【美國文學(xué)】詩歌欣賞

Introductiontopoetry

1.1.Whatispoetrya.EmilyDickinson:“whenIreadsomethingIfeelsocoldthatnofirecanwarmme,Iknowitspoetry;whenIreadsomethingIfeelmyheadischoppedoff,Iknowit’spoetry.”b.Thepoethasfoundtheemotion,theemotionhasfoundtheword.c.Wordsworth:“Allgoodpoetryisthespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings”.d.“Agoodpoemisthecrystalizationofwordandemotions.”e.ThetraditionalAmericandictionarydefinespoetryas:Averbalcompositiondesignedtoconveyexperiences,ideas,oremotionsinavividandimaginativeway,characterizedbytheuseofcondensedlanguageschosenforitssoundandsuggestivepowerandbytheuseofliterarytechniquessuchasmeter,metaphor,andrhyme.1.2.Typesofpoetry1.2.1.Narrativepoetrya.Epic:longnarrativepoemsthatrecordtheadventuresofaherowhoseexploits[braveoradventurousdeedsoraction]areimportanttothehistoryofanation.AsHomericepics(ablindbard):TheIliadandTheOdysseyb.Ballad:asimplepoem(lessambitiousthanepics)thattellsastory.c.Romance:anothertypeofnarrativepoem,inwhichadventureisacentralfeature.1.2.2.Lyricpoetry

a.Epigram[詼諧詩]:shortpoemexpressinganideainclearandamusingwayb.Elegy:alamentforthedead.c.Ode:alongstatelypoeminstanzasofvariedlength,meter,andform.d.Sonnet:14lines,theItalian[orPetrarchan:8-lineoctave(abbaabba)+6-linesestetcdcdcd/cdecde)andtheEnglish(orShakespearean:three4-linequatrains+aconcluding2-linecouplet]1.3.Elementsofpoetry1.3.1.Voice:speakerandtone1.3.2.Diction:thebestwordsinthebestorder(SamuelTaylorColeridge)1.3.3.Imagery:aconcreterepresentationofasenseimpression,afeeling,oranidea.Images:visual,aural,tactile,olfactory(somethingsmelled),gustatory(sthtasted)1.3.4.Figuresofspeech:simileandmetaphor1.3.5.Symbolism:asymbolisanyobjectoractionthatmeansmorethanitself,anyobjectoractionthatrepresentssthbeyonditself.1.3.6.Syntax:thegrammaticalstructureofwordsinsentencesandthedevelopmentofsentencesinlongerunitsthroughoutthepoem.Rhyme:twoormorewordsorphrasescontainanidenticalorsimilarvowel-sound,usuallystressed,andtheconsonantsoundsthatfollowthevowel-soundareidenticalandprecededbydifferentconsonants.eg.brightandnightheavenandsevenseeandtheeRhyme1.3.7.SoundOnthebasisofsoundExactrhyme:repeatendsoundspreciselyeg.day—waySlantrhyme:provideanapproximatesoundeg.sun—boneIdenticalrhyme:repeatingtheentiresound,includingtheinitialconsonant,sometimesbyrepeatingthesamewordinarhymepositionandsometimesbyrepeatingthesoundwithtwosenseseg.two—tooEyerhyme:lookalike,butsounddifferenteg.laughter—daughterRhymeOnthebasisofthenumberofsyllablesMasculinerhyme:therecurrenceofsoundisrestrictedtothefinalstressedsyllableeg.cold—boldFemininerhyme:thestressedrhymingsyllablesarefollowedbyidenticalunstressedsyllableseg.spiteful—delightfulTriplerhyme:therhymingstressedsyllableisfollowedbytwoidenticalunstressedsyllableseg.tenderly—slenderlyOnthebasisofthepositioninalineInternalrhyme:occursatthebeginning,sometimescombinedwithendrhymeeg.thegrainsbeyondage,thedarkveinsofhermother.Endrhyme:occursattheendofalineeg.Threepoets,inthreedistantagesborn,Greece,Italy,andEnglanddidadorn.Alliterationistherepetitionofconsonants,especiallyatthebeginningofwordsorstressedsyllables.Eg.Thewillowswavedviolentlyinthewind.Assonanceistherepetitionofsimilarvowelsoundswithinanoticeablerange.Eg.AlldaythewindbreatheslowwithmellowertoneThro’everyhollowcaveandalleylone.Consonanceistherepetitionofidenticalconsonantsoundsbeforeandafterdifferentvowels.Eg.titandtatcreakandcrack1.3.8.Rhythmandmetera.rhythm:beatwefeelinaphraseofmusicoralineofpoetry,theregularrecurrenceoftheaccentorstressinpoem.b.foot[音步]:unitofrhythminalineofpoetrycontainingonestressedsyllableandoneormoreunstressedsyllables,asinthefourdivisionof“fourman/maycome/andmen/maygo”c.meter[格律]:poeticmetrewithagivennumberoffeet,orfixedarrangementofaccentedandunaccentedsyllables.Risingfeet/meter:iamb(iambic),anapest(anapestic)Fallingfeet/meter:trochee(trochaic),dactyl(dactylic)NumberoffeetperlineMonometerDimeterTrimeterTetrameterPentameterHexameterHeptameterOctameter1.4.Somefeaturesofpoetry1.4.1.emotional,passionate,Expressesandarousesstrongfeelingsuchaslove,pity,fear,sadness,joy,etcfromtheauthororfromthereader1.4.2.SymbolicAsymbolissomethingthatstandsforsomethingelse.Inliterature,itreferstoanyword,object,action,orcharacterthatembodiesandevokesarangeofadditionalmeaningandsignif