)論句）4、P70-P72的例句，寫(xiě)作時(shí)會(huì)用得上。5、SummaryandAbstract兩個(gè)詞要會(huì)寫(xiě)，以及知道兩者的區(qū)別，其中summary要分三段來(lái)寫(xiě)，abstract不分段。PartIIBasalEnglishWriting（基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作）Chapter1Punctuation（標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)）Thecomma（逗號(hào)）Theperiod（句號(hào)）Thesemicolon（分號(hào)）Thecolon（冒號(hào)）Thequestionmark（問(wèn)號(hào)）Thequotationmark（引號(hào)）Theexclamationmark（感嘆號(hào)）Thedash（破折號(hào)）Italicsandunderlining（斜體字和下劃線）練習(xí)題：P96-9711、本節(jié)所有的例句都要仔細(xì)看※Chapter2Vocabulary（詞匯）Levelsofdiction:formalandinformal,abstract（抽象）andconcrete（具體）,andgeneral（籠統(tǒng)）andspecific（特指）.Italsoincludeshowtoappreciatetheconnotative（引申含義）aswellasdenotative（字面含義，本義）meaningsofwords.Englishwordscanbecategorizedas（分為）formal,informalandcolloquial（口語(yǔ)的）.練習(xí)題：1/P102練習(xí)題：P109-P113Chapter3EnglishSentenceWriting（英語(yǔ)句子寫(xiě)作）Typesofsentences（句子的類(lèi)型）P114Accordingtostructure（根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)）simplesentences（簡(jiǎn)單句）compoundsentences（并列句：a、逗號(hào)加并列連詞b、分號(hào)，沒(méi)有并列連詞c、分號(hào)，連接副詞及其后加逗號(hào)）complexsentences（復(fù)合句：一個(gè)主句，一個(gè)或多個(gè)從句）compound-complexsentences（并列復(fù)合句）Accordingtouse（根據(jù)功能）declarativesentences（陳述句）interrogativesentences（疑問(wèn)句）imperativesentences（祈使句）exclamatorysentences（感嘆句）Accordingtorhetoric（根據(jù)修辭）loosesentences（松散句，主體部分放在前面）periodicsentences（掉尾句，主體部分放在最后）※balancedsentences（平行句）longandshortsentences（長(zhǎng)、短句）練習(xí)題（P121）Hethoughtthepaintingwasoflittlevalue.Heletmehaveitforonlytenpounds.(Compound)改為：Hethoughtthepaintingwasoflittlevalue,soheletmehaveitforonlytenpounds.（或者Hethoughtthepaintingwasoflittlevalueandheletmehaveitforonlytenpounds.）IalwaystakemyraincoatwheneverIgooutthesedays.(Periodic)改為：WheneverIgooutthesedays,Ialwaystakemyraincoat.Theywereonholiday.Theirhousewasbrokeninto.Somevaluablepaintingswerestolen.(Compound-complex)改為：Whentheywereonholiday,theirhousewasbrokenintoandsomevaluablepaintingswerestolen.Thefiremenfoughtforthreehours.Theyfinallymanagedtoputoutthefire.(Complex)改為：Afterthefiremenfoughtforthreehours,theyfinallymanagedtoputoutthefire.Nobodyinthisworldisquiteperfect.Weallhavesomefaults.(Compound)改為：Nobodyinthisworldisquiteperfect;weallhavesomefaults.（或者Nobodyinthisworldisquiteperfect,forweallhavesomefaults.）ThetrainisgoingtoDalian.Thetrainleavesat20:15.(Simple)改為：ThetraintoDalianleavesat20:15.Inspiteoftheinterruption,hewasabletofinishallhisexercisesbeforetheclasswasover.(Loose)改為：Hewasabletofinishallhisexercisesbeforetheclasswasoverinspiteoftheinterruption.Manypeoplechoosetravelbyair.Itisfast.Itoffersconvenience.Itisnotveryexpensive.(ParallelStructure)改為：Manypeoplechoosetravelbyair,becauseitisfast,convenientandnotveryexpensive.練習(xí)題P121履歷通常包括個(gè)人信息、教育背景、工作經(jīng)歷和過(guò)去的成就。譯：Aresumegenerallyconsistsofpersonalinformation,educationalbackground,employmenthistoryandpastachievements.戴安娜在南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)主修中醫(yī)學(xué)。譯：DianaismajoringinChinesetraditionalmedicineinNanjingMedicalUniversity.請(qǐng)代我向你父母致以問(wèn)候。譯：Pleasesendmybestregardstoyourparents.現(xiàn)代高等教育應(yīng)該具有前瞻性，超越眼前的社會(huì)需求。譯：Moderncollegeeducationshouldbefar-sightedandabletoseebeyondtheimmediateneedsofthesociety.這種細(xì)菌是引起現(xiàn)在流行病的原因嗎？譯：Isthisbacteriumresponsibleforthecurrentepidemic?經(jīng)?；仡欁蛱?，你就會(huì)珍惜今天，向往明天。譯：Takeafrequentandbackwardlookatyouryesterday,andyouwillvalueyourtodayandlookforwardtoyourtomorrow.中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)知識(shí)分子認(rèn)為：窮則獨(dú)善其身，達(dá)則兼濟(jì)天下。譯：TraditionalChineseintellectualsholdthatoneshouldrefinehispersonalvirtuewheninpoverty,andhelpsavetheworldwheninsuccess.就算我追求愛(ài)情，我也肯定不會(huì)只顧沉浸在愛(ài)河里而荒廢學(xué)業(yè)。譯：IfIdidhuntforlove,Icertainlywouldn’tbathemyselfintheriverofloveallthetime,neglectingmystudies.學(xué)校倡導(dǎo)大學(xué)生改變就業(yè)觀念，并鼓勵(lì)他們把自己的才華和天賦投入到西部大開(kāi)發(fā)中去。譯：Universitiespromoteachangeintheconceptofemploymentamongthegraduates,encouragethemtogivetheirtalentsandgeniustotheWesternExploration.SentenceExpansion（句子拓展）（各個(gè)位置的例句都要看）※句子拓展的三種方法：addition（增添法），coordination（并列法），subordination（從屬法）。重點(diǎn)題型，要會(huì)判斷句子正誤（1）增添法：常見(jiàn)的修飾詞有形容詞、副詞、數(shù)詞、名詞、名詞性詞組、代詞等（adjectives,adverbs,numerals,nouns,nounphrasesandpronouns）。修飾詞通常在句中作定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。添加形容詞（addiongadjectives）單個(gè)形容詞做定語(yǔ)一般放在被修飾詞之前，但修飾由any,every,nosomebody,one或thing構(gòu)成的不定代詞時(shí)，放在其后。添加副詞（addingadverbs）如果句子里同時(shí)帶有幾個(gè)副詞做修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)，其位置應(yīng)按一下順序排列：程度副詞方式副詞地點(diǎn)副詞時(shí)間副詞。添加短語(yǔ)（Addingphrases）短語(yǔ)有8種：名詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)、非限定性短語(yǔ)（分詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)）、同位短語(yǔ)、限定性短語(yǔ)。（noun,verb,prepositional;threekindsofverbalphrase(participial,gerundandinfinitive),appositiveandabsolute）（2）并列法：包含三種方法Coordinatingpronouns（并列連詞）Conjunctiveadverbs（使用連接副詞）Semicolon（運(yùn)用分號(hào)連接）（3）從屬法：從句主要包括名詞性從句（nounclause），狀語(yǔ)從句（adverbialclause）和定語(yǔ)從句（attributiveclause）。名詞性從句又分為主語(yǔ)從句（subjectclause）、表語(yǔ)從句（predicativeclause）、賓語(yǔ)從句（objectclause）和同位語(yǔ)從句（appositiveclause）。常見(jiàn)的狀語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、比較、讓步等。幾種短語(yǔ)拓展法：介詞短語(yǔ)進(jìn)行拓展（expandingwithprepositionalphrases）介詞短語(yǔ)在句中可做表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。作定語(yǔ)時(shí)置于所修飾詞之后，做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)位置比較靈活，可位于句首，也可位于句中或句尾，有時(shí)用逗號(hào)將其與句子的主體部分隔開(kāi)。不定式短語(yǔ)進(jìn)行拓展（expandingwithinfinitivephrases）不定式短語(yǔ)做名詞時(shí)，可做主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)；做形容詞時(shí)，在句中作定語(yǔ)；做副詞時(shí)，可以表示目的、原因、結(jié)果、狀語(yǔ)等。動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)進(jìn)行拓展（expandingwithgerundphrases）動(dòng)名詞為動(dòng)詞-ing形式，名詞性可做主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞性可以帶賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。分詞短語(yǔ)進(jìn)行拓展（expandingwithparticipialphrases）分詞短語(yǔ)有現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)和過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)兩種形式。effectivesentences（有效句）Effectivesentenceshavesomeorallofthefollowingqualities:unity（一致性）,coherence（連貫性）,conciseness（簡(jiǎn)潔性）,emphasis（強(qiáng)調(diào)性）,variety（多樣性）.（2）此節(jié)中的每個(gè)例子都要認(rèn)真看?！毩?xí)題：P142Thiscompositionisquitegoodasfarastheuseoflanguageisconcerned,butitscontentispoor.改為：Thiscompositionisgoodinlanguagebutpoorincontent.（Thelanguageofthiscompositionisquitegoodbutitscontentisratherpoor.）Theyoungmanishonestandhardworking,andisaveryreliableworker.改為：Theyoungmanisanhonest,hardworkingandreliableworder.（Theyoungworkerishonest,hardworkingandreliable.）//平行意思多種表達(dá)形式不連貫Dufuwasoneofthebest-knownpoets.改為：Dufuwasoneofthebest-knownpoetsinTangDynasty.Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobyhisdeeds.改為：Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobywhathedoes.（Amanisjudgednotonlybyhiswordsbutalsobyhisdeeds.）//同類(lèi)意思同種表達(dá)方式Wethoughtshewascharming,intelligent,andaverycapableyoungwoman.改為：Wethoughtshewascharming,intelligentandcapable.Togetreadyforthetrip,allthethingssheneededwereputintoasuitcase.改為：Togetreadyforthetrip,sheputallthethingsheneededintoasuitcase.//連貫性主語(yǔ)不一致懸垂修飾語(yǔ)導(dǎo)致danglingmodifiersThosewhowishtotakelinguisticsareexpectedtosignhisnameonthissheetofpaper.改為：Thosewhowishtotakelinguisticsareexpectedtosigntheirnamesonthissheetofpaper.//避免造成人和數(shù)目的不一致或改變Whenonethieshardenough,youcandoalmostanything.改為：Whenonethieshardenough,hecandoalmostanything.//同上ForyearsIhavebeenattendingsummercampandenjoyedeveryminuteofit.改為：ForyearsIhavebeenattendingsummercampandenjoyingeveryminuteofit.WhenIsawthegradeonmyreportcard,Iwasterriblydisappointed,becauseIstudiedveryhard.改為：WhenIsawthegradeonmyreportcard,Iwasterriblydisappointed,becauseIhadstudiedveryhard.IfIwererichandshewassingle,Iwouldmarryher.改為：IfIwererichandsheweresingle,Iwouldmarryher.Theyinsistedthatthemoneybecollectedandthatareceiptbegiveninreturn.此句正確。練習(xí)題P142TomandhissweetheartmarriedintheearlypartofthemonthofOctober.改為：TomandhissweetheartmarriedinearlyOctober.//wordyIn1979,therewasastrikeparticipatedinbyfivethousandunionworkers.改為：In1979,fivethousandunionsparticipatedinthestrike.Thecauseofthefloodwasduetoheavyraininlatespring.改為：Thefloodwasduetoheavyraininlatespring.Thereareanumberofstudentsfromourinstitutewhoareplanningtojointheexpedition.改為：Anumberofstudentsareplanningtojointheexpedition.WhatIamtryingtosayisthatinmyopinionheisaveryhonestman.改為：Inmyopinionheisaveryhonestman.Icametothisinstitutebecauseofmanyfactors,butmostofallofthefactthatIwanttobeaninterpreter.改為：IcametothisinstitutebecauseIwanttobeaninterpreter.Thesewatermelonsarelargeinsizeandsweetintaste.改為：Thesewatermelonsarelargeandsweet.AtthepresenttimeIamtakingthecourseofWorldHistoryandinadditionacourseinGeographytoo.改為：AtpresentIamtakingWorldHistoryandGeography.Weplannedtomeetjustbeforesunriseveryearlyinthemorning.改為：Weplannedtomeetbeforesunrise.Hisattitudewasofapuzzlingnature.改為：Hisattitudewaspuzzling.練習(xí)題：P143Hewasselfless,hardworkingandmodest;that’swhyhebecameagreatScientist.改為：Hebecameagreatscientistbecausehewasmodest,selfless,andHardworking.Asaclerk,Johnwashonest,efficientandwell-dressed.改為：Johnwasawell-dressed,honest,andefficientclerk.Janewalkedoutofhislife,burstingintotearsasshelefttheroom.改為：Asshelefttheroom,Jane,burstingintotears,walkedoutofhislife.Chinahaschangedagreatdealasaresultofreformandtheopenpolicyduringthepast14years.改為：Asaresultofthereformandtheopenpolicyduringthepast1`4years,Chinahaschangedagreatdeal.Huang,thefamouswriter,wasamonghisneighbors.改為：Huang,whowasamonghisneighbors,wasafamouswriter.Socialposition,reputation,evenlifeitself,andfriends,werenolongerinterestingtohimafterhewentbankrupt.改為：Afterhewentbankrupt,friends,socialposition,reputation,evenlifeitselfwerenolongerinterestingtohim.常見(jiàn)的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤：P143書(shū)中每個(gè)正確的句子都要看※Misusedpartsofspeech（用錯(cuò)詞性）；Sentencefragments（殘缺句）；Run-onsentences（流水句）；Misplacedmodifiers&danglingmodifiers（誤置修飾與懸虛結(jié)構(gòu)）；Probleminagreementandreference（一致與指代問(wèn)題）。練習(xí)題P146修改殘缺句Afterreturningfromthebeach.Thechildrenwereexhausted.改為：Afterreturningfromthebeach,thechildrenwereexhausted.Johnneglectinghisdutiesandspendingtimeonindependentresearch.改為：Johnneglectedhisdutiesandspenttimeonindependentresearch.Karendroppedcalculus.Whichshehaddroppedseveralltimesbefore.改為：Karendroppedcalculus,whichshehaddroppedseveralltimesbefore.Workingtogethertosaveourenvironment.Wecanleavetheworldabetterplacethanwofoundit.改為：Workingtogethertosaveourenvironment,wecanleavetheworldabetterplacethanwofoundit.Ellenreturnedthelostwallettotheman.Provingthatsheisanhonestperson.改為：Ellenreturnedthelostwallettotheman,whichprovedthatsheisanhonestperson.Someerrorsinwritingareserious.Forexample,sentencefragments,andRun-onsentences.改為：Someerrorsinwritingareserious,forexample,sentencefragments,andRun-onsentences.練習(xí)題P147修改流水句Somepeoplesaytheycarefortheenvironmentwhiletheylittercigarettebutsorfruitskinsjustaboutanywheretheyhappentobe.改為：Somepeoplesaytheycarefortheenvironment,yettheylittercigarettebutsorfruitskinsjustaboutanywheretheyhappentobe.Liliisnotworriedaboutpayingforhercollegeeducation,shehasjustreceivedafullscholarship.改為：Liliisnotworriedaboutpayingforhercollegeeducationbecauseshehasjustreceivedafullscholarship.Wefinishedtheworkbynineo’clockintheeveningthenwewenthome.改為：Wefinishedtheworkbynineo’clockintheeveningandthenwewenthome.Athighnoonabigandnoisypartywasgoingonnextdoor,Icouldnottakemyusualnap.改為：Athighnoonabigandnoisypartywasgoingonnextdoor;Icouldnottakemyusualnap.練習(xí)題P147改正句子Therobberwasasix-foot-manwithamustacheweighing150pounds.改為：Therobberweighing150poundswasasix-foot-manwithamustache.Hesoldtheoldcartothemanwithleatherseats.改為：Hesoldtheoldcarwithleatherseatstotheman.Tomboughtanoldcarfromacrookeddealerwithafaultytransmission.改為：Tomboughtanoldcarwithafaultytransmissionfromacrookeddealer.Unconcernedabouthisownlife,thelittlegirldrowningintheicyriverwassavedbyapasser-by.改為：Unconcernedabouthisownlife,apasser-bysavedthelittlegirldrowningintheicyriver.ThepuppythatMary’sdadpickedupinthewoodswasreturnedtoherowner.改為：ThepuppythatMary’sdadpickedupinthewoodswasreturnedtohisowner.IwasshockedtoseeaT-shirtinthatfancydressstorewhichhadapricetagof$2000.改為：IwasshockedtoseeinthatfancydressstoreaT-shirtwhichhadapricetagof$2000.ShefeltsheshouldhaveknownthatneitherMargienorTimwouldopenthierheartscompletelytoher.改為：ShefeltsheshouldhaveknownthatneitherMargienorTimwouldopenhisheartcompletelytoher.Oneofthecomputersplacedinthecenteroftheofficehaveinternetaccess.改為：Oneofthecomputersplacedinthecenteroftheofficehasinternetaccess.Thedirecter,alongwithalltheothermembersonthecommittee,areenthusiasticaboutmyproposal.改為：Thedirecter,alongwithalltheothermembersonthecommittee,isenthusiasticaboutmyproposal.Theapplicant’slistofcredentialsareratherlong.改為：Theapplicant’slistofcredentialsisratherlong.Chapter4EnglishParagraphWriting（英語(yǔ)段落寫(xiě)作）ParagraphStructure（段落結(jié)構(gòu)）主題句（thetopicsentence）具有三個(gè)重要功能：P149通過(guò)明確陳述討論中的一個(gè)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)一步證明全文中心思想。顯示段落內(nèi)容?？刂圃摱温鋬?nèi)容。某一段中全部討論——舉例、細(xì)節(jié)列舉以及解釋都必須與主題句直接相關(guān)并能進(jìn)一步證明主題句。練習(xí)題：1/P151ComposingEffectiveParagraphs（寫(xiě)作精彩段落）精彩的正文段落應(yīng)該圍繞一個(gè)主題句展開(kāi)：段落應(yīng)該展開(kāi)充分、前后統(tǒng)一而且銜接自然。具體地講，一個(gè)很有說(shuō)服力的正文段落必須滿足四個(gè)要求。首先，該段