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第一板塊語法系列專項提能奠基起始課——學(xué)好語法,從理清句子成分開始無論是“理解”還是“表達(dá)”,均需建立在準(zhǔn)確理解句子成分基礎(chǔ)上。一個句子若沒有句子成分的合理架構(gòu)、有序排列,就會雜亂無章,不知所云。所以,學(xué)好語法,應(yīng)從正確理清句子成分入手。眾所周知,句子有若干個組成部分,它們分別承擔(dān)著不同的作用,組成句子的各個部分叫作句子成分。英語中的句子成分分為主語subject、謂語predicate、賓語object、表語predicative、定語attribute、狀語adverbial、補(bǔ)語complement和同位語appositive八種。一、主語——習(xí)慣于發(fā)號施令,偶爾也會被趕下臺在句子中,主語是執(zhí)行句子的行為或動作的主體。主語一般位于句子開頭,且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里,如:疑問句、倒裝句、祈使句、感嘆句等,句子主語也可以“下臺”而位于謂語動詞之后或省略。能夠充當(dāng)主語的主要有名詞(短語)、代詞、數(shù)詞、動名詞(短語)、動詞不定式(短語)和從句等。(2020·全國卷Ⅱ書面表達(dá))Thefarmislocatedatthefootofthehillnearourschool.(名詞作主語)(2019·全國卷Ⅰ書面表達(dá))ToletChinagototheworldandlettheworldunderstandChinaismyfirstaim.(不定式短語作主語)(2020·全國卷Ⅰ書面表達(dá))Whattouchesmemostisherfulldevotiontowork.(what引導(dǎo)的主語從句作主語)(2020·北京高考書面表達(dá))Itwasshownthatonlytenpercentstudentswereabletobedevotedtotheirstudy.(代詞it充當(dāng)形式主語,that引導(dǎo)的主語從句作真正的主語)[名師指津]當(dāng)從句作主語時,為避免頭重腳輕,可用it作形式主語,而把真正的主語(主語從句)后置。二、謂語——堅決服從主語“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)”,執(zhí)行命令雷厲風(fēng)行謂語用來描述主語的行為動作、狀態(tài)或特征,常位于主語之后。謂語可由動詞或動詞短語、系表結(jié)構(gòu)以及“助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+實(shí)義動詞”充當(dāng),有時態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣的變化,同時又受到主語人稱和數(shù)的制約。謂語的構(gòu)成如下:1.簡單謂語:由一個實(shí)義動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。(2020·北京高考書面表達(dá))Theyadvisedgettingthewholeclassinvolvedinabrainstormconferenceforstudyingmoreeffectively.(2020·全國卷Ⅲ書面表達(dá))Thetextmainlyfocusesonthestoryofarobot.2.復(fù)合謂語:(1)由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構(gòu)成;(2)由系動詞加表語構(gòu)成。(2019·全國卷Ⅰ書面表達(dá))ThroughmyintroductionandeffortsIcanstrengthenthefriendshipbetweenChinaandBritain.(2020·全國卷Ⅰ書面表達(dá))Sheisawarm-heartedanddedicatedteacher.三、賓語——一直受到壓制,有時“翻身農(nóng)奴把歌唱”賓語表示謂語動作的對象,一般位于及物動詞或介詞的后面,受到主語的限制和制約。賓語一般由名詞(短語)、賓格代詞、數(shù)詞、動名詞(短語)、動詞不定式或賓語從句等充當(dāng),根據(jù)需要也可用it作形式賓語。賓語在被動結(jié)構(gòu)中才會“翻身農(nóng)奴把歌唱”成為主語。1.雙賓語(間接賓語+直接賓語)(2020·全國卷Ⅰ書面表達(dá))Servingasmyrolemodel,mymotherhasgivenmevaluablespiritualwealth,anddefinitely,shedeservesthehighestpraise!(me為間接賓語,infinitevaluablespiritualwealth為直接賓語)2.復(fù)合賓語(賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語)(2019·全國卷Ⅱ書面表達(dá))Iwouldlikeyoutogiveusyourguidanceandencouragement.(you為賓語,togiveusyourguidanceandencouragement為賓語補(bǔ)足語)四、表語——最會察言觀色,就看“主子”臉色表語一般位于系動詞(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后,用以說明主語這個“主子”的身份、特征和狀態(tài)等,一般由名詞、名詞性物主代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式(短語)、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句等充當(dāng)。(2020·全國卷Ⅰ書面表達(dá))Seriousasheisandseldomexpresseshimself,healwayscaresaboutmystudyandlifefromallaspects.(形容詞作表語)(2020·江蘇高考書面表達(dá))Moreimportantly,theotherreasonisthatthedocumentariespresentasplendidpictureofChinainfrontoftheiraudiences—itshistory,food,artandsoon.(從句作表語)五、定語——鞍前馬后搞服務(wù),全心全意勤務(wù)兵修飾或限定名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句被稱為定語。定語服務(wù)于它所修飾或限定的名詞或代詞,可由形容詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞性物主代詞、介詞短語、非謂語動詞或定語從句等充當(dāng)。定語有前置和后置兩種情況,如短語結(jié)構(gòu)、從句等作定語時,常置于被修飾詞之后。Asyousee,thestudentsinourschoolarealwayshard-working.(從句和介詞短語作定語)Mydreamtobeadmittedintomyfavoriteuniversitywillcometrue.(非謂語動詞作后置定語)六、狀語——行蹤飄忽不定,卻對動詞“情有獨(dú)鐘”修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子,說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分叫作狀語。一般表示行為發(fā)生的時間、地點(diǎn)、目的、原因、條件、讓步、方式、程度等意義。狀語可由副詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式、分詞、狀語從句等充當(dāng)。狀語在句子中的位置很靈活,所以說它“行蹤飄忽不定”。常見情況為:通常在句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)后,強(qiáng)調(diào)時放在句首;修飾形容詞或副詞時,通常位于被修飾詞之前;表示時間、地點(diǎn)、目的的狀語一般位于句子兩頭,強(qiáng)調(diào)時放在句首,地點(diǎn)狀語一般放在時間狀語之前;一些表示頻度的副詞(如often,almost等)作狀語通常位于be動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞之后、實(shí)義動詞之前。高考中一般考查副詞修飾動詞的用法,故說它對動詞“情有獨(dú)鐘”。(2020·全國卷Ⅰ書面表達(dá))Inmygrowingup,shefrequentlyremindedmeofthebelief—tovalueeducationandtobehelpful.(副詞作狀語)(2020·天津高考書面表達(dá))TheceremonywasscheduledtobeheldonJune8.(介詞短語作狀語)(2020·全國卷Ⅰ書面表達(dá))LearningtheCOVID-19appeared,heputhimselfintothebattleagainwithouthesitation.(非謂語動詞作狀語)(2020·全國卷Ⅲ書面表達(dá))IcameacrossaproblemwhenIwasadaptinganEnglishtextintoashortplay.(從句作狀語)七、補(bǔ)語——始終寄人籬下,永遠(yuǎn)成不了主人補(bǔ)語也叫補(bǔ)足語,主要起補(bǔ)充說明的作用,最常見的是賓語補(bǔ)足語和主語補(bǔ)足語,所以說它寄人籬下,成不了“主人”。補(bǔ)足語可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式(短語)、分詞、介詞短語或從句等充當(dāng)。(2019·江蘇高考書面表達(dá))LiJiangwillmaketheChineseculturebetterknowntoBritishstudents.(過去分詞短語作賓語補(bǔ)足語)Hewasseenplayingbasketballontheplaygroundyesterday.(現(xiàn)在分詞短語作主語補(bǔ)足語)八、同位語——總是玩失蹤,特殊場合還是“顯露原形”對句子中的名詞(短語)或代詞作進(jìn)一步解釋、說明,與前面的成分在語法上處于同等地位的句子成分叫作同位語。英語句子表達(dá)中一般情況下是沒有同位語的,所以說它愛玩失蹤。如果要對前面的名詞的具體內(nèi)容作進(jìn)一步的說明,這時候就需要同位語,可謂“顯露原形”??梢杂米魍徽Z的有:名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語、不定式、動名詞和從句等。(2020·浙江高考讀后續(xù)寫)Whenwewereabouttoleave,thebearappearedfromadistance,runningtowardsus,withthreeotherbears,amotherbearandtwobabybears.(名詞短語作同位語)(2020·全國卷Ⅰ書面表達(dá))Themostbelovedandrespectedpersonaroundmeismyteacher,MsLi.(名詞作同位語)[強(qiáng)化落實(shí)訓(xùn)練]Ⅰ.用以下符號劃分句子成分1.eq\o([Intheenvironment],\s\do14(狀語)),teachersandstudentsarelivingeq\o([happily],\s\do14(狀語))andworkingeq\o([hard],\s\do14(狀語)).2.Wordcameeq\o([thatthemayorwouldpayavisitto,\s\do14(同位語))ourschooleq\o(nextweek],\s\do14(同位語)).3.Wehaven'tdecidedwhentodiscussthequestionagain.4.eq\o([Atthesametime],\s\do14(狀語)),parentsaregivingtheirchildrentoomuchprotection.5.Weshouldfollowtheeq\o([doctor's],\s\do14(定語))advice.6.eq\o([Bathedinthesunshine],\s\do14(狀語)),wejumpedandcheeredeq\o([withjoy],\s\do14(狀語)).7.eq\o([Infact],\s\do14(狀語)),heinspiredmeeq\o([tomajorinEnglish],\s\do14(賓補(bǔ)))eq\o([incollege],\s\do14(狀語)).8.Musiccanmakeourmindeq\o([inapeacefulstate],\s\do14(賓補(bǔ)))eq\o([afterawholedayoftiringwork],\s\do14(狀語)).Ⅱ.指出下列句子屬于方框內(nèi)的哪種基本句式A.SV(主+謂)B.SVP(主+系+表)C.SVO(主+謂+賓)D.SVOO(主+謂+間賓+直賓)E.SVOC(主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ))1.Todotoday'shomeworkwithouttheteacher'shelpisverydifficult.2.Tomdidn'tdohishomeworkyesterday.3.DidyouseeLiMingplayingfootballontheplaygroundjustnow?4.Thedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.5.Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.6.Theyfoundthehousedecoratedwithbeautifulflowers.7.Theyarrivedhereat10:00yesterdaymorning.8.Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.答案:1.B2.C3.E4.B5.D6.E7.A8.CⅢ.單句改錯并說明理由(從句子成分角度思考)1.(2020·全國卷Ⅰ)TodayItriedcookingasimplydishmyself.[改錯]simply→simple[理由]此處應(yīng)用形容詞simple,在句中作定語修飾名詞dish。2.(2019·全國卷Ⅱ)First,Iwantedtobeafireman,whoseuniformlookedsocoolly.[改錯]coolly→cool[理由]定語從句中l(wèi)ooked為系動詞,需用形容詞而非副詞作表語。3.(2019·全國卷Ⅲ)Nowmydreamistoopensacafe.[改錯]opens→open[理由]分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,is后面的動詞不定式短語作表語,不定式符號to后接動詞原形,故將opens改為open。4.(2018·全國卷Ⅱ)StillIunwillingtoplaythegameswiththemsometimes.[改錯]I后加was[理由]句中缺少謂語動詞,且根據(jù)行文時態(tài),此處是一般過去時,故在表語unwillingto...前加系動詞was。5.(2018·全國卷Ⅲ)Everyonewassilent,waittoseewhowouldbecalledupontoreadhisorherparagraphaloud.[改錯]wait→waiting[理由]句中已有謂語wassilent,逗號后應(yīng)用非謂語動詞作伴隨狀語,因wait與邏輯主語everyone之間為主謂關(guān)系,故把wait改為現(xiàn)在分詞waiting。基礎(chǔ)語法課(1)——名詞、冠詞eq\a\vs4\al(語法項目一名詞)[語境中體悟用法]朗讀下面短文,體會、領(lǐng)悟加黑名詞的類別和用法。BornonAugust23,1988inAmerica①,JeremyShu-HowLin②isaprofessionalbasketball③playerwhowasontheHustonRockets④oftheNationalBasketballAssociation(NBA)⑤.But,tosomedegree,manyChinesefans⑥andcoaches⑦takehimasaChineseguyoratleastarewillingtoimaginehimaChinese⑧justbecausehehasatypicalChinesefaceandhisparentswereborninChina.JeremyLinhasrecentlybecomeasuccess⑨andattractedtheworld's⑩attention,whichgivesChinesepeople?alotofimaginationandpride?.Asweknow,inmostpeople'seyes,Jeremyisamiracle.InJune,2012,whenJeremytookhisthirdtriptoChina,alargecrowdcametomeethim,amongwhomtherewerevariousfansincludingsomefamilies?,somechildren?andevensomewomenplayers?.Theybroughtcamerastotakephotos?withtheiridol.Jeremyhadfun?withhissupportersandexpectedtocomebackagain.[用法體悟](1)①②④⑤為專有名詞,其中④⑤是由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞;(2)③處為名詞作定語,修飾中心名詞player;(3)⑤處oftheNationalBasketballAssociation與⑩處的world's為名詞所有格形式,無生命名詞的所有格一般用“of+名詞”表示,有生命的人或物的所有格則用“名詞+'s”表示;(4)⑥⑦????為可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。名詞變復(fù)數(shù),一般情況下直接加-s,如⑥;以s,x,sh,ch結(jié)尾的名詞加-es,如⑦;以輔音字母+-y結(jié)尾的,改y為i再加-es,如?;以f或者fe結(jié)尾的詞,改f為v,再加-es;以o結(jié)尾的單詞,一般加-s,如?,少數(shù)加-es;另有一些單詞或合成名詞存在不規(guī)則變化,如??;(5)⑧處aChinese在句中作賓語補(bǔ)足語,Chinese在此處為單數(shù)名詞;另:Chinese單復(fù)數(shù)同形,類似的有deer,sheep,fish,means,Japanese等;(6)⑨處asuccess為抽象名詞具體化,表示“一位成功人士”;(7)?在此表示“人”,為集合名詞,表示復(fù)數(shù)意義,類似的有cattle(牲畜),police(警察)等;(8)?處的imagination與pride為不可數(shù)名詞,前可以用little,alittle,abitof,some,much,alotof,plentyof,agreatdealof,alargeamountof等修飾;(9)?為抽象名詞,沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,前面不能加冠詞a,an;(10)可數(shù)名詞不可單獨(dú)出現(xiàn),要么用其復(fù)數(shù)形式,要么前加限定詞,如文中的amiracle,histhirdtrip,cameras等。[系統(tǒng)中整合規(guī)則](一)可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式1.規(guī)則名詞的6種復(fù)數(shù)變化形式變化規(guī)則例詞一般情況下在詞尾直接加-smonth→months以-s,-x,-ch,-sh結(jié)尾的名詞在詞尾加-esglass→glassesmatch→matches以輔音字母+-y結(jié)尾的名詞變y為i再加-escountry→countriesfactory→factories以元音字母+-y結(jié)尾的名詞在詞尾直接加-sholiday→holidaysmonkey→monkeys以-o結(jié)尾的名詞一般在詞尾加-sphoto→photos有些在詞尾加-espotato→potatoes以-f,-fe結(jié)尾的名詞,一般要變f或fe為v再加-es,self→selveswolf→wolves少數(shù)直接加-s,belief→beliefs2.可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的3種不規(guī)則變化形式類型例詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形deer,sheep,means,series,Chinese,Swiss,aircraft,spacecraft,species,fish變內(nèi)部元音foot→feet,tooth→teeth,mouse→mice,man→men,woman→women外來名詞medium→media(媒體)phenomenon→phenomena(現(xiàn)象)analysis→analyses(分析)3.合成名詞復(fù)數(shù)的2類變化形式(1)若有中心詞,則把中心詞變成復(fù)數(shù);若無中心詞,則把最后一個詞變成復(fù)數(shù)。passer-by→passers-by,sister-in-law→sisters-in-law,grown-up→grown-ups(2)“man/woman+n.”變復(fù)數(shù)時,作定語的man/woman和中心詞都要變復(fù)數(shù),如:womenengineers。(二)不可數(shù)名詞1.常見的24個不可數(shù)名詞單詞詞義單詞詞義fun樂趣homework家庭作業(yè)progress進(jìn)步equipment設(shè)備bread面包wealth財富knowledge知識room空間work工作weather天氣music音樂news新聞;消息traffic交通meat肉word消息luck運(yùn)氣advice建議housework家務(wù)information信息furniture家具milk牛奶baggage/luggage行李orange橙汁money錢2.抽象名詞的具體化抽象名詞(不可數(shù))具體化(表達(dá)個體概念時,是可數(shù)名詞)surprise驚訝asurprise一件令人驚訝的事success成功asuccess一個(件)成功的人(事)honour榮譽(yù)anhonour受尊敬的人或一種榮譽(yù)failure失敗afailure一個(件)失敗的人(事)beauty美;美麗abeauty美麗的人或事物pleasure樂趣apleasure一件樂事[集訓(xùn)中明晰考點(diǎn)]考點(diǎn)1前有冠詞、物主代詞等限定詞時,被修飾的中心詞應(yīng)為名詞;在句中作主語、賓語、表語時應(yīng)考慮名詞1.(2020·全國卷Ⅱ)ChineseNewYearisa(celebrate)markingtheendofthewinterseasonandthebeginningofspring.解析:celebration空前有不定冠詞a,故空處應(yīng)為可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),所以填celebration。2.(2020·全國卷Ⅲ)Filledwith(curious),theartistpackedhisbagsandleft.解析:curiosity空前為介詞with,故空處應(yīng)用名詞形式作介詞的賓語,所以填curiosity。3.(2020·新高考全國卷Ⅰ)Historical(accurate)isimportantbutsoisentertainment.解析:accuracy根據(jù)語境和空前的修飾詞Historical可知,此處應(yīng)用名詞形式作主語,所以填accuracy。4.(2019·全國卷Ⅰ)InrecentyearssomeInuitpeopleinNunavuthavereportedincreasesinbearsightingsaroundhumansettlements,leadingtoa(believe)thatpopulationsareincreasing.解析:belief根據(jù)空前的a可知,短語leadingto后接的是名詞作賓語,故本空填believe的名詞形式belief。5.(2019·全國卷Ⅲ)Whentheywerefreefromwork,theyinvitedustolocaleventsandletusknowofaninteresting(compete)towatch,togetherwiththestorybehindit.解析:competition根據(jù)空前的不定冠詞an和形容詞interesting可知,此處應(yīng)填compete的名詞單數(shù)形式competition。6.(2018·全國卷Ⅱ)Thisswitchhasdecreased(pollute)inthecountry'smajorlakesandreservoirsandmadedrinkingwatersaferforpeople.解析:pollutiondecrease“降低,減少”,后應(yīng)接名詞作賓語,故填pollution??键c(diǎn)2可數(shù)名詞前如果沒有冠詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞等限定詞,應(yīng)用其復(fù)數(shù)形式表示復(fù)數(shù)含義1.(2018·浙江6月高考)MakingChinese(dish)isseenasespeciallytroublesome.解析:dishes此處dish是可數(shù)名詞,其前無限定詞,故用其復(fù)數(shù)形式泛指多種中國菜。2.(2017·全國卷Ⅱ)In1863thefirstundergroundpassengerrailwayintheworldopenedinLondon.Itranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterrible(crowd)ontheroadsaboveastheytravelledtoandfromwork.解析:crowds根據(jù)空格前面的形容詞terrible可知此處填名詞,crowd表示“人群”,是可數(shù)名詞,前面沒有限定詞,所以用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。3.(2021·合肥模擬)WeusuallyexpectHollywood(hero)toshowuponourscreensanddefeatthebadguys.解析:heroeshero是可數(shù)名詞,其前無限定詞,故用其復(fù)數(shù)形式泛指好萊塢英雄。4.(2021·太原模擬)Theymaybetooyoungtotellrightfromwrongwithouttheguidanceoftheirparents.Somemaytakeillegal(activity).解析:activitiesactivity是可數(shù)名詞,其前無限定詞,故用其復(fù)數(shù)形式泛指非法活動??键c(diǎn)3固定用法中的復(fù)數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞1.(2020·全國卷Ⅰ短文改錯改編)NextIbroketheeggsintoabowlandbeatthemquicklywith(chopstick).解析:chopstickschopstick意為“筷子”,常以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)。2.(2020·全國卷Ⅰ)Thefarsideofthemoonisofparticular(interesting)toscientistsbecauseithasalotofdeepcraters(環(huán)形山),moresothanthefamiliarnearside.解析:interest空處為固定結(jié)構(gòu)“be+of+抽象名詞”,beofparticularinterest=beparticularlyinteresting,故填名詞interest。3.(2021·開封模擬)Knowingthat,mymumandImadecareful(prepare)forthecelebration.解析:preparations固定搭配makepreparationsfor“為……做準(zhǔn)備”中preparation要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。4.(2021·濟(jì)南模擬)Butathomeheisastrictparentwhoishardonmeandhashigh(expect)ofme.解析:expectationsexpectation表示“期望”時,常用復(fù)數(shù)。5.(2021·太原模擬)Hehasmadegreat(contribute)tothedevelopmentofourcompany.解析:contributions“對……做貢獻(xiàn)”的固定表達(dá):makeacontributionto或者makecontributionsto。考點(diǎn)4名詞與其修飾語保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致(1)much,alittle,agreatdealof等接不可數(shù)名詞;(2)some,alotof,lotsof,plentyof等接復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞;(3)these,those,several,many,all,both,various,apairof,avarietyof,different或數(shù)詞等接復(fù)數(shù)名詞;(4)manya接單數(shù)名詞。1.(2019·北京高考)Nomatterwhatyouliketodo,thereisawaytogetinvolvedinvarious(activity)onEarthDay.解析:activities空格前有形容詞various修飾,表示“各種各樣的活動”,應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故填activities。2.(2019·全國卷Ⅰ短文改錯改編)Allthefootball(player)ontheplaygroundcheeredloudly,sayingthatIhadatalentforfootball.解析:playersplayer為可數(shù)名詞,其前有All修飾,應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。3.(2019·全國卷Ⅱ短文改錯改編)SinceIwasakid,I'veconsidereddifferent(job)Iwouldliketodo.解析:jobsjob意為“工作,職位”,是可數(shù)名詞,且根據(jù)前面的形容詞different可知,應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。4.(2018·全國卷Ⅰ)Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014thatshowedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromall(cause).解析:causes此處的cause是可數(shù)名詞,表示“原因”。根據(jù)設(shè)空處前的all可知,應(yīng)該使用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故填causes。5.(2017·全國卷Ⅰ)Thistrend,whichwasstartedbythemedicalcommunity(醫(yī)學(xué)界)asamethodoffightingheartdisease,hashadsomeunintendedside(effect)suchasoverweightandheartdisease—theverythingthemedicalcommunitywastryingtofight.解析:effects根據(jù)空格前面的some以及空格后面列舉的兩個例子“overweightandheartdisease”可知,應(yīng)用effect的復(fù)數(shù)形式??键c(diǎn)5作主語的名詞與謂語動詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致1.(2020·浙江1月高考)ForJapan,the(number)aremorestriking—22in1950,46todayand53in2050.解析:numbers根據(jù)下文的are可知這里應(yīng)用number的復(fù)數(shù)形式,故填numbers。2.(2016·全國卷Ⅱ)Recent(study)showthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaksregularly.解析:studiesRecent是形容詞,修飾名詞,“Recent”在句中作主語,根據(jù)謂語動詞show可知,主語需要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。3.(2016·全國卷Ⅲ短文改錯改編)Theteenage(year)from13to19werethemostdifficulttimeforme.解析:years此處指13~19歲的年齡,且謂語動詞用了were,故用名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式。4.(2021·湖北部分重點(diǎn)中學(xué)聯(lián)考)Mybest(memory)ofChinesefoodwerewhenIfirstlearnedtousethechopsticks.解析:memories根據(jù)該句中的謂語動詞were可知,此處的主語要用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,故填memories,表示“記憶”。考點(diǎn)6名詞的數(shù)與上下文語境保持一致1.(2020·浙江7月高考)Later,theylearnedtoworkwiththe(season),plantingattherighttimeand,indryareas,makinguseofannualfloodstoirrigate(灌溉)theirfields.解析:seasons結(jié)合語境“他們學(xué)習(xí)隨季節(jié)的變化而勞作”可知,一年有四個季節(jié),需用復(fù)數(shù)形式。故填seasons。2.(2018·浙江11月高考)Onestudyshowedthat(woman)whodrankalotofcoffee,likeeightormorecupsperday,whiletheywerepregnantweremorelikelytohavechildrenwithbirthdefects.解析:women結(jié)合“theywerepregnant”以及that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句的謂語動詞were可知,此處要用woman的復(fù)數(shù)形式women。3.(2021·衡陽模擬)Weshouldnotbe(slave)ofmoney.解析:slaves句意:我們不應(yīng)該成為金錢的奴隸。根據(jù)主語we可知,應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)名詞。4.(2021·南昌模擬)Expertshopethewholesocietypaymoreattentiontothementalhealthof(adolescent).解析:adolescents句意:專家們希望全社會都來關(guān)心青少年的心理健康。根據(jù)句意可知,此處泛指“青少年”,應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故填adolescents??键c(diǎn)7以-'s結(jié)尾的名詞的所有格(1)單數(shù)名詞和不以-s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞一般在詞尾加-'s,如:thegirl'sbook,Women'sDay。以-s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞在后面加-',如:Teachers'Day。(2)用于表示店鋪、醫(yī)院、住宅及公共建筑等的名詞時,所有格之后的shop,house,home等常省略。1.(2021·運(yùn)城模擬)Sincemoststudentsareinneedofanap,properarrangementsshouldbemadesothatstudentscanhaveagoodrestafterawhole(morning)hardwork.解析:morning's此處表示“一整個上午的努力學(xué)習(xí)之后”,應(yīng)填名詞所有格morning's。2.(2021·濟(jì)南模擬)Tothe(girl)surprise,hethrusttheflowersintothegirl'slap.解析:girl'stoone'ssurprise“令某人吃驚的是”,為固定短語,此處要用名詞所有格。3.(2021·青島模擬)Intwo(week)timeBergqvist'sicecreationwillbenothingmorethanapoolofwater.解析:weeks'以-s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞的所有格只在后面加'。4.(2021·綿陽模擬)WhenIfinallyarrivedatmy(friend)helentmelotsofclothes.解析:friend's句意:當(dāng)我終于到達(dá)我朋友家時,他借給我許多衣服。此處表示“朋友的家”,應(yīng)用friend's,其后的home可省略。[自測中查漏補(bǔ)缺]Ⅰ.單句語法填空1.(2017·全國卷Ⅲ)Sheisdeterminedtocarryonwithhereducation(educate).2.(2016·全國卷Ⅰ)Chengduhasdozensofnewmillionaires,Asia'sbiggestbuilding,andfancynewhotels.Butfortouristslikeme,pandasareitstopattraction(attract).3.(2016·全國卷Ⅲ)SomepeoplethinkthatthegreatChinesescholarConfucius,wholivedfromroughly551to479 B.C.,influencedthedevelopment(develop)ofchopsticks.4.(2021·日照模擬)Recentstudies(study)showthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaksregularly.5.(2021·太原模擬)Ecotourismistypicallydefinedastraveltoplaceswheretheuniqueplants,animalsandculturalheritagearetheprimaryattractions(attraction).6.TheBritishhavemanytraditions(tradition)butthereisnothingmorequintessential(典型的)thantakingafternoontea.7.Manyofthesehadbenefitedfromthegovernment'sspecialnewpoliciesencouragingpeopletostarttheirownbusinesses(business).8.(2020·臨沂模擬)Therearevarioustypesofteathatofferdifferenthealthbenefits(benefit)andflavours.Ⅱ.單句改錯1.Iwouldappreciateitifyoucouldgivemeareplyatyourearliestconvenient. convenient→convenience2.Firstly,itisofvitalimportanttohaveapositiveattitude. important→importance3.Irestartedtopickupmyconfidentagain. confident→confidence4.Itisnecessarythatoneshouldeatvariouskindofhealthyfood,suchasfish,eggs,vegetablesandfruits. kind→kinds5.Bytheway,afterthecontest,Iamtodropinatyouruniversitiestovisityou.universities→university6.Somesellerswereshoutingatthetopoftheirvoicetoattractpeople'sattentions.attentions→attention7.Tomygreatjoys,Marytookgoodcareofme. joys→joy8.Whynotcomeandjoinusifyouwanttoknowmoreinformationsaboutourfuturespaceschool? informations→informationⅢ.語法填空(2021·武漢質(zhì)檢)Whatmakestheseaturnredandcausesthousandsoffishtodie?Asfarbackasanyonecouldremember,theblamewasplacedonthe“redtides”.In1947,scientistsfinallyconnectedtheredtideswithamicroscopicseaorganism(有機(jī)體)1(call)thedinoflagellate(溝鞭毛藻).Thedinoflagellateissotiny2manyoftheseorganismsmaybecontainedin3singledropofwater.Itstandsontheborderlinebetweenplantsandanimalsinitsclassification.Itproducesitsownfood,asplantsdo.Butitmoves4(free)andeatsotherorganisms,asanimalsdo.Dinoflagellatesarenormallyonlyoneofthemanykindsoforganismsfoundinplankton.Planktonisthenamegiventoallverysmall5(form)ofsealife.However,whentheairandwater6(be)calmandwarm,dinoflagellatesmultiplyat7(amaze)speed.Thesurfaceofthewaterappears8(cover)witharedcarpet.Thedinoflagellatesgiveoffapoison.Manyfishdie.Theirbodiesarewasheduponthebeach.Beachesarenotfit9anyuse.Fishthatarenotkilledmaybecome10(poison)toanimalsorpeoplewhoeatthem.Commercialfishingcomestoastop.Asdinoflagellatesconsumeallthefoodandoxygeninanarea,theydie.Afteratime,theseareturnstonormal.Butwhenconditionsareright,theredtidecomesagain.語篇解讀:溝鞭毛藻是一種極其微小的生物,它們釋放毒氣,導(dǎo)致大量的魚類中毒死亡,繁盛時會造成海水變紅,形成“赤潮”。1.called考查非謂語動詞。此處表示該有機(jī)體被稱作溝鞭毛藻,故應(yīng)用過去分詞called。2.that考查固定用法。此處考查“so...that...”引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句,表示“如此……以至于……”。3.a(chǎn)考查冠詞?!癲rop”為可數(shù)名詞,此處初次提到且表示泛指,又single的發(fā)音以輔音音素開頭,故要用不定冠詞a。4.freely考查詞形轉(zhuǎn)換。修飾動詞moves要用副詞,故填freely。5.forms考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)。form在此意為“種類”,為可數(shù)名詞;根據(jù)空前的“all”可知,此處要用名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式。6.a(chǎn)re考查主謂一致和時態(tài)。從句的主語為“theairandwater”,表示兩種物質(zhì),故從句的謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式;又此處陳述的為客觀情況,故用一般現(xiàn)在時,故填are。7.a(chǎn)mazing考查形容詞。此處應(yīng)用形容詞amazing修飾名詞speed,表示“令人驚訝的速度”。8.tobecovered考查非謂語動詞。此處考查固定用法appeartodosth.“似乎要做某事”,且由語境可知,此處表示水面似乎被“紅毯”覆蓋,故要用動詞不定式的被動形式。9.for考查介詞。befitfor意為“適合”,為固定搭配。10.poisonous考查形容詞。become為連系動詞,后應(yīng)接形容詞作表語,故填poisonous。Ⅳ.短文改錯Tosupporttheactivityname“GreenTravel,StartwithMe”,Italktomyparentsaboutmyideas.Theywereverysupportive,saytheywouldnotdriveworkfromthenon.Inthefollowingweeks,astheypromised,Iwenttoschoolbybikeeveryday,whilemyparentswenttoworkbybus.Thoughweweretired,butweallfelthappily.LastFriday,theclassmeetingwasheld.Someparentswereinvited,includingmyfatherandmother.Wesharedourthoughtduringthemeeting.Allofusheldthesameviewwhichenvironmentalprotectionissoimportantforourlife.答案:第一句:name→named;talk→talked第二句:say→saying;drive后加to第三句:they→we第四句:去掉but;happily→happy第五句:the→a第七句:thought→thoughts第八句:which→thateq\a\vs4\al(語法項目二冠詞)[語境中體悟用法]朗讀下面短文,體會、領(lǐng)悟加黑冠詞的具體用法。Tom,aclassmate①ofmine,isaLeiFeng②inourclass,whoisalwaysreadytohelpothers.Henry,whosefatherisateacher③,isconsideredtobethemostdiligent④studentinourclass,whoisthefirst⑤onetogettoschoolandthelast⑥onetoleaveeveryday.Hebelievestheharderyoustudy,themore⑦knowledgeyou'llget.TomlikeswatchingTVwhileHenryenjoyslisteningtotheradio⑧.BothofthemareworkingfortheStudents'Union⑨.Theyareofanage⑩andIamayear?olderthantheyare.Wearegoodfriendsbecausewehavealot?incommon.Firstofall,thethreeofuswereborninthe1990s?.Secondly,wealllikeplayingtheviolin?andlovesports.Weplayfootballtwiceaweek?evenifwearenowinSeniorGradeThree.Thirdly,wenotonlyrespectteachersandtheelderlybutalsocareforthedisabled?.Forexample,weoftengotoavillagenearourschooltolookaftertheBrowns?,bothofwhomwerelamedinanaccident.IrememberthatonaSaturdayafternoon?wechattedwiththeBrownssohappilythatwedidn'tgobackhomeuntilthesun?set.[用法體悟]1.使用不定冠詞的情況:(1)泛指“一個”,如①;(2)表示“一個像……一樣的人”,如②;(3)職業(yè)名詞前,表示類別,如③;(4)表示數(shù)量“一”,如?,“每一”,如?,“某一”如?;(5)用于固定搭配中,如⑩?。2.使用定冠詞的情況:(1)用于形容詞最高級前,如④;(2)用于序數(shù)詞或表示序列的next,last前,如⑤⑥;(3)用于固定句式中:the+比較級...,the+比較級...,如⑦;(4)用于固定搭配中,如⑧;(5)用于由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞中,如⑨;(6)用于逢十的年代前,表示“在某世紀(jì)幾十年代”,如?;(7)用于西洋樂器名詞前,表示演奏某樂器,如?;(8)用于形容詞或分詞前,表示一類人,如?;(9)用于姓氏復(fù)數(shù)名詞前,表示夫婦或一家人,如?;(10)用于獨(dú)一無二的事物前,如?。[系統(tǒng)中整合規(guī)則](一)不定冠詞表示類指或某類中的“任何一個”。Achildnotonlyneedsfoodandclothing,butloveaswell.表示泛指“某個”。當(dāng)說話人第一次提及某人或某物時通常用不定冠詞;或由不定冠詞構(gòu)成的名詞詞組往往帶有不確定的含義,相當(dāng)于acertain;或?qū)S忻~前加不定冠詞,表示具有某種特性的人或物、某一位不認(rèn)識的人或某個不確定的時間。Ihaveaquestiontoaskyou.Inasensewhatyousaidistrue.Allofasudden,sheburstintotears.ExpertsthinkthattherecentlydiscoveredpaintingmaybeaPicasso.表示量指。不定冠詞表示“一”這個數(shù)量,但數(shù)量概念沒有one強(qiáng)烈。Suddenlytheyheardaloudvoice.表示“每”,相當(dāng)于per,用在表示價格、速度、頻率等的短語中。Pricesstartat£13.95a用在某些物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞前,使之具體化。表示“一個……的人或事”。Hesuddenlyappearedonarainynight,whichwasagreatsurprisetous.不定冠詞用于序數(shù)詞前,表示“再一,又一”。Liveagood,honorablelife.Thenwhenyougetolderandthinkback,you'llgettoenjoyitasecondtime.(二)定冠詞用在表示特定的人或事物,或者雙方都知道的人或事物,或者指上文已經(jīng)提到過的人或事物之前。Takeyourtime—it'sjustashortdistancefromheretotherestaurant.用在世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物前。Theearthgoesaroundthesun.用于序數(shù)詞或形容詞、副詞的最高級前。IsthisthefirsttimethatyouhavevisitedQingdao?用在表示姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞之前,表示一家人或夫婦倆;或用于形容詞或分詞前,表示“某一類人或事物”。Theexplosionsawpeoplerushtohelptheinjured.用在世紀(jì)前或用在逢十的年代前,后者表示“在某世紀(jì)幾十年代”。It'ssaidthatcornwasgrownalotinthe17thcentury.(三)零冠詞(不用冠詞的情況)專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞、人名、地名等名詞前,一般不加冠詞。HeislivinginCanadanow.季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)假日、一日三餐前一般不加冠詞。Weusuallyhavebreakfastat7o'clockinthemorning.語言、學(xué)科名稱、球類運(yùn)動、棋類游戲等名詞前不用冠詞。I'minterestedinEnglish.表示頭銜和職位的名詞作表語、同位語、補(bǔ)足語或與姓氏連用時,其前通常不用冠詞。Dr.PeterSpence,headmasteroftheschool,toldus,“AfifthofpupilsheregoontostudyatOxfordorCambridge.”系動詞turn(變成)后的單數(shù)名詞作表語不用冠詞。Hisbrotherhasturnedwriter.as/though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞提前構(gòu)成倒裝時,其前不用冠詞。Heroas/thoughheis,hehassomeshortcomings.(四)冠詞用于固定搭配中不定冠詞用于固定搭配中anaverageof平均forawhile一會兒asaresult因此,結(jié)果asarule通常asawhole總體上asamatteroffact事實(shí)上ataloss不知所措inahurry匆忙inaword總之inasense在某種意義上定冠詞用于固定搭配中allthetime一直intheend最后bytheway順便說一下inthedistance在遠(yuǎn)處intheway擋道onthewhole總的來說atthesametime同時ontheotherhand另一方面totellthetruth說實(shí)話forthetimebeing暫時零冠詞用于固定搭配中atpresent目前takepartin參加inpeace平靜bychance/accident碰巧onpurpose故意onbusiness因公出差aheadoftime提前inadvance提前bylaw根據(jù)法律bymistake錯誤地[集訓(xùn)中明晰考點(diǎn)]考點(diǎn)1泛指一類人或事物中的一個用不定冠詞a/an;a/an的選擇要看后面單詞音標(biāo)的第一個音素1.(2020·全國卷Ⅲ短文改錯改編)Forexample,everymorning,mydadhastohavebowlofeggsoupwhileIhavetoeatanapple.解析:a此處泛指一碗雞蛋湯。2.(2020·浙江1月高考)AchildbornintheUStodayhasveryrealisticchanceoflivingbeyond100andneedstoplanaccordingly.解析:a根據(jù)下文的chance可知,這里語意表示“非常實(shí)際的一個可能性”,故填不定冠詞a,表示泛指。3.(2019·全國卷Ⅱ)Whenwegotacallsayingshewasshort-listed,wethoughtitwasjoke.解析:a此處表示“我們以為那是一個玩笑”,設(shè)空后的joke為可數(shù)名詞,此處泛指“一個玩笑”,應(yīng)用不定冠詞,且joke的讀音以輔音音素開頭,故填a。4.(2019·全國卷Ⅲ短文改錯改編)Eachofmycafeswillhaveadifferentthemeanduniquestyle.解析:astyle為可數(shù)名詞,此處泛指一種獨(dú)特的風(fēng)格,且unique的讀音以輔音音素開頭,其前應(yīng)用不定冠詞a。5.(2021·河南八市聯(lián)考)PeterFox,whoiselectricalengineer,spenttwoandahalfyearsworkingontheproject.解析:an泛指一個電氣工程師,且electrical的讀音以元音音素開頭,故填an??键c(diǎn)2特指前面提到過的或談話雙方都知道的人或事物用定冠詞the1.(2019·全國卷Ⅰ)Ofnineteenrecognizedpolarbearsubpopulations,threearedeclining,sixarestable,oneisincreasing,andninelackenoughdata.解析:the此處特指“已知的19個北極熊亞種群中”,故填定冠詞the。2.(2017·全國卷Ⅱ)Thisincludeddigginguptheroad,layingthetrackandthenbuildingastrongroofovertop.解析:thetop是名詞,前面要用冠詞,此處特指在(地鐵的)頂部建造一個結(jié)實(shí)的頂,所以填定冠詞the。3.(2021·哈爾濱模擬)TheChinesepeoplearemoreconfidentaboutandmorecapableofreachinggoalofnationalrenewalthaneverbefore.解析:the此處特指“實(shí)現(xiàn)民族復(fù)興”這一目標(biāo),應(yīng)用定冠詞the。4.(2021·重慶模擬)AftertakingaboatIarrivedatislandprovinceofHainan.解析:the名詞islandprovince有后置定語修飾,故該名詞是特指,應(yīng)用定冠詞the??键c(diǎn)3定冠詞the的一些固定用法(1)最高級前用the;(2)序數(shù)詞前用the;(3)獨(dú)一無二的事物名稱前用the;(4)在表示演奏某種樂器時,西洋樂器前要加the,如playthepiano彈鋼琴;(5)形容詞前加the表示一類人;(6)世紀(jì)或逢十的年代前用the;(7)固定句式“the+比較級...the+比較級”中用the。1.(2020·全國卷Ⅱ)Theplumtreesarefirsttoflowerevenasthesnowismelting(融化).解析:the序數(shù)詞前用定冠詞the。2.(2021·河南八市聯(lián)考)Ifyouareanewmothersufferingfrompostnataldepression,youshouldknowthatyouarenotalone.Otherwomenhavehadsameexperience.解析:thesame前要加定冠詞the。3.(2021·惠州模擬)morelearnedamanis,themoremodestheusuallybecomes.解析:The句意:一個人越博學(xué),通常就變得越謙遜。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可判斷,此句使用了“the+形容詞/副詞比較級...,the+形容詞/副詞比較級...”結(jié)構(gòu),意為“越……,就越……”。4.(2021·江淮十校聯(lián)考)Modemadvertsbegantoappearin18thand19thcenturies,sinceadvancesinprintingtechniquesallowedmoredetailedimagestobeproducedinnewspapersandmagazines.解析:the在世紀(jì)或逢十的年代前要用定冠詞the,此處表示“在18世紀(jì)和19世紀(jì)”??键c(diǎn)4固定搭配中的冠詞1.(2020·浙江7月高考)Thisstyleoffarminglastedforquitealongtime.Then,withriseofscience,changesbegan.解析:thewiththeriseof意為“隨著……的崛起”,是固定短語。類似的結(jié)構(gòu)有:withthedevelopmentof。2.(2018·全國卷Ⅱ)Cornproductionhasjumpednearly125percentoverpast25years,whilericehasincreasedonly7percent.解析:the固定搭配overthepast25years意為“在過去的25年里”,故用定冠詞the。3.(2018·全國卷Ⅲ)Unexpectedly,I'mface-to-facewiththegorilla,whobeginsscreamingattopofherlungs.解析:theatthetopofone'slung

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