電梯基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)

Page:Original:Garbcittom轎底Cartop轎頂Cardoor轎門wal]轎壁Garbcittom轎底Cartop轎頂Cardoor轎門wal]轎壁Spacerod拉粲Dooropentof門El3-1辭廂Figure3一13轎廂和對(duì)重Carandcounterweight在曳引電梯中，轎廂和對(duì)重懸掛于曳引輪兩側(cè)，轎廂是運(yùn)送乘客或貨物的承載部分，也是唯一為乘客所看到的部分。對(duì)重是決定電梯曳引能力的一個(gè)重要部件。它用于平衡轎廂自重和額定載重量。Intractionlift,carandcounterweightaresuspendedontwosidesoftractionsheave.Asanonlypartthatpassengerscanview,carisusedtoaccommodatepassengersandcargo.Playingakeyroleindecidingtractioncapacity,counterweightisusedtooffsetcarweightandratedload.3-1轎廂及操縱盤Carandcontrolpanel3-1-1轎廂Car轎廂是由轎底、轎壁、轎頂、轎門和與之相關(guān)的轎架、開門機(jī)及操縱盤等部件組成，如圖3-1。Cariscomposedofcarbottom,carwall,cartop,cardoor,relatedframe,dooroperatorandcontrolpanel,asshowninfigure3-1.各類電梯的轎廂基本結(jié)構(gòu)相同，由于用途不同，在具體結(jié)構(gòu)及外形上將有一定差異。Althoughliftsaresimilarstructureanddifferentapplication,theydifferwitheachotherinconfigurationandshape.客梯的轎廂一般寬大于深，這樣設(shè)計(jì)的目的是為了方便人員的出入，有利于提高運(yùn)行效率圖3-2是通常的客梯轎廂結(jié)構(gòu)。^3-2 客梯轎廂^3-2 客梯轎廂Fig：u.re3^Passengerlif丈Forpassengerlift,thewidthofcarisgenerallyIongerthandepth,whichfacilitatespassengerstogoinandoutofliftandimproveefficiency,asshowninfigure3-2.貨梯的轎廂一般深大于寬或?qū)捝钕嗤@主要是考慮裝卸貨物的方便。圖3-3是通常的貨梯轎廂結(jié)構(gòu)。Forcargolift,thedepthofcarisgenerallylongerthanorequaltowidth,whichfacilitatestoloadandunload,asshowninfigure3-3.圖站:貨梯轎廂Figure3-3carofcargo圖站:貨梯轎廂Figure3-3carofcargolift病床梯的轎廂為適應(yīng)病床的運(yùn)送而設(shè)計(jì)的深而窄，如圖3-4所示。Deepandnarrow,carofhospitalliftisdesignedtoconveypatientbeds，asshowninfigure3-4.觀光梯轎廂的外形設(shè)計(jì)呈流線型，以減小空氣阻力及運(yùn)行噪聲，如圖3-5所示。Sightseeingliftisstreamlinedinshapetoreduceairresistaneeandoperationnoiseasshowninfigure3-5.Page:Original:^3-4Figur已3-4' I病床梯HospitalliftK圖3-5觀光梯FigureS^bSightseeing：lift==」mIb_rcL==^3-4Figur已3-4' I病床梯HospitalliftK圖3-5觀光梯FigureS^bSightseeing：lift==」mIb_rcL==3-1-1-1轎頂cartop轎頂要求能夠承受三個(gè)攜帶工具的檢修人員(每人以100kg計(jì))，其彎曲撓度應(yīng)不大于轎廂跨度的1/1000。為維修方便，轎頂應(yīng)有一塊不小于0.12m2的站人用凈面積，其最小邊長(zhǎng)至少應(yīng)為0.25m.。一般轎頂設(shè)有安全窗，其尺寸應(yīng)不小于0.35mX0.5m。此窗門向外用手開起，并裝有安全開關(guān)。窗一旦開起，安全開關(guān)動(dòng)作，切斷了電梯的安全回路，使電梯不能再運(yùn)行。為了維修、操縱方便，轎頂還應(yīng)設(shè)置轎頂檢修盒，檢修盒包括下列開關(guān)：檢修/運(yùn)行開關(guān)、急停開關(guān)、門機(jī)開關(guān)、照明開關(guān)、上運(yùn)行開關(guān)、下運(yùn)行開關(guān)和供檢修用的電源插座。轎頂還應(yīng)設(shè)置防護(hù)欄桿，用來(lái)保護(hù)轎頂維修人員的人身安全。Cartopisrequiredtoaccommodatethreetechniciansequippedwithtools(100kg/person),withcurvingdegreenotmorethan1/1000ofcarextent.Tofacilitatemaintenance,cartopshouldhavea0.12m2clearaneefortechnicianstanding,with電梯基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)LiftKnow-howminimumlaterallengthof0.25m.Normallycartophassafetywindowwithdimensionsofnotlessthan0.35mx0.5m.Equippedwithsafetyswitch,thiswindowcanbeopenedmanuallyoutwards,andis.Assoonasthewindowopens,thesafetyswitchwillactivatetocutoffsafetycircuitoflift,stoppinglift.Tofacilitatemaintenance,operation,oncartopshouldbeinstalledaninspectionbox,whichincludesinspection/operationswitch,emergencyswitch,dooroperatorswitch,lightingswitch,operationswitchupwards,operationswitchdownwards,powersocketforinspection.Balustradesshouldbeinstalledoncartoptoprotecttechniciansfrompersonalinjury.3-1-1-2轎壁Carwall轎壁用1.5mm鋼板折邊后用螺釘與轎底、轎頂和轎廂加強(qiáng)梁連接，轎壁可用涂塑鋼板，噴漆鋼板、不銹鋼板等材料裝飾。轎壁應(yīng)有足夠的機(jī)械強(qiáng)度，要求從轎廂內(nèi)任何位置垂直向外，在5cm2圓形或方形面積上施加均勻的300N，其彈性變形應(yīng)不大于15mm,且無(wú)永久變形。Boltedby1.5mmhemmedsteelplates,carwallsareconnectedwithcarbottom,cartopandcarreinforcedbeams.Carwallscanbedecoratedwithplasticcoatedsteelplates,lacquersteelplatesorstainlesssteelplates.3-1-1-3轎底Carbottom轎底由型鋼組成框架，鋪上鋼板或膠木板，可鋪設(shè)具有防火性能的材料為裝飾。轎底定位于轎架底梁上，由拉條與立柱拉緊，支撐轎廂內(nèi)所有載荷。轎底單位面積的支撐重量隨電梯用途不同而有較大差別，對(duì)客梯通常每100kg載荷面積為0.2?0.4m2。電梯載重量越大，每100kg所需要面積越小，超過載重量2500kg載荷時(shí)，面積按0.16m2增大。轎廂載客人數(shù)按每人75kg計(jì)算，即：最大載客人數(shù)二額定載重量/75(取整數(shù))Carbottomismadeofsteelshapestoformaframe,whichiscoveredwithsteelplatesorgluedwoodanddecoratedwithfire-proofmaterial.Carbottomislocatedinbottomtransom,tightlypulledbytensionbarandspacerodtosupportallloadincar.Loadperareavarieswithdifferentapplications.Forpassengerlift,areaforloadper100kgis0.2?0.4m2.Themoreloadaliftaccommodates,thelessareaper100kgrequires.Ifloadexceeds2500kg,areaforloadper100kgis0.16m2.Ifeachpassengerweighs75kg,maximumpassengernumberequalstoratedload/75(integralnumber)3-1-1-4轎門Cardoor轎門設(shè)在電梯的出入口。客梯轎廂一般只設(shè)有一個(gè)出入口，貨梯為了進(jìn)、出貨方便根據(jù)需要設(shè)計(jì)成兩個(gè)出口，既前后兩個(gè)門(或稱貫通門)。轎門一般應(yīng)是封閉門，可分為中分，雙折中分，見圖3-6。Cardoorislocatedintheentrance/exitoflift.Passengercarisnormallyhasoneentrance/exit,whilecargocarhasapairofentrance/exittofacilitateloadingandunloading,i.e.frontdoorandbackdoor,alsocalledthroughdoor.Cardoorisnormallyencolseddoorandclassifiedintocenter-parted,two-foldcenter-parted,asshownfuCa)申分轎門一般應(yīng)是封閉門，可分為中分，雙折中分，見圖3-6。Cardoorislocatedintheentrance/exitoflift.Passengercarisnormallyhasoneentrance/exit,whilecargocarhasapairofentrance/exittofacilitateloadingandunloading,i.e.frontdoorandbackdoor,alsocalledthroughdoor.Cardoorisnormallyencolseddoorandclassifiedintocenter-parted,two-foldcenter-parted,asshownfuCa)申分Caj'-.center-parted(b)跟折中窮屮(b)two-foIdcenter-parted+J曠6中開門Fiugre3-aCenter-opendoor(U&DIlevator(U&DIlevatorodbo(CHINA)SI3-t偏州」infigure3-6.偏開門、雙折旁開門(人站在轎廂外，面向轎門，門向左開為左開門，門向右開為右開門)，見圖3-7。Partial-open,two-foldpartialopendoor(Forpassengestandingoutsidethecarandfacingcardoor,thedoorFigure3-7Partial-opendoorwhichopenstowardsleftiscalledleft-opendoor;thedoorwhichopenstowardsrightiscalledright-opendoor.),asshowninfigure3-7.轎門地坎處應(yīng)裝設(shè)護(hù)腳板，其寬度應(yīng)大于相應(yīng)層站入口整個(gè)凈寬度。護(hù)腳板的垂直部分高度應(yīng)至少為0.75m,垂直部分以下應(yīng)成斜角向轎廂底部延伸，斜角與水平面的夾角應(yīng)大于60。。該斜面在水平面上的投影深度不得小于20mm。如圖3-8所示。Cardoorsillshouldbeequippedwithtoeguard,whosewidthshouldbelongerthantotalnetwidthofentrancetothewhichopenstowardsleftiscalledleft-opendoor;thedoorwhichopenstowardsrightiscalledright-opendoor.),asshowninfigure3-7.轎門地坎處應(yīng)裝設(shè)護(hù)腳板，其寬度應(yīng)大于相應(yīng)層站入口整個(gè)凈寬度。護(hù)腳板的垂直部分高度應(yīng)至少為0.75m,垂直部分以下應(yīng)成斜角向轎廂底部延伸，斜角與水平面的夾角應(yīng)大于60。。該斜面在水平面上的投影深度不得小于20mm。如圖3-8所示。Cardoorsillshouldbeequippedwithtoeguard,whosewidthshouldbelongerthantotalnetwidthofentrancetothe詼序Carbottom圖3-8護(hù)腳板Figure3-8Toeguide1111!>2011rT33JI：correspondinglanding.Heightoftheverticalpartoftoeguardshouldbeatleast0.75m;seenformthelevelsurface,anangleofmorethan60°shouldbeformedandextendtowardscarbottom.Theangleprojectedonthesurfaceshouldnotbelessthan20m,asshowninfigure3-8.3-1-2操縱盤Controlpanel操縱盤是設(shè)置在轎廂內(nèi)，用指令開關(guān)、按鈕或手柄等操縱轎廂運(yùn)行的電氣裝置。操縱盤設(shè)在轎廂內(nèi)轎門旁或側(cè)壁上，如圖3-9所示。U&DELEVATORODBO(CHINA)圈齊9操縱盤Figure3-9Controlpfinel操縱盤可分為主操縱盤、副操縱盤、殘疾人用操縱盤等，根據(jù)客戶需要選用。操縱盤上裝有內(nèi)選按鈕、開關(guān)門按鈕、對(duì)講機(jī)、緊急救援開關(guān)一警鈴按鈕等供乘客使用；在操縱盤的下面帶鑰匙鎖控制盒內(nèi)，有檢修上或下行點(diǎn)動(dòng)按鈕、直駛按鈕、風(fēng)扇電源開關(guān)、照明電源開關(guān)、司機(jī)/自動(dòng)開關(guān)、停止開關(guān)、獨(dú)立運(yùn)行開關(guān)等供專業(yè)技術(shù)人員使用。此部分嚴(yán)禁非專業(yè)人員使用。Installedinsidecar,controlpanelisanelectricaldevicetomanipulatecarbycommandswitch,buttonandhandle.Controlpanelislocatednearcardoororonsidewall,asshowninfigure3-9.Classifiedintomaincontrolpanel,subordinatecontrolpanelandcontrolpanelforisabled,controlpanelcanbeselectedbycustomers.Controlpanelareequippedwithcarcallbutton,dooropen/closebutton,walkie-talkie,emergencyrescuebutton-alarmbuttonforpassengers.Belowcontrolpanelislockcontrolboxwithkey,inwhichareinspectioninchingbuttons圖A10 轎內(nèi)顯示器Figure3~10C：±riiiteiiordisplayup/圖A10 轎內(nèi)顯示器Figure3~10C：±riiiteiiordisplayE1.3-11電梯銘牌存E1.3-11電梯銘牌存Figure3-11LiftnameplIndicatingliftpositionandrunningdirection,carinterior圖T的轎架心圖T的轎架心Fiqure3-12TCScarframe+J立柱tirfciTBHsrmr**-'J?St*BottomPage:Original:displayislocatedabovethecontrolpanel,asshowninfigure3-10.Independentwithcontrolpanel,carinteriordisplayislocatedabovecardoororcarsidewall.廠家銘牌、額定載重量、乘客人數(shù)等位于顯示器下方，如圖3-11所示。Suchinformationasmanufacturernameplate,ratedload,passengernumberisindicatedbelowdisplay,asshowninfigure3-11.3-2-3轎架Carframe轎架是轎廂的主要承載構(gòu)件，它是由立柱、底梁、上梁、拉條組成。圖3-12為TCS轎架。Asthemainsupport,carframeiscomposedofsidetransom,bottomtransom,toptransomandspacerod,asshownfigure3-12,aTCScarframe.3-2對(duì)重Counterweigh對(duì)重是決定電梯曳引能力的一個(gè)重要部件，如圖3-13所示。它用于平衡轎廂自重和額定載重量。當(dāng)電梯負(fù)載與對(duì)重十分匹配時(shí)，還可以減輕鋼絲繩與繩輪之間的曳引力，延長(zhǎng)鋼絲繩的壽命。Counterweightplaysanimportantpartindecidinglifttractioncapacity,asshowninfigure3-13.Itisusedtooffsetcarweightandratedload.Whenliftloadiscompatiblewithcounterweight,counterweightcanalleviatetractionforcebetweenropeandsheavetolengthenropelife.對(duì)重的總重量一般取值為：Counterweightiscalculatedasfollows:U&DELEVATORODBO(CHINA)Page:Original:3-13-1式中：Where:G—對(duì)重總重量式中：Where:G—對(duì)重總重量V—平衡系數(shù),一般取0.4?0.5Q—額定載重量P—轎廂側(cè)總重量G一Totalcounterweightweight屮一Offsettingcoefficient,normally0.4?0.5Q一RatedloadP一Totalcarweight圖STd對(duì)重Figure2-13Couiiterwelgl_d對(duì)重由對(duì)重架、對(duì)重塊、導(dǎo)靴、緩沖器撞頭等組成。對(duì)重架一般用槽鋼作為主體結(jié)構(gòu)，其高度一般不宜超出轎廂高度。對(duì)重塊可由鑄鐵制作或鋼筋混凝土填充，為了使對(duì)重塊易于裝卸，每個(gè)對(duì)重塊不宜超過60kg。對(duì)重是鑄鐵時(shí)，至少要用二根拉桿或其他壓緊措施將對(duì)重塊緊固住。當(dāng)繞繩比大于1時(shí)，對(duì)重架上設(shè)有滑輪。此時(shí)應(yīng)設(shè)有防護(hù)裝置，以避免懸掛繩松弛時(shí)脫離繩槽，并能防止繩與繩槽之間進(jìn)入雜物。若底坑下存在人能到達(dá)的空間時(shí)，對(duì)重上還應(yīng)設(shè)置安全鉗。U&DELEVATOR