鄉(xiāng)村旅游中英文對照外文翻譯文獻

鄉(xiāng)村旅游論文外文翻譯鄉(xiāng)村旅游中英文對照外文翻譯文獻(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)翻譯:AssessmentofRuralTourisminTurkeyUsingSWOTAnalysisMaterialSource:JournalofApplieSciencesAuthor:HasanAkcaINTRODUCTIONTurkeyisacountrysituatedatcrossroadsofthreecontinents:Asia,EuropeandAfrica.Itoccupiessome780thousandkm^2oflandandissurroundedby8000kmofcoastline.Accordingtotheresultsof2000populationcensus,thepopulationofthecountryis67803927.Nearly35%ofthecountrypopulationlivesinruralareas.Thenumberofvillagesisnearly37thousandandabouttwo-thirdsofthemhavepopulationsbelow500.Besides,one-thirdsofruraldwellersliveinthevillageslocatedwithinandadjacenttotheforests.Theneedtoredressregionalimbalancesandtoimproveincomedistributionamongvarioussectionsofsocietyisengagingtheattentionofpolicymakers.Thecreationofemployment,theimprovementofrurallivingstandardsandthereversalofthetrendtowardsmigrationofruralpopulationstourbanareasaresomeofthemainobjectivesofTurkishgovernment'sruraldevelopmentpolicies(MuthooandOnul,1996)Atthebeginningof1990s,Turkeyhasdecidedtodiversifytourisminordertocompetewithwesterncountries.ThebasicphilosophyofnewtourismconceptofTurkeycanbesummarizedastourismactivityinfourseasons,throughoutthecountryandevaluatingcultural,historical,environmentalpotentialofthecountry.Inthiscontext,Turkeyisworkingontwotypesofalternativetourism.Thefirsttypeincludesbotanical,airballoon,water-related,thermalandhealth,physicalrecreation,religiousandculturaltourism.Thesecondtype,closelyrelatedtothefirst,includescampingandcaravan,birdwatching(ornithology),wintersports,hunting(sportivefishingandwildanimals)andgolftourism(Pirnar,1996;TavmergenandOral,1999).NorthernandCentralAnatolianactorsarebusypromotingruralandhighlandholidays,softtourismactivitieslikerafting,trekkingandcavingwhilelocalpartnersalongtheSoutherncoastarebusydevelopingmasstourismactivities(Goymen,2000).RuraltourismisattheintroductionstageoftourismproductlifecyclesinceitisanewactivityinTurkey.Therefore,thenumberofresearchdealingwithruraltourismislimited.Andalsothereisadifficultyingatheringanddisseminatingdata.InordertolookthefutureclearlyandmakeaccuratepoliciesdrawingthewholepictureofruraltourisminTurkeyisveryimportant.Inthiscontext,theaimofthestudyistoevaluatecurrentconstraintsforandfuturepossibilitiesofruraltourismsectorpointofviewofconservationofnatural,historicalandculturalvalues,sustainableruraldevelopmentandintegratingtourism,agriculturalandruraldevelopmentpoliciesofTurkeywiththoseoftheEU.THECONCEPTOFRURAT,TOURISMRuraltourismisamulti-facetedactivity:Itisnotjustfarm-basedtourism.Itincludesfarm-basedholidaysbutalsocomprisesspecialinterestnatureholidaysandeco-tourism,walking,climbingandridingholidays,adventure,sportandhealthtourism,huntingandangling,educationaltravel,artsandheritagetourismand,insomeareasethnictourism(BramwellandLane,1994)Lackofstudiesonruraltourismiscompoundedfurtherbytheabsenceofacommonlyaccepteddefinitionastowhatconstitutesruraltourism.Sometimesruraltourismisequatedwithfarmtourism(Oppermann,1996).SomeauthorsincludeoutdoorrecreationandtourisminNationalParksandwildernessareasintoruraltourism(Ladki,1993;Owens,1984);ButDernoi(1991)excludesthem.Ontheotherhand,Pearce(1990)discussessecondhomesinthecontextofruraltourism.RURALTOURISMACTIVITIESINTURKEYInrecentyearslocalgovernorsandNGOsthroughoutthecountryhavebeentryingtobenefitfromruraltourismviasupplyingallhistorical,natural,culturelandreligiousvaluesinbothdomesticandforeigntourismmarkets.Someoftheactivitiesaresummarizedasfollows:UrgedmunicipalityhasdecidedtoapplyaprojectaimingatintroductionofrurallifeintheCappadociaregion.Totalbudgetoftheprojectis50milliondollarsanditwillbeorganizedbyMagicLifeInternational.Inthecontextofproject,bothdomesticandforeignvisitorswillattendvillageweddingceremonies,cooktraditionalruralmeals,milkingcowsandsheep.IntheValleyofKizilcukur,locatedinthedistrictofOrtahisar,Nevsehirprovincelocalgovernorisorganizedatourfortouristtoseethesun.Becausethisareaisagoodplacewherethesunrisesandsetsbestintheworld.Everyyearnearly30,000touristsvisittheplacepayingnearly$1.5perday.CamelwrestlingisorganizedinmanyvillagesandcountiesofMediterranean,MarmaraandEgeanregionsduringwinterseason.Inthelasttwoyears,soapoperaweremadeinruralareasofTurkey.Inaddition,TurkishfilmsnamedSunShinesfromtheEast,TasteattheSummitsandHeadsorTailsweremadeinCappadocia.Therefore,manypeoplegotovillagesmentionedabovetoseeactorsandactress.Visithistoricalplacesandlivenostalgia.InrecentyearssometourismagencieshaveorganizedtourscoveringtherouteofSilkRoad.SomeruralpeoplewhoweretrainedbyprofessionalsjointparalyzingactivityinruralareasofArizonianandMuglaprovinces.TherearesomeprivateorganizationssupplyingruraltourismserviceinSouthwestpartofTurkey.OneofthemisHUZURVADISI.Itisaholidayretreat,whichoffersyoga,holisticandwalkingholidaysandalternativetherapiesatabeautifultraditionalrestoredfarmsteadinasecludedmountainvalleyonFisheyecoast.Touristsareaccommodatedincomfortablenomadicyurts,aspecialhighlightoftheholiday.AnotherprofessionalruraltourismactivityisorganizedbyTOHUMpresentsanopportunitytovisitandliveintraditionalvillages,organicfarming,folkdancingandotheractivities.BlackSeaRegionofTurkeyissuitableforecotourismandplateautourism.Inthecontextofruraltourismprojects,somelocalgovernorsareestablishingorrestoringwoodencottagesinthehighlandstoaccommodatetourists.Duringtheholidayvisitorshaveanopportunitybreathingfreshair,eatingtraditionalmealsandsightseeingtheexoticfloraandfauna.MATERIALSANDMETHODSSWOTanalysistechniquewasusedinordertoexplaincurrentconstraintsandfuturepossibilitiesofruraltourisminTurkey.SWOTstandsforstrengths,weaknesses,opportunitiesandthreats.ASWOTanalysisisessentiallyabrainstormingsessiononthekeyvariablesthataffectafirm's/sector'sperformance(Hendricks,1999;Huberetal.1999).Inthestudyfollowingmethodswereusedinordertocollectdata:i)thoroughouttheyear2004,allTVprogramsshowedin20TVchannelsrelatedtotourism,rurallife,culturalactivity,mountain,etcwerewatched,ii)10provincesandtheircountiesandvillageswerevisitedindifferentgeographicalregionsofthecountry,iii)reportedspeechesweremadewithruraldwellersinordertodefinepossiblepotentialsourcesforruraltourism,iv)literaturewasreviewedtohavebackgroundinformationaboutruraltourismandtheirlikelyeffectsonruralpeopleandareas.v)governmentpolicieswereexaminedtolearntheirviewsonruraldevelopmentandruraltourism.RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONTheresultsofSWOTanalysisofruraltourisminTurkeyaregiveninTable1.Table1:SOWTanalysisofruraltourisminTurkeyStrengthsWeaknessesTourismEncouragementActNo:26342010TourismVisionofTurkishGovern-mentDeclarationoftheyear2002as“InternationalYearofMountains”UnspoiledenvironmentandfloraandfaunaUnlimitedhospitalofTurkishruraldwellersChangesinthepreferencesoftouristsExtraordinarylandscapeNeartomaintouristmarketsgeographicallySupplyingexoticcombinationofwestandwestandeastDifficultiesinmarketingofruraltourismproductatinternationalmarketsLackofscientificmeetingrelatedtoruraltourismatlocalandnationallevelDifficultiesingatheringanddisseminatingdateInadequateacademicstudyonruraltourismLackofco-ordinationamongruralNGOLimitednumberofaccommodationNotspeakingofforeignlanguagesbyruralpeopleOpportunitiesThreatsHavingopportunityfortourismthroughTurkeyinfourseasonsDevelopmentsinawarenessofurbanpe-opletonature,undiscovereddestinationsIncreaseinthenumberofTVprogramsfocusingontoruralareasYounganddynamicpopulationintheruralareastobeadoptedtheconceptoftourismeasilyCandidacyofTurkeyformembershiptotheEUConstructing15000kmofthedouble-roadWarpossibilityinneighborAffects11SeptembereventsintheUSAonworldtourismDeceaseindomestictourists’householdincomePromotionofruraltourismasanewproductisverylowinTurkey,comparedtowesterncountries.However,inrecentyearstherehasbeenanincreaseinthenumberoftelevisionprogramsfocusedonruralityandalsoruraltourisminTurkey.Everybodyexceptthattheseprogramshaveanimportantroleintheintroductionofruraldwellers'lifestyle,floraandfaunaandhistoricalandculturalvaluesinruralareastourbanpeopledesiringtoseedifferentplaces,toliveadventureandtobeinanaturalenvironment.Someoftheprogramsaresummarizedasfollows:AdrenalineontheBRT,CaravanandAdventureronSTV,VitalPointonNTV,DiscovereronATV,TelecriticsandRainbowonTGRT,.Let'sVisitandSeeandInEddiesorwhirls:AnatoliaonTRT1,SeaMagazine,Zeugma.Yesterday,TodayandTurnoveronTRT2andMr.TourismandHolidayGuideonTV8,NostalgiaonFlashTV,ThingsthatwehavenotseenandheardonStar.CONCLUSIONTurkeyhasanimportantpotentialtourism.However,ruraltourismresourcesforalternativehavenotbeenusedforthedevelopmentoflessfavoredareasofTurkeyatadequatelevelduetoterrorismintheSoutheastpartofTurkeysincesecondhalfofthe1980s.Therefore,theruralareas,onlyintheBlackSearegion,MediterraneanandAegeanregions,areopenedtomassandalsohighlandtourismactivities.Asstartingtheendof20thcentury，theterrorismactivitystopped(erased)byTurkishgovernment.Itisexpectedthatthenumberofforeigntouristsvisitingruralareaswillincreaseinthemediumorlongrunasparalleltoincreaseinthenumberofincentives,initiativesandinvestmentstowardsruralmilieuintheshortterm.AnotherobstacleforthedevelopmentofruraltourisminTurkeyiswarinneighborcountriesbecauseTurkeyislocatedinadifficultgeography,wheremanywarshappenedduringthelasttwodecades.Tosumup,"IwanttofeedandliveintheplacewhereIwasborn"isthesloganofpeoplelivinginruralareas.Toachievethisaim,thereisaneedtodevelopnewemploymentopportunitiesinruralareasinadditiontoagriculture.Manysuccessfulapplicationsthroughouttheworldshowthatruraltourismcancreateadditionalincomeforespeciallyruralyouthandwomen.譯文鄉(xiāng)村旅游在土耳其的評估使用SWOT分析資料來源:Applie科學(xué)雜志作者：哈桑.阿克賈引言土耳其是一個地跨亞洲，歐洲和非洲三大洲的國家，國土面積約780000平方公里，擁有8000公里的海岸線。根據(jù)2000年人口普查的結(jié)果，全國人口是67803927人，近35％的全國人口居住在農(nóng)村。村莊人口近37萬人，約占全國人口的三分之二，其中有三分之二的村莊人口低于500人。此外，有三分之一的農(nóng)村居民生活在森林里和鄰近森林的村落。糾正區(qū)域間的不平衡和改善社會各階層收入的分布的必要性引起決策者的注意。創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機會，提高農(nóng)村人民生活水平和實現(xiàn)改變農(nóng)村人口向城市地區(qū)移民的趨勢是土耳其政府的農(nóng)村發(fā)展政策主要目標(biāo)（穆素和奧努爾，1996）。在90年代初，土耳其為了和西方國家競爭，決定將旅游多樣化。土耳其的新概念旅游的基本原則可以概括為四季旅游活動，評價全國各地的文化，歷史，和環(huán)境的潛力。從某種意義上說，土耳其正在進行兩個交互型旅游。第一種類型包括植物，氣球，與水有關(guān)，氣溫和衛(wèi)生，體育娛樂，宗教和文化旅游。第二種類型，包括野營和商隊，觀鳥（鳥類），冬季運動，狩獵（嬉戲漁業(yè)和野生動物）和高爾夫旅游（珀爾納爾，1996）。北部和中部安納托利亞演員都忙于促進農(nóng)村和高原假期，如漂流旅游活動，徒步旅行和放逐休閑旅游，而南部沿海當(dāng)?shù)氐暮献骰锇檎诿τ陂_發(fā)大眾旅游活動（格伊曼，2000）。由于鄉(xiāng)村旅游在旅游產(chǎn)品生命周期正處于引入階段，所以在土耳其是一種新的旅游方式。因此，研究與處理鄉(xiāng)村旅游的人數(shù)是有限的，同時也有收集和傳播數(shù)據(jù)的困難。認(rèn)清其未來發(fā)展趨勢與準(zhǔn)確的制定政策對規(guī)劃好整個土耳其鄉(xiāng)村旅游藍(lán)圖在是非常重要的。在這種情況下，該研究的旨在從鄉(xiāng)村旅游的保護部門的角度來看土耳其與歐盟在自然，歷史和文化價值，農(nóng)村的可持續(xù)發(fā)展和整合旅游，農(nóng)業(yè)和農(nóng)村發(fā)展政策以及當(dāng)前制約因素和土耳其鄉(xiāng)村旅游未來的可能性進行評估。鄉(xiāng)村旅游的內(nèi)涵鄉(xiāng)村旅游是一個多層面的活動：它不僅是以農(nóng)業(yè)為基礎(chǔ)的旅游業(yè)。它包括農(nóng)場的假期，也包括特殊的趣味自然性質(zhì)的假日和生態(tài)游，散步，爬山和騎馬假期，探險，體育和保健旅游，狩獵和垂釣，教育游，藝術(shù)及文物旅游，和一些地區(qū)民族游（布萊姆豪，1994）。對鄉(xiāng)村旅游研究的缺乏，一種普遍接受的定義卻沒有進一步說明什么是鄉(xiāng)村旅游。有時，鄉(xiāng)村旅游等同于農(nóng)場是旅游（帕曼，1996）。有些作者把戶外娛樂、國家公園游玩和荒野地區(qū)旅游歸入鄉(xiāng)村旅游（蘭迪科，1993；歐文斯，1984）；但德爾諾伊（1991）認(rèn)為鄉(xiāng)村旅游并不包括這些。另一方面，皮爾斯（1990）討論了鄉(xiāng)村旅游方面的第二種定義。土耳其的鄉(xiāng)村旅游活動近年來，地方州長和全國各地的非政府組織一直在國內(nèi)外旅游市場試圖通過提供鄉(xiāng)村所有的歷史，自然，文化和宗教價值并從該旅游中受益。這些活動概述如下：于爾居普市政府已決定申請一個項目旨在卡帕多西亞地區(qū)的引進鄉(xiāng)村生活。本項目總預(yù)算為50萬美元，將由國際魔術(shù)生活來籌集。在項目范圍內(nèi)，國內(nèi)外游客將參加鄉(xiāng)村婚禮，鄉(xiāng)村傳統(tǒng)的做飯吃飯，擠牛奶和羊奶?？破潕祠敔柟任挥贠rtahisar地區(qū)的內(nèi)夫謝希爾省，該省組織游客去觀日出。由于這個地區(qū)是世界上觀看日出日落最好的地方。每年近3萬游客到此旅游，每天花費約達1.5美元。在冬季，許多村莊和地中?？h，馬爾馬拉海和鄂梗地區(qū)組織駱駝摔跤。在過去兩年中，土耳其農(nóng)村地區(qū)的肥皂劇。此外，土耳其影片命名來自東方，在首腦會議和首腦或太陽照在卡帕多西亞的。因此，很多人去看演員提到的村莊，參觀那里的歷史古跡和鄉(xiāng)村生活。近年來，一些旅游機構(gòu)組團的路線涵蓋了絲綢之路。穆拉省和埃爾津詹省的農(nóng)村地區(qū)的有些村民進行了專業(yè)人士的培訓(xùn)活動。這有一些供應(yīng)西南土耳其的鄉(xiāng)村旅游服務(wù)的私營機構(gòu)。其中之一是胡祖爾，這是一個度假勝地，這里提供瑜珈，全面和假期徒步旅行，并在一個美麗的費特希耶海岸山谷農(nóng)莊恢復(fù)傳統(tǒng)替代療法。在一個特別的節(jié)日，游客會住在