2023年高考英語閱讀理解備考策略03 閱讀理解之說明文主旨類

專題03閱讀理解之說明文主旨類

一.(2022?浙江金華?一模)

Youmayhavenoticedsudden,brieftwitching(抽動(dòng))atsomepointwhileyourdogwas

sleepingandwonderediftheyweredreamingorevenexpressingsometypeofdiscomfort.

Theseinvoluntarymovementsonlyoccurduringdreamstatesandusuallydon'tlast

long.Soistwitchingjustanormalpartofdreaming,oraretheretimeswhenyoushould

worry?

Dogssleepanaverageof12-14hourseachday.Whiletheysleep,adog'sbrain

processesinformationandexperiencesfromthedaythroughdreams.Twitchingisoften

relatedtoactivedreamcyclesinthebrain.

AccordingtoresearchbypsychologistStanleyCoren,anaverage-sizedogwilldream

aboutevery20minutes,andthesedreamswilllastaboutaminute.Largerbreedshavefewer

dreamsthatlastlonger-aboutevery45minutesfor4minutes.Theoppositeistruefor

smallerbreeddogs;theywilldreamaboutevery10minutesforupto30seconds.

Dogsexperiencethesamedreamstagesashumans,includingnon-rapideyemovement

(NREM),short-wavesleep(SWS),andrapideyemovement(REM).DuringtheREMstate,

adog'seyesmovearoundbehindtheirclosedeyelids,andthelargebodymusclesare

turnedoffsothedreamisnotphysicallyactedout.Theamountoftwitchingdependsonhow

muchtheseoffswitchescrampmusclemovement.

Ifyourdogsleepsnexttoyou,theymayunintentionallydisturbyoursleepwiththeir

suddenbodymovements.However,itisoftenadvisednottoawakenadogthatistwitching

intheirsleepunlesstheyareclearlyindistress.

Abaddreamornightterrorcouldbethecauseoftheseinvoluntarymovements,and

theymaywakeupfrightened.Trytoavoidtouchingthemsotheydon'tbiteyouasaresult

ofbeingshockedandpanicked.Instead,gentlycal!yourdog'snameuntiltheyrespond.

Speakcalmlyandtellthemthattheyaresafeandsecureaftertheywakeup.Whilethey

appeartobeprettyactiveintheirsleep,dreamingdogsmaybeslowtoawaken.

1.Whichofthefollowinginfluenceshowoftendogsdream?

A.Theirsleepingtime.B.Theirbodysize.

C.Theirdailyexperiences.D.Theirhealthconditions

2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“cramp“meaninparagraph4?

A.Stimulate.B.Analyze.C.Restrict.D.Monitor.

3.Whyisitadvisednottowakeupadogtwitchinginsleep?

A.Toavoidbeingbittenbythedog.

B.Toensurethedogadequatesleep.

C.Topreventthedoggettingshocked.

D.Toescapedisturbancefromthedog.

4.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.HowdoesDogs'BrainWork?

B.WhydoDogsDreamatNight?

C.WhydoDogsTwitchinTheirSleep?

D.HowdoesDogs'TwitchAffectTheirSleep?

二.（2022?陜西?銅川市耀州中學(xué)模擬預(yù)測）

Throughouthistoryscientistshaveriskedtheirhealthandtheirlivesintheirsearchfor

thetruth.

SirIssacNewton,theseventeenthcenturyscientistwasverysmart,butthatdidn'tstop

himfromdoingsomeprettystupidthings.InhislaboratoryinCambridge,heoftendidthe

strangestexperiments.Once,whiletestinghowlightpassesthroughlenses（晶狀體），heput

alongneedleintohiseye,pushedittotheback,andthenmoveditaroundjusttoseewhat

wouldhappen.Luckily,therewasnolastingbadeffect.Onanotheroccasion,hestaredatthe

sun,foraslongashecouldbear,todiscoverwhateffectthiswouldhaveonhissight.To

escapesufferingpermanentdamage,hehadtospendsomedaysinadarkroombeforehis

eyesrecovered.

Inthe1750s,theSwedishchemistKarlScheele,wasthefirstpersontofindawayto

producephosphorus（磷）.He,infact,discoveredeightmorechemicalelements,including

Chlorine（氯），thoughhedidn'tgetanyplaceforthem.Hewasaverycleverscientist,buthe

hadastrangehabitoftastingalittleofeverysubstancehestudied.Thisriskypractice

finallycaughtupwithhim.In1786,hewasfounddeadinhislaboratory,surroundedbya

largenumberofdangerouschemicals,anyofwhichmighthavebeenresponsibleforhis

death.

EugeneShoemakerwasarespectedgeologist,hespentalargepartofhislifestudying

craters（隕石坑），andhowtheywereformed,andlatertheresearchintothecommentsofthe

planeJupiter.In1997,heandhiswifewereintheAustraliandesert.wheretheywentevery

yeartosearchforplaceswherecomets（彗星）mighthavehittheearth.Whiledrivinginthe

Tanamidesert,oneofthemostopenplacesintheworld,anothervehiclerushedintothem,

andShoemakerdiedonthespot.Someofhisashes（骨灰）weresenttothemoonbythe

LunarProspector,aspacecraft.andheistheonlypersonwhohasthishonor.

5.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"permanent"inParagraph2mean?

A.Brief.B.Slight.C.Lasting.D.Ordinary.

6.WhatdidKarlScheelelikedoingwhenperformingexperiments?

A.Tastingchemicals.B.Stayingintheemptylabs.

C.Experimentingindarkness.D.Workingtogetherwithothers.

7.WhatspecialhonorwasShoemakergivenafterhisdeath?

A.HewasburiedintheTanamidesert.

B.Someofhisasheswereplacedonthemoon.

C.OnecometofJupiterwasnamedafterhim.

D.AspacecraftcarryinghimtravelledaroundJupiter.

8.Thetextismainlyaboutthreegreatscientists'

A.specialhonorsB.greatachievements

C.famousexperimentsD.sufferingintheirresearch

答案

—.（2022?浙江金華?一模）

1.B2.C3.A4.C

（導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要解釋了為什么狗在睡覺時(shí)會(huì)抽搐的現(xiàn)象，

以及如何處理這種情況避免被狗咬傷或驚嚇到狗。

1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“AccordingtoresearchbypsychologistStanleyCoren,an

average-sizedogwilldreamaboutevery20minutes,andthesedreamswilllastabouta

minute.Largerbreedshavefewerdreamsthatlastlonger-aboutevery45minutesfor4

minutes.Theoppositeistrueforsmallerbreeddogs;theywilldreamaboutevery10

minutesforupto30seconds.（根據(jù)心理學(xué)家斯坦利?科倫的研究，一只中等大小的狗

每20分鐘會(huì)做夢一次，這些夢會(huì)持續(xù)大約一分鐘。體型較大的品種的夢更少，持

續(xù)時(shí)間更長——大約每45分鐘做一次，持續(xù)4分鐘。小型犬的情況正好相反;他們

每10分鐘做夢一次，持續(xù)30秒廣可知，狗的體型會(huì)影響狗的做夢頻率。故選B。

2.詞句猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞上文“DuringtheREMstate,adog'seyesmovearound

behindtheirclosedeyelids,andthelargebodymusclesareturnedoffsothedreamis

notphysicallyactedout.（在快速眼動(dòng)狀態(tài)下，狗的眼睛在緊閉的眼瞼后移動(dòng)，身體

的大塊肌肉被關(guān)閉，所以夢不會(huì)在身體上發(fā)生）"以及“Theamountoftwitching

dependsonhowmuchtheseoffswitches”可知，抽搐的程度取決于這些開關(guān)對肌肉

運(yùn)動(dòng)的限制程度。故畫線詞意思是呻艮制”。故選C。

3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Trytoavoidtouchingthemsotheydon'tbiteyouas

aresultofbeingshockedandpanicked.（盡量避免碰至lj它們,這樣它們就不會(huì)因?yàn)槭?/p>

驚而咬你）''可知，建議不要吵醒睡夢中抽搐的狗是為了避免被狗咬傷。故選A。

4.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Youmayhavenoticedsudden,brieftwitching（抽動(dòng)）at

somepointwhileyourdogwassleepingandwonderediftheyweredreamingoreven

expressingsometypeofdiscomfort.（你可能會(huì)注意到你的狗狗在睡覺時(shí)突然短暫的

抽搐，想知道它們是在做夢，還是在表達(dá)某種不適）”結(jié)合文章主要解釋了為什么狗

在睡覺時(shí)會(huì)抽搐的現(xiàn)象，以及如何處理這種情況避免被狗咬傷或驚嚇到狗?？芍?，

C選項(xiàng)“為什么狗在睡覺時(shí)會(huì)抽搐？”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選C。

二.（2022?陜西?銅川市耀州中學(xué)模擬預(yù)測）

5.C6.A7.B8.D

【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章講述的是科學(xué)家們冒著生命危險(xiǎn)去尋找真

理。詳細(xì)介紹了三名偉大的科學(xué)家為了探究真理做出的危險(xiǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)，甚至奉獻(xiàn)了自

己的生命。

5.詞義猜測題。根據(jù)下文“hehadtospendsomedaysinadarkroombeforehiseyes

recovered.（他不得不在一個(gè)黑暗的房間里呆幾天，直到他的眼睛恢復(fù)。）”由此可推

測是為避免永久性的傷害，故猜測permanent意為永久的,A