家具設(shè)計制作外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)綜述

家具設(shè)計制作外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)綜述家具設(shè)計制作外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)綜述(文檔含中英文對照即英文原文和中文翻譯)Heat-TreatingandDryingTherough-cutblocksofhornbeamofEuropeanbeechareplacedinacylindricalchamberandhear-treatedatapressureoftwotothreeatmospheresandatemperatureof250°F[120°C]todestroyunbondedfluids,acids,andfungiandrenderthewoodinsensitivetomoistureandtemperaturedifferences.Some7ounces[200g]ofwaterisevaporatedfroman18-ounce[500g]blockofwood.Thefibersofthewoodbecomedenserandatthesametimemoreresilient.Whenanailisdrivenintoapieceofwoodthathasbeenheat-treated,thefibersareforcedapart;whenthenailisremoved,theyreturntotheiroriginalpositions.Afterheat-treating,bothendsoftheblocksarecoatedwithwaxsothatinsubsequentdryingthefluidinthewoodwillevaporateatthelateralsurfacesandtheendswillnotcrack.Nowtheperiodofnaturaldryingbegins;thislastssometwoyears.Althoughthemoisturecontentofthewoodfallsto16-18%overthisperiod,itmustbefurtherreducedto10-12%beforeitcanundergofurtherprocessing.Forceddryingchamberlastsaboutthreeweeks.Theblocksofwoodareexposedtoanairflowinitiallyatatemperatureof68°F[20°C],whichisgraduallyraisedto85-100°F[30-40°C]andfinallyto120°F[50°C]Themoisturecontentofthewoodischeckedcontinually.Neitherforcednornaturaldrying(storageinashed)canbehurried.Iftheblocksofwoodareputintothedryertosoon,forexamplemostofthemwillcrackorbecomedeformed,losingtheveryqualityforwhichtheywereselectedforlastmaking:theirresilience.Aftermanyyearsofpreparationtheblockofwoodisreadyfordeliverytothelastmaker’sworkshoptobemadeintoalast.Inthefollowingpagesweshallfindoutsomeofthesecretsofthelastmaker’sartandhowagood-qualitylastismade-thebasisofagood-qualityshoe.PreparingtheCustom-madeLastbyHandManylastmakers’workshopstillcontaintoolsthathavebeeninuseforoverahundredyears.TwoofthemfromKalmanBerta’sworkshopwouldnotbeoutofplaceinamuseum.Oneoftheseisalong-bladedguillotineusedfortheinitialshapingofthelastblock:it’shookedontooneendoftheworkbenchandcanbemovedfreely,inbothverticalandhorizontaldirections.Onetheblockhasbeenshapedwiththeguillotine,theliningsole,shapedwiththeassistanceofthedraft,isdrawnononesideofit.Thelastmakerthensawsoffitswax-coatedendsandbeginstoshapeitwiththeaxe.Theblockislaidontheworkbenchandrepeatedlyturnedinthedirectionfromwhichitcanbemosteasilyreachedwiththeguillotineblade.Thelastmakerappliestheguillotineatasuitableangleandpressesdownonitshandletoremoveshavingsofthedesiredthicknessfromtheappropriatepoints.Evenatthisearlystageheisguidedbythedatainthecustomer’smeasurementrecordregardingthelength,girth,andtypeoftheshoesrequired.Thefinerbulgesandhollowsareproducedwiththewood-carvingknifeandtherasp,whichisthenusedtorefinethem;thisprocessalsoremovesthemarksleftbytoolsusedearlier,aswellasanysurfaceunevennesses.Aftermakinghisfinalmeasurementsthelastmakerwillusesandpaper–firstcoarse,thenincreasinglyfine–togivethelastitsultimatefromandacompletelysmoothsurface.generationnThesearetheskillsinvolvedinmakingalastbyhand,buttheseisalsoalongtraditionoftheusedofmachinery-toalimiteddegree-inmakingalast.Mostlastmakerstodaywilluseaduplicator.TheLastmakerTheBertalastmakingworkshopfoundedinPapa,Hungary,in1870istheonlyoneofitskindinthecountry,supplyingtop-classshoemakingworkshopinEngland,Austria,Germany,theNetherlands,andItalywithlastsandshoetrees.KalmanBerta,now78,isoneofthefewtruemastersofhisfatherbeforehim.Mostofourtoolshavebeenhandeddownfromgenerationtogeneration,justlikeourloveofthecraft.MygrandfatherMartontraveledtoGermanyin1867tolearntheartofhislastmakingthere.HevisitedseveralplacesbeforereachingthetownofPirmasens,thelaststageofhisjourney,wherehefoundalastmakerwillingtoinitiatehimintothesecretsofmanuallastmaking.Heworkedthereformorethantwoyears.InthenineteenthcenturyPirmasenswasoneofthestrongholdsoftheshoemaker’scraft.OverawellinitscastlesquaretherewasastatueofashoemakerbythenameofJoss,holdingalastinonehandandashoemaker’shammerintheother.“Mygrandfatherusedtocarvesymmetriclastsbasedonapaperfrom.Onehehadpassedtheguildexaminationbyproducingalastthanmetwiththeapprovalofitsmembers,hereturnedtoHungary,wherehelaidthefoundationstoneforhisworkshop125yearsago.Hebuiltacable-drivenmachinethatmadetheheavycarvingworkabiteasier,andcarriedonusingituntil1911-whenhewenttoViennaandboughtastate-of-the-artduplicatorandaplanningmachine.“Inthe1930s,Iremember,membersofthefamilyusedtogoroundsellingthelastswemadeinourlittleworkshop.EveryweekortwothereusedtobeamarketintheKomitat,thelargestHungarianadministrativeunit,whereyoucouldgetshoes,lasts,clothing,andothereverydayrequirements.Onthosedaysweusedtoloadourlastsontoahorse-drawnwagonbeforedawn,takethemtomarket,andofferthemtotheshoemakers.“Ilearnedthetricksofthetradefrommyfatherandgrandfatherinmychildhood.Agoodlastmakers‘senses’thewoodwithhisfingertipsandpalms,hecantellthelieofthefibersinsideit,andknowswhereandhowhemustusethesawandtheknifetoremoveonlytheexcesswood.Agoodlastmakerknowsinstinctivelyhowtomakeagoodlastfromthebasicblockofwood.Hisskillisthe‘soul’ofthelast.“Theshoemakerandthelastmakerspeakthesameknowledge,becauseeachofthemhasanintimateknowledgeoftheother’swork.Theshoemakerknowsthatfine,comfortableshoescanonlybemadeonawell-formedlast,andthelastmakermusthaveamentalpictureoftheshoethatisgoingtobemadeonthelast.Evenafter60yearsmyheartbeatsfastereverytimeIapproachtheguillotinetocreateanewlast.”KalmanBertacanbeseenhereconcentratingonproducingyetanotherfinelast,oneofthemanythathehasproducedoverthedecades.Itistobehopedthathehasbeenabletopassonhisadmirableskillstonewgenerationsoflastmakers.AfamilytraditionsuchasthatoftheBertasmastnotbeallowedtodieout-itwouldbeatragedyifitdid.PreshapingBecauseshapingthelastbyhandisextraordinarylaboriousandtime-consuming,theso-calledduplicatorisnowusedthroughouttheworld.TheAmericanThomasBlanchardpatentedthistypeoflathe-whichcanproduceirregularshapesinwood,suchasriflebuttsand,indeed,lasts-inMassachusetts,USA,in1819.Hisinventionwasthebasisofmachineswithwhichlasts-firstsymmetric,laterasymmetric-wereproduced.Inthe1920sthepredecessoroftheduplicatorsusedtodaycameonthemarketrent;itwascapableofproducingleftandrightlastsatthesametime.Present-daymachinestakeonlyfiveorsixminutestoproduceapairoflasts.If,forexample,thefiguresonthemeasurementsheetforthelengthofthecustomer’sfeetandthegirthofhismetatarsalsindicatethatheneedsasize8%,mediumwidth,butthatbothinstepsareaboveaverageheight,aformofsize9,width7isselected.Ifhisfeetareofdifferentlengths,forexampletheleftisan8andtherightan8%,thentheformesselectedareofsize8%and9respectively.Inthefirstcasetherightandleftlastsarecopiessimultaneouslyfromtheformmountedintheduplicator,whileinthesecondasize8%leftroughlastandasize9rightroughlastaremadeseparately.Theuseoftheduplicatormayhavebeenfrownedonwhenitwasfirstintroduced,buttodayitisacceptedasnecessarytothelastmaker’strade.Itcertainlydoesnotmeanthatherequiresanylessskilltoproducethelasts-onlythathecansavetimebyusingthisvaluablemachine.RoughCopyingTwoheat-treatedandwax-coatedblocksofwoodaremountedintheduplicatorandroughlastsforbothfeetaresimultaneouslycopiedfromtheform.Asensingsystemautomaticallyfollowstheshapeoftheformandguidesthesharp-edgedcutterheads.Thetwowoodenblocksrotateinoppositedirectionsbeneaththecutterheads,enablingtherightandleftlaststobeshapedsimultaneously.Herethemachineexecutestherough-copyingprocess,theinitialstageintheshapingoftheduplicatelast.FinecopingWhenthelastmakerchangesthemachinesettingtofine,theshapingprocessiscontinuedwithmeticulousaccuracy.Thecuttingheadsarereplacedbyabrasivewheels,whichfirsteradicatetheedgesofthegroovesleftbythecuttingheadsandthen,workingfromtheheeltothetipandbackagain,removethinlayersofwooduntillastisthesameshapeandsizeastheform.Modernduplicatorsarecapableofproducingcopiesaccuratetominutefractionsofaninch.Somakingthelastmakers’staskthatmucheasier.FinalAdjustmentsThelastmakersawsofftheendsbywhichthelastsweremountedintheduplicator.Hethendrillsahorizontalhole(picturetopleft)throughtheinsteptomakethelasteasiertoremovefromthecompletedshoe.Thenextprocesshasasimilarpurpose:sincethelastcannotberemovedinonepiece,agentlycurvingwedgeisswanoutofit(picturetopright).Whiletheshoeisbeingmadethiswedgemustnotprotrude,sothelastmakerdrillsaverticalholethroughbothpieces,insertsalocatingstudinit,andboltsthemtogether(pictureabove).Custom-madeLastTheRemovalMethodTowtypicalmethodsaregenerallyusedtoshaperoughlastsintocustom-madelasts,aprocessknownasfittingup.Inthefirstmethodthelastisgivenitsindividualshapebytakingmaterialaway,inthesecondbyaddingit.Thecompletedroughlasts-whicharealwaysslightlylargerthanrequired-finallyreachtheshoemaker’sworkshop.Ifthefootisnarrowerortheinsteplowerthantheaverage,theshoemaker-guidedbythemeasurementsheet-useshisraspandvariousgradesofsandpapertogivethelastitsultimateform;inotherwordshetakesmaterialaway.Thecompletedlastisthenroughenedupwithfinesandpapersothatthevarioustypesofleatherwillnotslidethiswayandthatonitssurfacewhentheshoeisbeingmade.TheAdditionMethodThislastmakingmethodrecallsthemostvenerabletraditions.Here,too,correctionsaremadeinlinewiththemeasurementsheets,takingaccountofcriticalpoints.Thecharacteristicplaceswherethelastmakermostofenhastomakecorrectionsaretheouterrimofthesole,themetatarsals,thebigtoe,theinstep,andtheheel.Itisextremelyunusualforthefoottobesmallerthantheaverageattheseplaces.Itisfarmorecommonforthefoottobewider-forexample,theinstepandthebigtoehigherortheheelthicker.Intheadditionmethodthelastisbuiltupintothecorrectshapebystickingonvariouspiecesofleatheroftherequiredthickness.Ifthedeviationisverylarge,severallayersofleathercanbeplacedontopofoneanother.CorrectedCustom-madeLastsItiseasyfortheshoemakertoconstructapairofshoesonlastsproducedbytheadditionmethod,thatisbyhavingpiecesofleatherstuckon.Buttheleathermaygetmisshapenduringtheprocess,orevenfalloff.Soifthecustomerwantsseveralpairsofshoestobemadeforofhimonthesamesetoflasts,itissafertousethebuilt-uplastsasformesformakingfinalcustom-madelasts.Theleftandrightlasts,correctedwithleatherattachments,arereturnedtothelastmaker’sworkshop,wheretheyareusedasformesformakingnewcustom-madelasts.Aprefabricatedbutslightlylargerlastisprocessedwiththeabrasivewheels.Withinafewminutesthefine-copyingprocessproducesthecustom-madelastappropriatetothetypeofshoe.Thelastisnowreadytobeusedtomakeshoes.Theshoemakerwillexaminethenewlastcarefullytomakesureitfulfilshisrequirements.熱處理與干燥歐洲櫸木角樹的粗切塊被放置在一個圓柱腔，在2至3個大氣壓和溫度壓力為250°F[120°?]的條件下，消除無粘結(jié)液，酸，及真菌，降低木材含水率和溫度不敏感的差異。一些7盎司[200克水]是18盎司[500克]的木塊。木材的纖維變得致密并在同一時間更有彈性。當(dāng)一個釘打入的木頭已經(jīng)過熱處理。纖維被迫分開指痕大小的裂縫，拔出釘子時，他們回到原來的位置。

經(jīng)過熱處理木材，使用塊蠟涂層，這樣可以使以后的木材干燥中的液體會蒸發(fā)，在表面和側(cè)面的兩端不會裂開的兩端。首先，開始自然干燥期，這個為期約兩年。雖然木材含水率16-18％下降到了這個時期，必須進(jìn)一步減至10-12％，才可以進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的處理。強制干燥室持續(xù)約3個星期。木材的塊暴露在氣流最初溫度在68°F[20°C]，它是逐步提升到85-100°F[30-40°C]和最后到120°F[50°C]是木材含水率不斷檢查。

無論是被迫還是自然干燥都是匆忙的存儲。如果木材塊進(jìn)入干燥機很快有反應(yīng)，例如其中大部分將裂縫或變形，失去了對他們必要的質(zhì)量的lastmaking選擇了：他們的應(yīng)變能力。經(jīng)過多年的準(zhǔn)備木塊是運送到lastmaker準(zhǔn)備好了嗎？加工廠將成為最后的。在下面的頁面中我們將找出的lastmaker的秘密。藝術(shù)及如何最后是取得了良好的品質(zhì)，良好的品質(zhì)鞋的基礎(chǔ)。

準(zhǔn)備特制的手尾

許多l(xiāng)astmakers研討會還包含在使用已超過一百年的工具。其中兩名來自卡爾曼伯塔。加工廠不會出在博物館附近的地方。其中之一是一項長期的最后一個塊初步成型用的：在一張工作臺鷹鉤鼻s，可以自由移動的垂直和水平方向。

一個塊已形成了的制造單位，唯一的襯里，與草案的協(xié)助下形成的，是它的一個側(cè)面繪制。該lastmaker然后把它鋸蠟涂完，開始形成與建造它。

一塊是放在工作臺和屢次遭到的方向，它可以從最容易達(dá)成的單位。該lastmaker適用于在適當(dāng)?shù)慕嵌?，壓下手柄，以消除從適當(dāng)?shù)狞c所需的厚度刨花的單位。即使在這個早期階段，他的指導(dǎo)原則是在客戶的數(shù)據(jù)。量測記錄有關(guān)的長度，周長和所需的鞋型。

凸起和凹陷的精細(xì)的制作與木雕刀和銼刀，然后被用來改進(jìn)他們，這一過程還刪除任何表面unevennesses所使用的早期的工具左側(cè)的標(biāo)志。測量后，作出最后的lastmaker將使用砂紙。Cfirst，然后越來越好。首席技術(shù)官給其最終從過去到完全順利surface.generation?

這些都是在最后的手工制作所涉及的技能，但這些也是一項長期的傳統(tǒng)所用的機器，在有限度的最后決策。今天最后一項將使用復(fù)印機。

Lastmaker

講習(xí)班的伯塔lastmaking爸爸，匈牙利成立于1870年，是一個獨一無二的國家，提供一流的制鞋車間在英國，奧地利，德國，荷蘭，意大利與鞋楦及樹木?？柭?，現(xiàn)年78歲，是他父親的幾個真正的大師在他面前。我們的工具，大部分已流傳下來的一代又一代，就像我們對工藝的熱愛。我的祖父馬頓在1867年前往德國學(xué)習(xí)他lastmaking藝術(shù)那里。他走訪了才到達(dá)皮爾馬森斯鎮(zhèn)幾個地方，他的旅程，在那里他發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個lastmaker愿意主動參與到他的秘密手冊lastmaking最后階段。他在那里工作了兩年多。在19世紀(jì)皮爾馬森斯是本鞋匠的重要支柱之一。s工藝。在超過1平方米的城堡以及有一個鞋匠由喬斯名稱雕像，最后，一個手拿一個鞋匠錘子在其他。

我的祖父用來雕刻對稱的基礎(chǔ)上持續(xù)從紙張。他已通過一個由產(chǎn)生比其成員的批準(zhǔn)會見了最后，他回到了匈牙利，在那里他奠定了他125年前研討會的基石公會考試。他建立了一個電纜為主導(dǎo)的重型機器，雕刻工作較為容易，并使用它進(jìn)行至1911年，當(dāng)他來到維也納買了一套先進(jìn)的，最先進(jìn)的復(fù)印機和規(guī)劃機。

在20世紀(jì)30年代，我記得，用于銷售的持續(xù)走輪我們在小作坊的家庭成員。每兩個星期以前有一個在Komitat，匈牙利最大的行政單位，市場在那里你可以得到鞋子，衣服和其他日常需求。在這些日子，我們加載到一個馬車持續(xù)拂曉前，把它們推向市場，并為他們提供的鞋匠。

我從我的父親和祖父在我的童年業(yè)內(nèi)人士的技巧。一個好的lastmakers感覺用他的指尖和手掌木頭，他可以告訴它的內(nèi)部纖維的謊言，知道他必須在何處以及如何使用鋸子和刀只刪除多余的木材。一個好的lastmaker本能地知道如何使一個好的最后從木材基本塊。

鞋匠和lastmaker講相同的知識，因為他們擁有的每一個熟悉的需要的工作。鞋匠知道，舒適的鞋只能在一個良好去年成立，并lastmaker必須具有的鞋，將是在最后作出的精神拍成電影。即使60年后我的心跳快每次我接近制造臺創(chuàng)建一個新的起點。

卡爾曼伯塔可以在這里看到的又一個良好的生產(chǎn)集中，最后一人，他有很多幾十年來生產(chǎn)。這是希望他能夠在他的令人欽佩的技巧傳遞給新一代的lastmakers。阿如的Bertas，家庭的傳統(tǒng)桅桿不能消亡，這將是一個悲劇，如果有這樣做。

Preshapin