綠色建筑中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

中英文資料翻譯外文文獻(xiàn)：EvaluatingWaterConservationMeasuresForGreenBuildingInTaiwanGreenBuildingevaluationisanewsysteminwhichwaterconservationisprioritizedasoneofitssevencategoriesforsavingwaterresourcesthroughbuildingequipmentdesigninTaiwan.ThispaperintroducestheGreenBuildingprogramandproposesawaterconservationindexwithquantitativemethodologyandcasestudy.Thisevaluationindexinvolvesstandardizedscientificquantificationandcanbeusedinthepre-designstagetoobtaintheexpectedresult.ThemeasureofevaluationindexisalsobasedontheessentialresearchinTaiwanandisapracticalandapplicableapproach.Keywords:GreenBuilding;Evaluationsystem;Waterconservation;Buildingequipment1.IntroductionTheenvironmentwasanissueofdeepglobalconcernthroughoutthelatterhalfofthe20thcentury.Freshwatershortagesandpollutionarebecomingoneofthemostcriticalglobalproblems.Manyorganizationsandconferencesconcerningwaterresourcepolicyandissueshavereachedtheconsensusthatwatershortagesmaycausewarinthe21stcentury[1],ifnotabettersolution.Actually,Taiwanisalreadyexperiencingsignificantdiscordoverwatersupply.Buildingnewdamsisnolongeranacceptablesolutiontothecurrentwatershortageproblems,becauseoftheconsequentenvironmentalproblems.Previousstudieshaveconcludedthatwatersavingsarenecessarynotonlyforwaterconservationbutalsoforreducingenergyconsumption[2,3].TaiwanislocatedintheAsianmonsoonareaandhasanabundantsupplyofrainwater.Annualprecipitationaveragesaround2500mm.However,watershortageshaverecentlybeenacriticalproblemduringthedryseason.Thecrucial,centralissueistheunevendistributionoftorrentialrain,steephillsides,andshortrivers.Furthermore,theheavydemandfordomesticwateruseinmunicipalareas,andthedifficultiesinbuildingnewreservoirsarealsocriticalfactors.Governmentdepartmentsareendeavoringtospreadpubliclytheconceptofwater-conservation.Whileindustryandcommercehavemadeexcellentprogressinwaterconservation,progressamongthepublichasbeenextremelyslow.Duetothisglobaltrend,theArchitectureandBuildingResearchInstitute(ABRI),MinistryofInteriorinTaiwan,proposedthe“GreenBuilding”conceptandbuilttheevaluationsystem.Inordertosavewaterresourcesthroughbuildingequipmentdesign,thissystemprioritizeswaterconservationasoneofitssevencategories.ThispaperfocusesonthewaterconservationmeasuresforGreenBuildinginTaiwanandaquantitativeprocedureforprovingwater-savingefficiency.Thepurposeofthisworkisnotonlyaimedatsavingwaterresources,butalsoatreducingtheenvironmentalimpactontheearth.2.WaterconservationindexThewaterconservationindexistheratiooftheactualquantityofwaterconsumedinabuildingtotheaveragewater-consumptioningeneral.Theindexisalsocalled,“thewatersavingrate”.Evaluationsofthewater-consumptionquantityincludetheevaluationtothewater-savingefficiencywithinkitchens,bathroomsandallwatertaps,aswellastherecyclingofrainandthesecondhandintermediatewater.2.1.GoalofusingthewaterconservationindexAlthoughTaiwanhasplentyofrain,duetoitslargepopulation,theaveragerainfallfordistributiontoeachindividualispoorcomparedtotheworldaverageasshowninFig.1.Thus,Taiwanisreverselyacountryshortofwater.Yet,therecentimprovementsincitizens’standardsoflivinghaveledtoabigincreaseintheamountofwaterneededincities,asshowninFig.2,which,accompaniedbythedifficultyofobtainingnewwaterresources,makesthewatershortageproblemevenworse.Duetotheimproperwaterfacilitiesdesignsinthepast,thelowwaterfee,andtheusualpracticalbehaviorofpeoplewhenusingwater,Taiwanesepeoplehavetendedtousealargequantityoftapwater.In1990,theaveragewater-consumptionquantityinTaiwanwas350lperpersonperday,whereasinGermanyitisabout145lperpersonperday,andinSingaporeabout150lperpersonperday.ThesestatisticsrevealtheneedforTaiwanesepeopletosavewater.Thepromotionofbetter-designedfacilitieswhichfacilitatewater-savingwillbecomeanewtrendamongthepublicanddesigners,becauseofconcernsforenvironmentalprotection.Thewaterconservationindexwasalsodesignedtoencourageutilizationoftherain,recyclingofwaterusedineverydaylifeanduseofwater-savingequipmenttoreducetheexpenditureofwaterandthussavewaterresources.2.2.MethodologyforefficientuseofwaterresourcesSomeconstructionconsiderationsandbuildingsystemdesignsforeffectiveuseofwaterresourcesaredescribedbelow.2.2.1.Usewater-conservationequipmentAresearchofhouseholdtap-waterconsumptionrevealedthattheproportionofthewaterusedinflushingtoiletsandinbathing,amountstoapproximately50%ofthetotalhouseholdwaterconsumption,asgiveninTable1.Manyconstructiondesignershavetendedtouseluxuriouswaterfacilitiesinhousing,andmuchwaterhasthusbeenwasted.Theuseofwater-savingequipmenttoreplacesuchfacilitiesiscertaintosavealargeamountofwater.Forexample,theamountsofwaterusedintakingashowerandhavingabathisquitedifferent.Asingleshowerusesaround70lofwater,whereasabathusesaround150l.Furthermore,currentconstructiondesignsforhousinginTaiwantendtoputtwosetsofbathtubsandtoilets,andquiteafewfamilieshavetheirownmassagebathtubs.Suchasituationcanbeimprovedonlybyremovingthetubsandreplacingthemwithshowernozzles,sothatmorewatercanbepossiblysaved.Thecommonlyusedwater-savingdevicesinTaiwannowincludenew-stylewatertaps,water-savingtoilets,two-sectionedwaterclosets,water-savingshowernozzles,andauto-sensorflushingdevicesystems,etc.Water-savingdevicescanbeusednotonlyforhousing,butalsoinotherkindsofbuildings.Publicbuildings,inparticular,shouldtaketheleadinusingwater-savingdevices.2.2.2.Setuparain-storagewatersupplydeviceTherain-storagewatersupplydevicestoresrainusingnaturallandformsorman-madedevices,andthenusessimplewater-cleaningprocedurestomakeitavailableforuseinhouses.Raincanbeusednotonlyasasubstitutewatersupply,butalsoforrecontrol.Itsusealsohelpstodecreasethepeak-timewaterloadincities.TheannualaveragerainfallinTaiwanisabout2500mm,almosttriplebetterthantheglobalaverage.However,duetogeographiclimitations,wecouldnotbuildenoughwaterstoragedevices,suchasdams,tosavealltherain.Itisquiteapitythatannuallyabout80%oftheraininTaiwaniswastedandflowsdirectlyintothesea,withoutbeingsavedandstored.Therain-storagewatersupplysystemisusedwithawater-gatheringsystem,water-disposalsystem,water-storagesystemandwater-supplysystem.First,thewater-gatheringsystemgatherstherain.Then,thewaterflowstothewater-disposalsystemthroughpipes,beforebeingsenttothewater-storagesystem.Finally,itissenttotheusers’equipmentthroughanothersetofpipes.Usingthedrainontheroofofabuilding,leadingtotheundergroundwater-storagetrough,isconsideredaneffectivemeansofgatheringrain.Thewater,aftersimplewater-disposalprocesses,canbeusedforchoressuchashousecleaning,washingfloors,air-conditioningorwateringplants.2.2.3.EstablishingtheintermediatewatersystemIntermediatewateristhatgatheredfromtherainincities,andincludestherecycledwaste-waterwhichhasalreadybeendisposedofandcanbeusedrepeatedlyonlywithinacertainrange,butnotfordrinkingorhumancontact.Flushingthetoiletconsumes35%ofallwater.Ifeveryoneweretouseintermediatewatertoflushtoilets,muchwatercouldbeefficientlysaved.Large-scaleintermediatewatersystemdevicesaresuggestedtobebuiltupregularlywithinabigarea.Eachintermediatewatersystemdevicecangather,disposeandrecycleacertainquantityofwaste-waterfromnearbygovernmentbuildings,schools,residences,hotels,andotherbuildings.Theobtainedwatercanbeusedforflushingtoilets,washingcars,wateringplantsandcleaningthestreet,orforgardenuseandtosupplementthewaterofriversorlakes.Asmall-scaleintermediatewatersystemgatherswaste-waterfromeverydayuse,andthen,throughappropriatewater-disposalprocedures,improvesthewaterqualitytoacertainlevel,sothatfinallyitcanberepeatedlyusedfornon-drinkingwater.Thereareextensivewaystousetheintermediatewater.Itcanbeusedforsanitarypurposes,publicfountains,wateringdevicesingardensandwashingstreets.Inordertorecyclehighlypollutedwaste-water,ahighercostisneededforsettinguptheassociatedwater-disposaldevices,whicharemoreexpensiveandhavelesseconomicbenefitsthantherain-utilizationsystem.Exceptfortheintermediatewater-systemsetwithinasinglebuilding,ifwebuildthemwithinlarge-scalecommunitiesormajorconstructiondevelopmentprograms,thenitissuretosavemorewaterresourcesefficientlyandpositivelyforthewholecountryaswellasimprovetheenvironmentalsituation.4.MethodforassessingtherecyclingofrainSystemsforrecyclingrainandintermediatewaterarenotyeteconomicbeneficial,becauseofthelowwaterfeeandthehighcostofwater-disposalequipment.However,systemsforrecyclingrainareconsideredmoreeasilyadoptablethanthoseforrecyclingintermediatewater.Herein,amethodforassessingtherecyclingofrainisintroducedtocalculatetheratio(C)ofthewater-consumptionquantityoftherecycledrainwatertothetotalwater-consumption.4.1.CalculationbasisofrecyclingrainwaterThedesignerofasystemforrecyclingrainwatermustfirstdeterminethequantityofrainwaterandthedemand,whichwilldeterminetherainwatercollectiondeviceareaandthestoragetankvolume.Rainwaterquantitycanactuallybedeterminedbyasimpleequationinvolvingprecipitationandcollectiondevicearea.However,precipitationdoesnotfallevenlyspreadoveralldaysandlocations.Inparticular,rainisusuallyconcentratedincertainseasonsandlocations.Consequently,thecriticalpointoftheevaluationistoestimateandassessmeteorologicalprecipitation.Meteorologicalrecordsnormallyincludeyearly,monthly,dailyandhourlyprecipitation.Yearlyandmonthlyprecipitationissuitableforroughestimatesandinitialassessment.However,suchapproximationcreatesproblemsindeterminingtheareaoftherainwatercollectiondeviceandthevolumeofthestoragetank.Thus,dailyprecipitationhasbeenmostcommonlyconsidered.Hourlyprecipitationcouldtheoreticallysupportamoreaccurateassessment.However,owingtotheincreasingnumberofparametersandcalculationdataincreases,thecomplexityoftheprocessandthecalculationtime,resultininefficiencies.Herein,dailyprecipitationisadoptedinassessingrainwatersystemsusedinbuildings[4,7].4.3.CasestudyandanalysisFollowingtheaboveprocedure,aprimaryschoolbuildingwitharainwaterusesystemistakenasanexampleforsimulationandtoverifytheassessmentresults.ThisbuildingislocatedinTaipeicity,hasabuildingareaof1260mandatotalfloorareaof6960m;itisamulti-disciplineteachingbuilding.Roofingisestimatedtocover80%ofthebuildingarea,andtherainwatercollectionareacovers1008m.Rainwaterisusedasintermediatewaterfortherestrooms,andtheutilizationconditionissetat20mperday,whiletheoutflowcoefficient(Y)is0.9.AtypicalmeteorologicalprecipitationinTaipeiin1992wasadoptedasadatabase.Therainwaterstoragetankwassettoaninitialconditionbeforethesimulationprocedure.Herein,fourtankvolumeswereconsideredinthesimulationsofrainwaterutilization—15,25,50,100m.Theresultsindicatethatincreasedstoragetankvolumereducesoverflowandincreasestheutilizationofrainwater.Givena50mstoragetank,thequantityofrainwatercollectioncloselyapproachestheutilizationquantityofrainwater.Consequently,thisconditionobtainsastoragetankwitharoughlyadequatevolume.Whenthevolumeofthestoragetankis100m,theutilizationrateisalmost100%andtheoverflowquantityapproacheszero.Despitethisresultbeingfavorablewithrespecttoutilization,suchatankmayoccupymuchspaceandnegativelyimpactbuildingplanning.Consequently,thedesignconceptmustbalanceallthesefactors.Thebuildinginthiscaseissixfloorshigh,andtheroofareaissmallincomparisontothetotalfloorarea.Thewaterconsumptionofthewaterclosetperyear,butthemaximumrainwaterapproaches7280mcollectionis2136mperyear.Thus,significantreplenishmentfromtapwaterisrequired.Thisresultalsoleadstoaconclusionthathigh-risebuildingsuserainwatersystemslessefficientlythanotherbuildings.Lowerbuildings(e.g.lessthanthreefloors)havehighlyefficientrainwaterutilizationandthuslittleneedforreplenishmentofwaterfromthepotablewatersystem.Theefficiencyofrainwaterstoragetanksisassessedfromtheutilizationrateofrainwaterandthesubstitutionrateoftapwater.Differencesinannualprecipitationandrainfalldistributionyielddifferentresults.Figs.5and6illustratetheresultsofthementionedcalculationprocedure,toanalyzedifferencesinrainwaterutilizationandefficiencyassessment.Thesimulationrunsoveraperiodoftenyears,from1985to1994,andincludesstoragetankswithfourdifferentvolumes.Whenthevolumeoftherainwatertankis50m,theutilizationrateofrainwaterexceeds80%withabout25%substitutionwithtapwater.Usingthisapproachandtheassessmentprocedure,thevolumeofrainwaterstorageandtheperformanceofrainwaterusesystemsinbuildingdesign,canbedetermined.Intheformulaofthewaterconservationindex,Cisaspecialweightingforsomewaterrecyclingequipmentthatintermediateswaterorrain,andiscalculatedastheratioofthewater-consumptionquantityoftherecycledrainwatertothetotalwater-consumption.Therefore,thisassessmentprocedurecanalsoofferanapproximatevalueofCforthewaterconservationindex.5.Greenbuildinglabelandpolicy“GreenBuilding”iscalled“EnvironmentalCo-HabitualArchitecture”inJapan,“EcologicalBuilding”or“SustainableBuilding”inEuropeand“GreenBuildinginNorthAmericancountries.Manyfashionabletermssuchas“Greenconsumption”,“Greenliving”,“Greenillumination”havebeenbroadlyused.InTaiwan,currently,“Green”hasbeenusedasasymbolofenvironmentalprotectioninthecountry.TheConstructionResearchDepartmentoftheMinistryoftheInterioroftheExecutiveYuanhasdecidedtoadopttheterm“GreenBuilding”tosignifyecologicalandenvironmentalprotectionarchitectureinTaiwan.5.1.PrinciplesofevaluationGreenBuildingisageneralandsystematicmethodofdesigntoperusesustainablebuilding.Thisevaluationsystemisbasedonthefollowingprinciples:(1)Theevaluationindexshouldaccuratelyreflectenvironmentalprotectionfactorssuchasmaterial,water,landandclimate.(2)Theevaluationindexshouldinvolvestandardizedscientificquantification.(3)Theevaluationindexshouldnotincludetoomanyevaluationindexes;somesimilarqualityindexshouldbecombined.(4)Theevaluationindexshouldbeapproachableandconsistentwithrealexperience.(5)Theevaluationindexshouldnotinvolvesocialscientificevaluation.(6)Theevaluationindexshouldbeapplicabletothesub-tropicalclimateofTaiwan.(7)Theevaluationindexshouldbeapplicabletotheevaluationofcommunityorcongregateconstruction.(8)Theevaluationindexshouldbeusableinthepre-designstagetoyieldtheexpectedresult.Accordingtotheseprinciples,theseven-indexsystemshowninTable4isthecurrentGreenBuildingevaluationsystemusedinTaiwan.Thetheoryevaluatesbuildings’impactsontheenvironmentthroughtheinteractionof“EarthResourceInput”and“WasteOutput”.Practically,thedefinitionofGreenBuildinginTaiwanis“Consumetheleastearthresourceandcreatetheleastconstructionwaste”.Internationally,eachcountryhasadifferentwayofevaluatingGreenBuilding.Thissystemprovidesonlythebasicevaluationon“Lowenvironmentimpact”.Higherlevelissuessuchasbiologicaldiversity,healthandcomfortandcommunityconsciousnesswillnotbeevaluated.Thissystemonlyprovidesabasic,practicalandcontrollableenvironmentalprotectiontoolforinclusioninthegovernment’surgentconstructionenvironmentprotectionpolicy.The“GreenBuilding”logoissettoawardGreenBuildingdesignandencouragethegovernmentandprivatesectortopayattentiontoGreenBuildingdevelopment.Fig.7isthelogoofGreenBuildinginTaiwan[6,8].5.2.WaterconservationmeasureThispaperfocusesonwaterconservationindexingreenbuildingevaluationsystem.Waterconservationisacriticalcategoryofthisevaluationsystem,andisconsideredinrelationtosavingwaterresourcesthroughbuildingequipmentdesign.Thisevaluationindexcontainsstandardizedscientificquantificationandcanbeusedinthepre-designstagetoobtainthedesiredresult.TheevaluationindexisalsobasedonresearchinTaiwanandispracticallyapplicable.Usingwater-savingequipmentisthemosteffectivewayofsavingwater;usingtwo-sectionedwater-savingtoiletsandwater-savingshoweringdeviceswithoutabathtubareespeciallyeffective.Variousothertypesofwater-recyclingequipmentforreusingintermediatewaterandrainarealsoevaluated.Inparticular,rainwater-usesystemsinbuildingdesignsareencouraged.WhenacandidateforaGreenBuildingprojectintroduceswaterrecyclingsystemorarainwaterusesystem,theapplicantshouldproposeanappropriatecalculationreporttotherelevantcommitteetoverifyitswater-savingefficiency.ThisguidelineactuallyappearstobeareasonabletargetforperformingGreenBuildingpolicyinTaiwan.Anewbuildingcaneasilyreachtheabovewaterconservationindex.Thisevaluationsystemisdesignedtoencouragepeopletosavemorewater,eveninexistingbuildings.Allthisamountstosayingthatlarge-scalegovernmentconstructionprojectsshouldtaketheleadinusingsuchwater-savingdevices,asanexampletosociety.6.ConclusionThispaperintroducestheGreenBuildingprogramandproposesawaterconservationindexwithstandardizedscientificquantification.Thisevaluationindexcontainsstandardizedscientificquantificationandcanbeusedinthepre-designstagetoobtaintheexpectedresults.ThemeasureofevaluationindexisalsobasedontheessentialresearchonTaiwanandisapracticalandapplicableapproach.Theactualwater-savingrate(WR)forGreenBuildingprojectsshouldbe<0.8,andtheARofthewater-savingequipmentshouldbehigherthan0.8.Thus,qualifiedGreenBuildingprojectsshouldachieveawatersavingrateofover20%.Forthesustainablepolicy,thisprogramisaimednotonlyatsavingwaterresources,butalsoatreducingtheenvironmentalimpactontheearth.TheGreenBuildingLabelbegantobeimplementedfrom1stSeptember1999,andovertwentyprojectshavealreadybeenawardedtheGreenBuildingLabelinTaiwan,whilethenumberofapplicationscontinuestoincrease.Foracountrywithlimitedresourcesandahigh-densitypopulationlikeTaiwan,theGreenBuildingpolicyisimportantandrepresentsapositivefirststeptowardreducingenvironmentalimpactandpromotingsustainabledevelopment.譯文：臺(tái)灣的綠色建筑節(jié)約用水評(píng)價(jià)措施在臺(tái)灣綠色建筑評(píng)價(jià)是一個(gè)新的制度，在它的一個(gè)7個(gè)類別中，通過(guò)建筑設(shè)備設(shè)計(jì)節(jié)省水資源，使水資源保護(hù)置于優(yōu)先地位。本文介紹了綠色建筑計(jì)劃，提出了節(jié)約用水指標(biāo)用定量方法和案例研究。這個(gè)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)涉及到規(guī)范的科學(xué)量化，可用于預(yù)先設(shè)計(jì)階段，以取得預(yù)期效果。在臺(tái)灣這項(xiàng)措施的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)，也是基于一個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)的和適用的辦法的必需研究。

關(guān)鍵詞：綠色建筑;評(píng)價(jià)制度;節(jié)約用水;建筑設(shè)備1、導(dǎo)言環(huán)境問題在整個(gè)20世紀(jì)的后半段受到了全球深層關(guān)注。淡水短缺和污染正成為一個(gè)最嚴(yán)重的全球性問題之一。許多組織與會(huì)議就有關(guān)水資源政策和問題達(dá)成了共識(shí)：如果沒有更好的解決方法，在21世紀(jì)水資源短缺可能導(dǎo)致戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)[1]。其實(shí)，臺(tái)灣已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷了明顯的不和諧的超負(fù)荷供水。由于相應(yīng)的環(huán)境問題，建設(shè)新的水壩已不再是一個(gè)可以接受的解決當(dāng)前的水資源短缺問題的辦法。以前的研究得出結(jié)論：節(jié)水是必要的，不僅是為了節(jié)約用水，而且還為降低能源消耗[2,3]。

臺(tái)灣位于亞洲季風(fēng)區(qū)，可以獲得充足的雨水。年降水量平均約為2500毫米。但是，最近一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的問題在旱季缺水。關(guān)鍵的、核心的問題是分布不均，暴雨，陡峭的山坡和短的河流。此外，為滿足國(guó)內(nèi)城市地區(qū)對(duì)水的大量利用需求，在用水困難的地區(qū)建設(shè)新的水庫(kù)，也是至關(guān)重要的因素。

政府部門正全力傳播眾所周知的概念，節(jié)約用水。工業(yè)和商業(yè)在節(jié)約用水方面都取得了良好的進(jìn)展，而公共場(chǎng)所在節(jié)約用水方面的進(jìn)步卻一直非常緩慢。由于全球性趨勢(shì)，在臺(tái)灣的建筑與建筑研究所（ABRI）還有財(cái)政部?jī)?nèi)部，提出"綠色建筑"的概念，并建立了評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系。通過(guò)建筑設(shè)備的設(shè)計(jì)節(jié)省水資源。這個(gè)制度把優(yōu)先節(jié)約用水作為它的一個(gè)七個(gè)類別之一。本文側(cè)重于水資源的保護(hù)措施，為綠色建筑在臺(tái)灣和用定量程序證明節(jié)水效率。這項(xiàng)工作的目的是，不僅是為節(jié)約水資源，而且還減少了在地球?qū)Νh(huán)境的影響。2、節(jié)約用水指標(biāo)

節(jié)約用水指標(biāo)應(yīng)是實(shí)際數(shù)量的水消耗在建筑物內(nèi)，一般以平均水耗計(jì)。這個(gè)指數(shù)也被稱為"節(jié)水率"。評(píng)價(jià)的水消費(fèi)量，包括節(jié)水效率的評(píng)估，廚房，浴室和所有水龍頭，以及回收的雨水和中水。2.1、使用節(jié)約用水指數(shù)的目標(biāo)雖然臺(tái)灣有很多的雨，由于其人口眾多，平均雨量為分配給每一個(gè)人相比世界平均水平是很少的。如圖1所示。因此，臺(tái)灣是反而是用水緊缺的國(guó)家。然而，最近由于公民的生活水平的提高，導(dǎo)致城市用水需求較大幅度增長(zhǎng)。并如圖2所示，其中，再加上很難取得新的水資源，使水資源短缺問題更為嚴(yán)重。在過(guò)去由于不適當(dāng)?shù)墓┧O(shè)施的設(shè)計(jì)，低水費(fèi)，以及人們?cè)谑褂盟囊话阈孕袨椋古_(tái)灣人往往使用了大量的自來(lái)水。在1990年，平均水的消費(fèi)量在臺(tái)灣每人每天是350升，而在德國(guó)每人每天約145升，和在新加坡每人每天約150升。這些統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字顯示，需要臺(tái)灣人民節(jié)約用水。促進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)更好的節(jié)水設(shè)施，方便節(jié)水將成為一個(gè)新趨勢(shì)，其中，市民和設(shè)計(jì)師，因?yàn)殛P(guān)注的環(huán)保問題。節(jié)約用水指數(shù)也旨在鼓勵(lì)利用雨水，中水在日常生活中使用和使用節(jié)水型設(shè)備，以減少使用，從而節(jié)省水資源。2.2、有效利用水資源的方法

一些為有效利用水資源的施工考慮和建設(shè)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)描述如下面。2.2.1、使用節(jié)水型設(shè)備

研究家庭自來(lái)水消費(fèi)顯示，用在沖洗廁所和洗澡的比例大約占家庭總耗水量的50％，如所給表1。許多建筑設(shè)計(jì)師往往在房屋使用豪華的供水設(shè)施，以及大量的水造成浪費(fèi)。使用節(jié)水型設(shè)備來(lái)取代這些設(shè)施可以節(jié)省大量的水。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，用在淋浴間和浴室的水是不同的。一個(gè)單一的淋浴頭使用70升左右的水，而用浴缸洗澡大約使用150升。此外，當(dāng)前在臺(tái)灣房屋的建筑設(shè)計(jì)往往設(shè)計(jì)兩套浴缸和廁所，不少家庭都有自己的按摩浴缸。要使這種情況得以改善，只有通過(guò)淘汰浴缸和更換他們的淋浴噴頭，以節(jié)約更多的水?，F(xiàn)在在臺(tái)灣普遍使用節(jié)水型設(shè)備包括新型水龍頭，節(jié)水型廁所，多次使用水的壁櫥，節(jié)水型淋浴噴頭，自動(dòng)傳感器沖廁裝置系統(tǒng)等。這些節(jié)水設(shè)備不僅用于房屋，而且還可用在其他類型的建筑物。如公共建筑物，特別是要帶頭使用節(jié)水型設(shè)備的公共建筑。2.2.2、建立一個(gè)雨水儲(chǔ)存供水設(shè)備雨水儲(chǔ)存供水設(shè)備儲(chǔ)存雨水是利用自然地貌或人為制造的設(shè)備，利用簡(jiǎn)單的水凈化程序，就可以供給用戶使用。雨水不僅可以用來(lái)替代淡水供應(yīng)，而且可以作為消防用水。它的使用可以減少雨水的高峰期對(duì)城市的負(fù)荷。在臺(tái)灣平均每年降雨量是約2500毫米，幾乎高于全球平均水平的三倍。然而，由于地域限制，我們無(wú)法建立足夠的水存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備，如水壩，以保存所有雨水。很可惜的是，在臺(tái)灣每年約80％的雨水被浪費(fèi)，沒有被保存和儲(chǔ)存，直接流入海中。雨水儲(chǔ)存供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)被作為雨水收集系統(tǒng)，水處置系統(tǒng)，蓄水系統(tǒng)和供水系統(tǒng)。首先，它作為雨水收集系統(tǒng)用來(lái)收集雨水。然后，水流通過(guò)管道流向水處理系統(tǒng)，之前被送到水的存儲(chǔ)系統(tǒng)。最后，它通過(guò)另外的管道送到用戶的設(shè)施。在建筑物屋頂上留下的雨水，可以流向地下蓄水槽。這被認(rèn)為是一種收集雨水的有效手段。雨水經(jīng)過(guò)簡(jiǎn)單處理，可用于雜務(wù)，如內(nèi)務(wù)清潔，清洗地板，安裝空調(diào)或澆灌植物。2.2.3、建立中水系統(tǒng)中水是從城市收集的雨水，并包括已處理完畢的再造廢水，并可以在一定范圍內(nèi)反復(fù)使用，但不可飲用或與人接觸。沖廁所消耗的中水占所有中水的35％。如果每個(gè)人使用中水沖洗馬桶，大量飲用水可以有效地節(jié)約。建議在一個(gè)大的區(qū)域建立大型中級(jí)中水系統(tǒng)設(shè)備。每個(gè)中水系統(tǒng)的設(shè)備可以從附近的政府建筑物，學(xué)校，住宅，酒店，和其他建筑物收集，處理和回收一定數(shù)量的廢水。所得到的水可用于沖洗廁所，清洗車輛，灌溉植物及清洗街道，或?yàn)榛▓@使用，并補(bǔ)充河流或湖泊的水。一個(gè)小規(guī)模的中水系統(tǒng)從日常使用生活污水的收集廢水，然后，通過(guò)適當(dāng)?shù)乃幚磉^(guò)程，改善水質(zhì)到一定程度，最后成為可以重復(fù)使用的非飲用水。有很多的地方使用中水。它可用于衛(wèi)生目的，如公共噴泉，花園的灌溉設(shè)備和清洗街道。相比雨水利用系統(tǒng)，為了回收高污染廢水，成本較高，因?yàn)樾枰O(shè)立相關(guān)的水處理設(shè)備，因而處理費(fèi)用更加昂貴，并且產(chǎn)生較少的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。除了設(shè)置在一定區(qū)域的中水系統(tǒng)，如果我們又在這些大型社區(qū)或大型建筑工程建立中水系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展計(jì)劃，那就一定能有效地節(jié)約更多的水資源，而且積極的為整個(gè)國(guó)家改善環(huán)境作出貢獻(xiàn)。4、回收雨水的評(píng)價(jià)方法因?yàn)樗M(fèi)低和水處理設(shè)備成本高，回收雨水和中水系統(tǒng)還不能產(chǎn)生很好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。然而，回收雨水系統(tǒng)比重誰(shuí)更容易實(shí)施。在這里引入一種評(píng)估回收雨水的方法回收雨水的消耗占消耗水總量的比值。4.1、計(jì)算的基礎(chǔ)上回收雨水設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)循環(huán)回收雨水系統(tǒng)，首先要確定雨水的數(shù)量和需求，這將決定雨水收集裝置區(qū)和儲(chǔ)罐數(shù)量。雨水的數(shù)量其實(shí)由一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的方程式和收集降水裝置區(qū)域決定。不過(guò)，降水不能均勻的分布