汽車差速器中英文對照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

中英文對照外文翻譯(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)FailureanalysisofanautomobiledifferentialpinionshaftAbstractDifferentialisusedtodecreasethespeedandtoprovidemomentincreasefortransmittingthemovementcomingfromtheenginetothewheelsbyturningitaccordingtothesuitableangleinvehiclesandtoprovidethatinnerandouterwheelsturndifferently.Piniongearandshaftattheentrancearemanufacturedasasinglepartwhereastheyareindifferentformsaccordingtoautomobiletypes.Mirrorgearwhichwillworkwiththisgearshouldbecomefamiliarbeforetheassembly.Incaseofanybreakdown,theyshouldbechangedasapair.Generally,inthesesystemsthereareweardamagesingears.Thegearinspectedinthisstudyhasdamageasaformofshaftfracture.Inthisstudy,failureanalysisofthedifferentialpinionshaftiscarriedout.Mechanicalcharacteristicsofthematerialareobtainedfirst.Then,themicrostructureandchemicalcompositionsaredetermined.Somefractographicstudiesare2005ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.Keywords:Differential;Fracture;Powertransfer;Pinionshaft1.IntroductionThefinal-drivegearsmaybedirectlyorindirectlydrivenfromtheoutputgearingofthegearbox.Directlydrivenfinaldrivesareusedwhentheengineandtransmissionunitsarecombinedtogethertoformanintegralconstruction.Indirectlydrivenfinaldrivesareusedattherearofthevehiclebeingeithersprungandattachedtothebodystructureorunsprungandincorporatedintherear-axlecasing.Thefinal-drivegearsareusedinthetransmissionsystemforthefollowingreasons[1]:(a)toredirectthedrivefromthegearboxorpropellershaftthrough90°and,(b)toprovideapermanentgearreductionbetweentheengineandthedrivingroad-wheels.Invehicles,differentialisthemainpartwhichtransmitsthemovementcomingfromtheenginetothewheelsOnasmoothroad,themovementcomestobothwheelsevenly.Theinnerwheelshouldturnlessandtheouterwheelshouldturnmoretodotheturningwithoutlateralslippingandbeingflung.Differential,whichisgenerallyplacedinthemiddlepartoftherearbridge,consistsofpiniongear,mirrorgear,differentialbox,twoaxlegearandtwopinionspidergears.AschematicillustrationofadifferentialisgiveninFig,1.ThetechnicaldrawingofpinionthefracturedpinionshaftisalsogiveninFig,2,Fig.3showsthephotographofthefracturedpinionshaftandthefracturesectionisindicated.Indifferentials,mirrorandpiniongeararemadetogetusedtoeachotherduringmanufacturingandthesameserialnumberisgiven.Bothofthemarechangedonconditionthatthereareanyproblems.Inthesesystems,thecommondamageisthewearofgears[2-4].Inthisstudy,thepinionshaftofthedifferentialofaminibushasbeeninspected.Theminibusisadieselvehicledrivenattherearaxleandhasapassengercapacityof15people.Maximumenginepoweris90/4000HP/rpm,andmaximumtorqueis205/1600Nm/rpm.Itstransmissionboxhasmanualsystem(5forward,1back).Thedamagewascausedbystoppingandstartingtheminibusatatrafficlights.Inthisdifferential,entranceshaftwhichcarriesthepiniongearwasbroken.Variousstudieshavebeenmadetodeterminethetypeandpossiblereasonsofthedamage.Theseare:?studiescarriedouttodeterminethematerialoftheshaft;?studiescarriedouttodeterminethemicro-structure;?studiesrelatedtothefracturesurface.ThereisacloserphotographofthefracturedsurfacesandfractureareainFig.4.Thefracturewascausedbytakingoutcircularmarkgearseeninthemiddleofsurfaces.2.ExperimentalprocedureSpecimensextractedfromtheshaftweresubjectedtovarioustestsincludinghardnesstestsandmetallographicandscanningelectronmicroscopyaswellasthedeterminationofchemicalcomposition.Alltestswerecarriedoutatroomtemperature.2.1ChemicalandmetallurgicalanalysisChemicalanalysisofthefractureddifferentialmaterialwascarriedoutusingaspectrometer.ThechemicalcompositionofthematerialisgiveninTable1.ChemicalcompositionshowsthatthematerialisalowalloycarburizingsteeloftheAISI8620type.Hardenabilityofthissteelisverylowbecauseoflowcarbonproportion.Therefore,surfaceareabecomeshardandhighlyenduring,andinnerareasbecomestoughbyincreasingcarbonproportiononthesurfaceareawithcementationoperation.Thisisthekindofsteelwhichisgenerallyusedinmechanicalpartssubjecteddotorsionandbending.Highresistanceisobtainedonthesurfaceandhighfatigueendurancevaluecanbeobtainedwithcompressiveresidualstressbymakingthesurfaceharder[5-7].Inwhichalloyelementsdistributethemselvesincarbonsteelsdependsprimarilyonthecompoundandcarbideformingtendenciesofeachelement.NickeldissolvesintheαferriteofthesteelsinceithaslesstendencytoformcarbidesthanironSiliconcombinestoalimitedextentwiththeoxygenpresentinthesteeltoformnonmetallicinclusionsbutotherwisedissolvesintheferrite.Mostofthemanganeseaddedtocarbonsteelsdissolvesintheferrite.Chromium,whichhasasomewhatstrongercarbide-formingdependsontheiron,partitionsbetweentheferriteandcarbidephases.Thedistributionofchromiumdependsontheamountofcarbonpresentandifotherstrongercarbide-formingelementssuchastitaniumandcolumbiumamountofcarbonpresentandifotherstrongercarbide-formingelementssuchastitaniumandcolumbiumareabsent.Tungstenandmolybdenumcombinewithcarbontoformcarbidesisthereissufficientcarbonpresentandifotherstrongercarbide-formingelementssuchdatitaniumandcolumbiumareabsent.Manganeseandnickellowertheeutectoidtemperature[8].PreliminarymicrostructuralexaminationofthefaileddifferentialmaterialisshowninFig.5.ItcanbeseenthatthematerialhasamixedstructureinwhichsomeferriteexistprobablyasaresultofslowcoolingandhighSicontent.HighSicontentinthistypeofsteelimprovestheheattreatmentsusceptibilityaswellasanimprovementofyieldstrengthandmaximumstresswithoutanyreductionofductility[9].Ifthemicro-structurecannotbeinvertedtomartensitebyquenching,areductionoffatiguelimitisobserved.ThereareareaswithcarbonphaseinFig.5(a).ThereisthetransitionboundaryofcarburizationinFig.5(b)and(c)showsthematrixregionwithoutcarburization.Asfarasitisseenintherephotographs,thepiecewasfirstcarburized,thenthequenchingoperationwasdonethantempered.Thissituationcanbeunderstoodfromblindmartensiteplates.2.2HardnesstestsThehardnessmeasurementsarecarriedoutbyaMetTest-HTtypecomputerintegratedhardnesstester.Theloadis1471N.Themediumhardnessvalueoftheinteriorregionsisobtainedasobtainedas43HRC.Microhard-nessmeasurementshavebeenmadetodeterminethechanceofhardnessvaluesalongcross-sectionbe-causeofthehardeningofsurfaceareaduetocarburization.TheresultsofVickershardnessmeasurementunderaloadof4.903NareillustratedinTable2.2.3InspectionofthefractureThedirectobservationsofthepiecewithfracturedsurfacesandSEManalysesaregiveninthischapter.Thecrackstartedbecauseofapossibleprobleminthebottomofnotchcausedtheshafttobebrokencompletely.Thecrackstartedontheouterpart,aftersometimeitcontinuedbeyondthecentreandtherewasonlyalittlepartleft.Andthispartwasbrokenstaticallyduringsuddenstartingofthevehicleatthetrafficlights.Asacharacteristicofthefatigue,therearetworegionsinthefracturedsurface.Theseareasmoothsurfacecreatedbycrackpropagationandaroughsurfacecreatedbysuddenfracture.ThesetworegionscanbeseenclearlyfortheentireproblemasinFig.4.Thefatiguecrackpropagationregioncoversmorethan80%ofthecross-section.Shaftworksundertheeffectofbending,torsionandaxialforceswhichaffectrepeatedlydependingontheusageplace.Thereisasharpfilletatlevelonthefracturedsection.Forthisreason,stressconcentrationfactorsoftheareahavebeendetermined.Kt=2.4value(forbendingandtension),andKt=1.9value(fortorsion)havebeenacquiredaccordingtocalculations.Thesearequitehighvaluesforareasexposedtocombinedloading.Theseobservationsandanalysisshowthatthepiecewasbrokenundertheinfluenceoftorsionwithlownominalstresseselectronmicroscopyshowsthatthefracturehastakenplaceinaductilemanner(Fig.6).Therearesomeshearlipsinthecrackpropagationregionwhichisaglueoftheplasticsheardeformations.Fig.7showsthebeachmarksofthefatiguecrackpropagation.Thedistancebetweenanylinesisnearly133nm.3.ConclusionsAfaileddifferentialpinionshaftisanalysedinthisstudy.ThepinionshaftisproducedfromAISI8620lowcarboncarburisingsteelwhichhadacarbursing,quenchingandtemperingheattreatmentprocess.Mechanicalproperties,microstructuralproperties,chemicalcompositionsandfractographicanalysesarecarriedouttodeterminethepossiblefracturereasonsofthecomponent.Asaconclusion,thefollowingstatementscanbedrawn:?Thefracturehastakenplaceataregionhavingahighstressconcentrationbyafatigueprocedureunderacombinedbending,torsionandaxialstresseshavinghighlyreversiblenature.?Thecrackofthefractureisinitiatedprobablyatamaterialdefectregionatthecriticallocation.?Thefractureistakenplaceinaductilemanner.?PossiblelaterfailuresmayeasilybepreventedbyreducingthestressconcentrationatthecriticallocationAcknowledgementTheauthorisveryindebtedtoProf.S.Tasgetirenforhisadviceandrecommendationsduringthesrudy.ReferencesHeislerH.Vehicleandenginetechnology.2nded.London:SAEInternational;1999.MakevetE,RomanI.Failureanalysisofafinaldrivetransmissioninoff-roadvehicles.EngFailureAnal2002;9:579-92.OrhanS,Aktu¨rkN.Determinationofphysicalfaultsingearboxthroughvibrationanalysis.JFacEngArchGaziUniversity2003;18(3):97–106..TasgetirenS,Aslantas?K,UcunI.Effectofpress-fittingpressureonthefatiguedamagesofrootinspurgears.TechnolRes:EJMT2004;2:21–9.NanawareaGK,PablebMJ.Failuresofrearaxleshaftsof575DItractors.EngFailureAnal2003;10:719–24.AslantasK,TasgetirenS.Astudyofspurgearpittingformationandlifeprediction.Wear2004;257:1167–75.SavasV,O¨zekC.Investigationofthedistributionoftemperatureonashaftwithrespecttothedeflection.TechnolRes:EJMT2005;1:33–8.SmithFW.Principlesofmaterialsscienceandengineering.3rded.USA:McGraw-HillSeries;1996.p.517–18.ASMmetalhandbook,vol.1.Propertiesandselection,irons,steels,andhighperformancealloys;1991.VoortGFV.Visualexaminationandlightmicroscopy.ASMhandbookmetallographyandmicrostructures.MaterialsPark(OH):ASMInternational;1991.p.100–65.汽車差速器小齒輪軸的失效分析摘要差速器是用來降低速度增加扭矩并根據(jù)合適的角度向兩輪傳遞動力。小齒輪和其所安裝的軸是一體的。在裝配前應(yīng)熟悉這一齒輪結(jié)構(gòu)。不管發(fā)生任何故障，小齒輪和其所安裝的軸都要一起更換。一般而言，在這些系統(tǒng)中，齒輪的損壞形式為磨損損壞。在這項研究中檢查的齒輪，損壞形式為軸斷裂。在這項研究為差速器小齒輪軸的故障分析。首先獲得的材料的機(jī)械特性。然后，確定微觀結(jié)構(gòu)和化學(xué)組合物。關(guān)鍵詞：差速器；斷裂；動力傳遞；小齒輪軸1．簡介最終的驅(qū)動齒輪可以直接或間接地從變速器的輸出齒輪驅(qū)動。當(dāng)發(fā)動機(jī)和傳動裝置結(jié)合在一起形成一個整體結(jié)構(gòu)時，需使用直接驅(qū)動的最終驅(qū)動齒輪。間接驅(qū)動末級驅(qū)動器或借助一些輔助裝置敷在汽車后方或者納入驅(qū)動橋。最后的傳動系統(tǒng)中使用該齒輪如以下原因：（1）將傳動軸從變速器或傳動軸上定向到90度。（2）在發(fā)動機(jī)和驅(qū)動輪之間提供永久減速。在車輛中，差速器是傳遞發(fā)動機(jī)和車輪之間運動的主要部分，在平滑的路面上，運動是由兩個車輪均勻傳動的。內(nèi)輪應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)向少，外輪應(yīng)多轉(zhuǎn)向，不然轉(zhuǎn)向時會發(fā)生滑移。差速器，一般放在后橋的中間，由星形齒輪架、差速器箱、半軸齒輪和星形齒輪組成。圖1是一個示意圖。圖2、圖3顯示了小齒輪軸的技術(shù)圖和小齒輪軸的照片，并指出了斷裂的部分。在差速器制造過程中，從動輪和小齒輪的使用相同的序列號。出現(xiàn)問題二者都需更換。在這些系統(tǒng)中，常見的損傷是齒輪[2-4]磨損。在這項研究中，對一輛面包車的差速器小齒輪軸進(jìn)行了檢查。該面包車是一輛后輪驅(qū)動的柴油車并有15人的載客能力。發(fā)動機(jī)最大功率為90/4000馬力/轉(zhuǎn)速，最大扭矩為205/1600納米/轉(zhuǎn)/分。它的變速箱有手動系統(tǒng)（5向前，1回）。損害是由停在交通燈下啟動面包車引起。在這差速器中，帶有小齒輪的入口軸被打破了。各種各樣的研究已經(jīng)確定的類型和可能的損壞原因如下：?進(jìn)行研究，以確定軸的材料；?進(jìn)行研究，確定了微結(jié)構(gòu)；?與斷裂面相關(guān)的研究。圖4裂隙面和斷裂面積的近距離照片。該斷裂是由在表面的中間看到的圓形標(biāo)志齒輪去除造成的。2.實驗程序?qū)⑤S上提取的試樣進(jìn)行各種測試，包括硬度測試和金相和掃描電子顯微鏡以及化學(xué)成分的測定。所有的測試都在室溫下進(jìn)行。2.1化學(xué)和冶金分析使用光譜儀進(jìn)行了斷裂材料的化學(xué)分析。材料的化學(xué)成分在表1中給出?；瘜W(xué)成分表明該材料是一種低合金滲碳鋼AISI8620型。因為低碳的比例，鋼的淬透性很低。因此，在表面增加碳的比例與膠結(jié)操作，表面將變得堅硬，持久耐用，并使內(nèi)部變得強(qiáng)硬，。這是一種常用的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)，用在受扭彎的機(jī)械零件中。通過殘余壓應(yīng)力和加強(qiáng)硬度可獲得高疲勞強(qiáng)度的高性能表面。在碳鋼中合金元素的分布主要取決于各元素的化合物和碳化物的形成傾向。鎳在鋼中的鐵素體中溶解，因為它沒有比鐵形成碳化物的傾向更大。硅與剛中的少部分氧反應(yīng)形成非金屬化合物，不然則分解與鐵素體。與鐵相比，鉻更易與碳反應(yīng)。摻入鉻取決于碳含量。失效差速器材料的初步微結(jié)構(gòu)檢查示于圖5。它可以看出，該材料具有混合結(jié)構(gòu)，其中可能存在某些鐵素體。這種鋼的高硅含量，提高了熱處理的敏感性，以及屈服強(qiáng)度且提高最大應(yīng)力而不減少塑性[9]。如果微觀結(jié)構(gòu)無法通過淬火向馬氏體轉(zhuǎn)變，則觀察到了疲勞極限的降低。圖5（1）有碳相區(qū)。在圖5的滲碳過渡邊界（b）和（c）顯示矩陣區(qū)域無滲碳。只要是在那里的照片看，這件作品是第一滲碳淬火，然后回火操作。這種情況可以理解，從不以觀察到的馬氏體板。2.2硬度試驗開展的一mettestHT型計算機(jī)集成硬度計硬度測量。負(fù)載是1471；中等硬度值的內(nèi)部區(qū)得到43HRC。顯微硬度測量已確定硬度值沿截面加大由于滲碳。4.903n所示表2負(fù)荷下的維氏硬度測量結(jié)果。2.3斷裂處的檢查本章中給出直接觀測結(jié)果與斷裂面掃描電鏡分析。裂紋開始，一個可能是，底部的裂縫導(dǎo)致軸斷裂。裂縫開始在外的部分，經(jīng)過一段時間后，它繼續(xù)超越中心，只有小部分為斷裂。這部分是在等交通燈的車輛突然啟動時被打破的。作為疲勞的一個特征，斷裂面有2個區(qū)域。這是一個光滑的表面裂紋擴(kuò)展和粗糙的表面創(chuàng)建的突然斷裂。這2個區(qū)域可以清楚地看到整個問題如圖4。疲勞裂紋區(qū)覆蓋80%以上的橫截面。軸在彎曲，扭轉(zhuǎn)，軸向力的作用下，受影響的地方反復(fù)使用。有一個鋒利的薄面在水平上的裂縫性剖面上。這個原因使該區(qū)的應(yīng)力集中系數(shù)確定。KT=2.4價值（彎曲和張力），和KT=1.9價值（扭轉(zhuǎn)）是根據(jù)計算獲得。這些都是相當(dāng)高的數(shù)值，區(qū)域暴露在聯(lián)合載荷下。這些觀察和分析顯示，在扭轉(zhuǎn)應(yīng)力的作用下，軸斷裂且在延展的狀態(tài)下（fig.6）。裂紋擴(kuò)展區(qū)內(nèi)有一定的剪切裂痕，這是塑性剪切變形。