物流管理中英文對照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

中英文資料外文翻譯1.TheDefinitionofLogisticsAftercompletingacommercialtransaction,logisticswillexecutethetransferofgoodsfromthesupplier(seller)tothecustomer(buyer)inthemostcost-effectivemanner.Thisisthedefinitionoflogistics.Duringthetransferprocess,hardwaresuchaslogisticsfacilitiesandequipment(logisticscarriers)areneeded,aswellasinformationcontrolandstandardization.Inaddition,supportsfromthegovernmentandlogisticsassociationshouldbeinplace.Threemajorfunctionsoflogistics(1)Creatingtimevalue:samegoodscanbevalueddifferentatdifferenttimes.Goodsoftenstopduringthetransferprocess,whichisprofessionallycalledthestorageoflogistics.Itcreatesthetimevalueforgoods.(2)Creatinglocationvalue:samegoodscanbevalueddifferentlyatdifferentlocations.Thevalueaddedduringthetransferprocessisthelocationvalueoflogistics.(3)Distributionprocessingvalue:sometimeslogisticscreatedistributionprocessingvalue,whichchangesthelength,thicknessandpackagesofthegoods.Likepopularsaying,“cuttingintosmallerparts”isthemostcommonlyseendistributionprocessingwithinlogisticscreateaddedvalueforgoods.2.Logisticsisanewcommercialarea,developingfromthetraditionalstagetoamodernone.Themaindifferencesbetweenthesetwostageinclude:(1)Modernlogisticsadoptscontainerizationtechniques.Thegoodstransferprocessstartswithpackaging,followedbytransportation,storageanddistribution.Thewholeprocessisoperatedunderlogisticsstandards.Basedonthelogisticsbasemoduleof600×400mm,fromthelogisticsmoduleof1,200×1,000mm,andenlargetothesizeof2,591×2,438mm-thesizeofhigh×wideofthecontainer.Itcanbeadjustedtothestandardsizesofcontainersfortrains,trucksandships.(2)Informationtechnologiesaremostimportantformodernlogistics.BarCode,POS,EDIandGPSsystemsdramaticallyimprovetheefficiencyandaccuracyofthelogisticsactivities.Internetfurtherassiststhemarketdevelopment,operationandmanagementofthelogisticsindustry.3.InternationalLogisticsAnincreasingnumberofcompaniesareinvolvingininternationalmarketsthroughexporting,licensing,joinsventures,andownership.Thistrendshouldcontinue.Withsuchexpansionthereisaneedtodevelopworldwidelogisticsnetworks.Integratedlogisticsmanagementandcostanalysiswillbemorecomplexanddifficulttomanage.Therearesomefuturetrendsininternationalization:(1)Morelogisticsexecutiveswithinternationalresponsibilities(2)Expansionofthenumberandsizeofforeigntradezones.(3)Reductionintheamountofinternationalpaperworkanddocumentation(4)Moreforeignwarehousingisownedandcontrolledbytheexportingfirm(5)Increasingnumberofsmallerfirm(6)Foreignownershipoflogisticsservicefirms,e.g.,publicwarehousingandtransportationcarriers.(7)IncreasingmultipledistributionchannelsTheinternationaltransportandtheinternationallogisticsaresamethingsinsomeway.So,whentheinternationaltradinginvolved,thefirmmustestablishinternationallogisticssystemstoprovidetheproductsandservicedemanded.Themostsignificantdevelopmentininternationallogisticswillbetheincreasingsophisticationinformationsystemadoptedandindependentdepartmentstooperate.4.Packaging.Packagingperformstwobasicfunctions–marketingandlogistics.Inmarketingthepackagingactspromotionandadvertising.Itssize,weight,color,andprintedinformationattractcustomersandconveyknowledgeoftheproduct.Whenfirmsareinvolvedininternationalmarketing,packagingbecomesevenmoreimportant.Productssoldtoforeigncountriestravelgreaterdistancesandundergomorehandlingoperations.Thelogisticspackageistoprotecttheproductsduringtheprocessoflogistics.Scrapdisposal.Thelogisticsprocessmusteffectivelyandquicklyhandle,transport,andstorewasteproducts.Iftheycanbereusedorrecycled,logisticscompanyshouldarrangeandmovethemtothere–productionandre–processinglocations.Returngoodshandling.Thehandlingofreturngoodsisoftencalledreversedistribution.Buyersmayreturnitemstothesellerforanumberofreasons.Mostlogisticssystemsarenotgoodenoughtohandlesuchcases.Inmanyindustries,consumersreturnproductsforwarrantyrepair,replacement,orrecycling,reversedistributioncostsmaybeveryhigh.Reversedistributionwillbecomemoreimportantascustomersdemandmoreflexibleandfavorablereturnpolicies.5.ThirdPartLogistics(TPL)ThirdPartLogisticsprovidesallthelogisticsservices.Theyactasabridgeorfacilitatorbetweenthefirstpart(supplierorproducer)andthesecondpart(buyerorcustomer).Theprimaryobjectivesofthirdpartlogisticsprovidersaretolowerthetotalcostoflogisticsforthesupplierandimprovetheserviceleveltothecustomer.ThirdPartLogisticshavebeengrowingrapidly.Costreductionanddemandsforbatterandcheaperservicesarethemaindrivesbehindthegrowth.Athirdpartlogisticsproviderwillbeinapositiontoconsolidatebusinessfromseveralcompaniesandofferfrequentpick–upsanddeliveries,whereasin–housetransportationcannot.Otherreasonsareasfollows:*Thecompanydoesnotspecializeinlogistics;*Thecompanydoesnothavesufficientresources;*Eagertoimplementbetterlogisticsoperationordoesnothavetimetodeveloptherequiredcapabilitiesin–house;*Thecompanyisventuringintoanewbusinesswithtotallydifferentlogisticsrequirements;*Mergeroracquisitionmaymakeoutsourcinglogisticsoperationsmoreattractivethantointegratelogisticsoperations.6.GlobalLogisticsDevelopedcountriesoftendealwithglobalizationintwoways:tobemorecostcompetitivewiththirdworldcountries,andtolookfornewpartnersinothercountriestomanufacturecomponents,subassembliesandeventhefinalproducts.Thesecondapproachforcesmostdevelopedcountriestogetintoanewareacalled“globallogistics”.Benefitsofglobaloperationsincludecheaprawmaterialsandendproducts,lowerlaborcost,betterquality,increasedinternalcompetitionandbettercustomerservice.Someofthedisadvantagesareunreliabledelivery,poorcommunicationandlongertimefromdesigntofinishproduction.Challengesareoftenculturalandlinguisticdifferences,legalrequirements,logisticssuppliersormanufacturers,exchangerates.Therearethreemajorflowsinvolvedingloballogistics:materialflow,documentflowandcashflow.7.LogisticsintotheFutureLogisticsischangingatarapidandaccelerationrate.Therearetworeasonsareitsrapidgrowth:Firstly,pressuretochangebythedevelopmentofthesystemitself(1)High–speedcomputinganddatatransmissioncaninstantlytransmitandreacttouserdemand(2)Moreflexibleandaccuratelogisticplanningandcontrolthroughcomputersanddataprocessing(3)Flexiblecomputerfacilitieshelpproblemsolvingandincreasedecisionsaccuracy(4)AwarenessoftotalcostmeasurementandmanagementaccountingSecondly,pressuresforchangesfromthewidereconomy.(1)Beflexibleinhandlingmarketsofdifferentsizesforbettercompetition(2)Thereisincreasingspecializationinmarketsandgrowthinretailing.(3)Lifecyclesforproductsareshortening.Logisticssystemsneedtobemoreefficient,fasterandmoreflexible(4)Movefrommassproductiontowardsflexiblemanufacturingsystem(FMS).Thesesystemsenableacompanytoswitchproductionquicklyfromoneproducttoanother(5)Competitivepressuresleadtomoreeffortstoimprovecustomerservice.8.Theprocessoflogisticalintegrationcanbedividedintofourstages:Stage1.Beganintheearly1960sintheUSAandinvolvedtheintegrationofallactivitiesassociatedwithdistribution.Separatedistributiondepartmentsweretocoordinatethemanagementofallprocesseswithinphysicaldistributionmanagement(PDM).Stage2.PDMwasappliedtotheinboundmovementofmaterials,components,andsubassemblies,generallyknownas“materialsmanagement”.Bythelate1970s,manyfirmshadestablished“l(fā)ogisticsdepartment”withoverallresponsibilityforthemovement,storage,andhandlingofproductsupstreamanddownstreamoftheproductionoperation.Stage3.Logisticsplaysanimportantcoordinatingrole,asitinterfaceswithmostotherfunctions.Withtheemergenceofbusinessprocessre–engineering(BPR)intheearly1990s,therelationshipbetweenlogisticsandrelatedfunctionswasredefined.“Systemintegration”occurred.Cross–functionalintegrationshouldachievegreaterresults.物流的定義在完成商業(yè)交易之后,物流將以最低成本和最高效益的方式執(zhí)行將商品從供應(yīng)商(賣方)流轉(zhuǎn)到顧客(買方)的過程。這就是物流的定義。在物流過程中,既需要諸如物流設(shè)施和設(shè)備(物流運輸工具等)的硬件,也需要對物流實施信息化管理進(jìn)行物流標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。此外,政府和物流組織的支持也不可或缺。物流的三大主要功能(1)創(chuàng)造時間價值:同種商品因所處時間的不同而有著不同的價值。在商品流轉(zhuǎn)過程中,往往會處于某種停滯的狀態(tài),物流的專業(yè)術(shù)語就稱之為儲存。儲存創(chuàng)造了商品的時間價值。(2)創(chuàng)造場所價值:同種商品因所處位置的不同而有著不同的價值。這種因商品流轉(zhuǎn)過程中而產(chǎn)生的附加增值稱之為物流的場所價值。(3)同配送加工價值:有時,物流活動也能創(chuàng)造配送加工價值,這種物流加工主要改變商品的長度、厚度和包裝形態(tài)。物流中經(jīng)常提到的“分割成更小的部分”就是配送加工中最為常見的形式。大多數(shù)物流加工都能創(chuàng)造商品的附加價值。物流作為新興的商務(wù)領(lǐng)域,經(jīng)歷了從傳統(tǒng)物流向現(xiàn)代物流發(fā)展的兩個階段。這兩個階段的不同主要體現(xiàn)在以下兩個方面:(1)現(xiàn)代物流采用了集裝技術(shù)。商品物流往往從包裝開始,而后經(jīng)歷運輸、儲存和配送等過程。整個過程始終在物流標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的前提下運行。以物流基礎(chǔ)模數(shù)尺寸600×400MM為基礎(chǔ),制定出物流模數(shù)尺寸1200×1000MM,并將其放大至2591×2438MM,即形成集裝箱的高度與寬度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尺寸。并能調(diào)整成適合鐵運、汽運和船運的集裝箱標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)格尺寸。(2)信息技術(shù)在現(xiàn)代物流中尤其重要。條形碼、銷售時點系統(tǒng)、電子數(shù)據(jù)傳輸系統(tǒng)、全球衛(wèi)星定位系統(tǒng)的使用,極大地提高了物流活動的效率和精確程度。而互聯(lián)網(wǎng)更加有助于物流管理的市場開發(fā)、運營和管理。國際物流很多企業(yè)正通過出口、許可、合營或跨國經(jīng)營涉足國際市場。這種趨勢仍將持續(xù)。隨著這種趨勢的發(fā)展，開發(fā)國際物流網(wǎng)絡(luò)成為必須。整合物流管理和成本分析將更加復(fù)雜和困難。國際化將呈現(xiàn)出以下未來趨勢：(1)物流將更多地承擔(dān)起國際義務(wù)(2)對外貿(mào)易區(qū)的數(shù)量和規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大(3)國際有紙作業(yè)和單據(jù)制作的數(shù)量的減少（4)更多的涉外倉儲業(yè)務(wù)由出口企業(yè)經(jīng)營和控制(5)小企業(yè)的數(shù)量增長(6)物流服務(wù)企業(yè)的涉外經(jīng)營，如公營倉儲業(yè)務(wù)和國際運輸商(7)增加多配送渠道從某些方面講，國際運輸?shù)韧趪H物流。因此，當(dāng)涉足國際貿(mào)易領(lǐng)域時，企業(yè)必須建立國際物流系統(tǒng)以提供需要的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)。國際物流的更重要的發(fā)展在于大力采用先進(jìn)的信息系統(tǒng)和實行獨立的部門運作。包裝,包裝執(zhí)行兩個基本的功能—營銷和物流。就市場營銷而言，包裝承擔(dān)促銷和廣告的功能。其尺寸、重量、顏色和印制的信息會對顧客產(chǎn)生吸引力并將產(chǎn)品信息傳達(dá)給顧客。當(dāng)企業(yè)涉足國際市場營銷時，包裝就顯得更為重要。出口到國外的產(chǎn)品需要運輸更長的距離，經(jīng)歷更多的裝卸搬運。而物流包裝在物流過程中起到了保護(hù)產(chǎn)品的作用。廢棄物處理。物流過程中的活動也應(yīng)當(dāng)包括高效快速地對廢棄物進(jìn)行裝卸、運輸和倉儲。如若廢棄物能夠重新利用或回收，物流企業(yè)應(yīng)當(dāng)合理安排并將其運送到再生產(chǎn)或再加工地點。退貨處理。退貨處理通常叫做反向配送。買方可能因各種原因?qū)a(chǎn)品退回賣方。多數(shù)物流系統(tǒng)未能對此類事件作出足夠妥善的處理。在很多行業(yè)，消費者因維修保證、更換或回收而退回產(chǎn)品，因而反向配送的成本可能會很高。由于顧客對退貨政策的要求更加靈活、更加實惠，反向配送將更加重要。第三方物流第三方物流提供了所有的物流活動。他們在第一方（供應(yīng)商或生產(chǎn)商）和第二方（買方或顧客）之間扮演著橋梁或設(shè)施供應(yīng)商