綜英語法Appositive clauses and Comparison課件

GrammarAppositiveclausesComparisonAppositive

Anappositiveisawordorgroupofwordsthatidentifiesorrenamesanotherunitinasentence.Itoffersconcisewaysofdescribingordefiningaperson,place,orthings.Anappositivemostoftenappearsdirectlyafterthenounphraseitidentifiesorrenames.

同位語（Appositive）也是一種后置修飾語，它對與之同位的名詞詞組提供補(bǔ)充說明，起修飾和描繪作用。1.A:LevTolstoywasagreatRussianwriter.B:Hewasbornin1828anddiedin1910.LevTolstoy,agreatRussianwriter,wasbornin1829anddiedin1910.

名詞詞組同位語通常是由名詞詞組表示，這種名詞詞組通常緊跟在與之同位的名詞詞組（或相當(dāng)于名詞詞組的結(jié)構(gòu)）之后。e.g.:Yourbrother,aproudandunbendingman,refusedallhelpthatwasofferedhim.WinstonChurchill,Britain’sprimeministerduringtheSecondWorldWar,diedin1965.4.A:Dr.NormanBethunewasaCanadiansurgeon.B:Hewasagreatinternationalfighter.C:HelaiddownhislifefortheChineserevolution.TheCanadiansurgeon

Dr.NormanBethune,agreatinternationalfighter,laiddownhislifefortheChineserevolution.7.A:Mikeisthebestmechanicinthegarage.B:Mikeworkedonmycar.Mike,thebestmechanicinthegarage,workedonmycar.8.A:Theamateurboat-builderwasconstructingasimplemodel.B:Themodelwasasmalloutboardcruiserofconventionaldesign.Theamateurboat-builder

wasconstructingasimplemodel,asmalloutboardcruiserofconventionaldesign.2.A:Iproposedthatweshouldimportmoreequipmentfromabroad.B:Theproposalistobediscussedatthemeeting.Myproposal

thatweshouldimportmoreequipmentfromabroadistobediscussedatthemeeting.(Here“that”cannotbeomitted.)同位語從句的先行詞只能是名詞，而且僅限于idea，plan，fact，theory，promise，hope，news，doubt，truth，information，suggestion，question，thought，belief，conclusion等少數(shù)名詞。e.g.Thenewsthathewasmarriedisnottrue.在某些名詞（如：demand，wish,suggestion,resolution等）后面的同位語從句要用虛擬語氣。3.A:Thenewsisthatsheisinvitedtotheparty.B:Thenewsisveryencouraging.Thenews

thatsheisinvitedtothepartyisveryencouraging.5.A:Theyworkeddayandnightontheproject.B:Inspiteofthis,theyfailedtofindoutthemechanismofthedisease.Inspiteofthefact

thattheyworkeddayandnightontheproject,theyfailedtofindoutthemechanismofthedisease.6.A:Theannouncementgreatlydistressedthewaitingpassengers.B:Itwasannouncedthatallflightswerecancelledbecauseofbadweather.Theannouncement

thatallflightswerecancelledbecauseofbadweathergreatlydistressedthewaitingpassengers.Appositiveclauses（同位語從句）VSAttributiveclauses（定語從句）

1.從句性質(zhì)不同同位語從句屬于名詞性從句,是用來進(jìn)一步解釋或補(bǔ)充說明前面的名詞;而定語從句是用來說明先行詞的性質(zhì)或特征,起修飾或限制的作用,與先行詞的關(guān)系是修飾與被修飾的關(guān)系,從句相當(dāng)于形容詞。e.g.Theplanthatyouwillgotherenextweekhastobechanged.你準(zhǔn)備下周去那里的計劃得改變.（Appositiveclauses）

Thenewsthathetoldmewasfalse.他告訴我的消息是假的。（Attributiveclauses）

2.關(guān)聯(lián)詞作用不同定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞在從句中作主語、賓語、時間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語和原因狀語等,而同位語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞在從句中不擔(dān)任成分。e.g.TheplanthatI‘llstaythereforaweekcan’tcometrue.我要在那兒呆一周的計劃不能實現(xiàn)。（Appositiveclauses）Theplanthatheraisedwasreasonable.他提出的計劃合理。（object）（Attributiveclauses）

3．同位語從句先行詞不同定語從句的先行詞是名詞或代詞；而同位語從句的先行詞只能是名詞，而且僅限于idea，plan，fact，theory，promise，hope，news，doubt，truth，information，suggestion，question，thought，belief，conclusion等少數(shù)名詞。e.g.Thefact[thathehadnotsaidanything]surprisedeverybody。（Appositiveclauses）

Those[whoworkhard]willsucceed。（Attributiveclauses）（here“those”isapronoun）Tips：that既可引導(dǎo)同位語從句又可引導(dǎo)定語從句，其區(qū)別在于：1.同位語從句由連接詞that引導(dǎo)，連接詞that本身無意義，在同位語從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，不可省略，不可以用其他詞替代；2.定語從句由關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系代詞that在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分，作賓語時可省略.名詞作同位語Eg.MrWang,mychild’steacher,willbevisitingusonTuesday.（在這里'mychild'steacher'做同位語修飾‘MrWang')

短語作同位語Eg.I,theoldestgirlinthefamily,alwayshadtocarefortheotherchildren.

直接引語作同位語Eg.Butnowthequestioncomestotheirminds，“Didshedieyoungbecauseshewasaclone?”appositive英語中引導(dǎo)同位語從句的詞通常有連詞that，whether，連接代詞what，who,whom,whose。連接副詞how,when,where，why等。（注：if,which不能引導(dǎo)同位語從句。）Eg.Hemustanswerthequestionwhetherheagreeswithitornot.他必須回答他是否同意這樣一個問題。注：引導(dǎo)同位語從句的that不能省略句子作同位語Eg.ThegirlsweresurprisedatthefactthatoceanshipscansailuptheGreatlakes.1.OurwordtobaccocomesfromtheSpanishwordtobaco,awordwhichmeans“cigar”intheArawakIndianlanguage.

which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾先行詞“aword”,“awordwhichmeans......language”是“theSpanishwordtobaco”的同位語。

Here,“aword”wasrepeatedforthesakeofclarityandemphasis.名詞作同位語2.Columbus’screwwasastonishedtofindtheArawakspuffingonhugecigarsinHispaniola,anislandwhichisnowdividedbetweenHaitiandtheDominicanRepublic.7.ArchaeologistsfindthefirstpipesamongIndianartifactsatthelevelthattheyfindthefirstevidenceofmaizecultivation,afactwhichsuggeststhattheIndianslearnedtosmokeandtogrowcornatthesametime.8.ThistobaccowassostrongthattheAlgonkiansmixeditwithsumacleavesandtheinnerbarkofthedogwoodandcalleditkinnikinnik,awordmeaning“thatwhichismixed.”whichmeans6.FromhereitscultivationandusespreadintoNorthAmericaataboutthesametimeasthecultivationofmaize,astaplegraincrop.5.ThissecondandmuchmorewidelyusedkindoftobaccowasNicotianarustica,ahybridthatisnativeonlytothewesternslopesoftheAndes.“thatisnativeonly......oftheAndes”是定語從句，修飾“ahybrid”注：在定語從句中，that/which用來指物，充當(dāng)主語時，不可省略；充當(dāng)賓語時，可省略10.“Drinkingtobacco”becamepopularinElizabethanEnglandafter1565,theyear(when)theleafwasfirstimportedfromtheWestIndies.

注：在定語從句中，當(dāng)先行詞是時間時，關(guān)系代詞可用when/that或省略。Eg.Idon’tknowtheexacttime(when/that)themeetingwilltakeplace.3.ThecigarsweremadefromNicotianatobacum,ahybridoftwowildplantsfirstgrowninPeruandBolivia.短語作同位語過去分詞作定語，表示被動，用來修飾“ahybridoftwowildplants”4.ThistobaccofromHispaniolawasnotthekindsmokedbytheotherIndiansofNorthAmerica,habitualusersoftobacco,also.

9.MostIndiansfavouredpipes,someatetobaccoleaves,somedranktobacco,andstillotherspreferredcigarettes,shreddedtobaccowrappedincornhusks.

1.Itwasn’tsuchagooddinner_shehadpromisedus.

A.that

B.which

C.as

D.whatAnswer:CThe

distinctionbetween

“such…as”and“suchthat”

such…that后面的從句一般來說必須是完整的,引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。such…as中的as是一個定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞，是關(guān)系代詞，在后面句子中作賓語。sheis

such

agoodteacherthatweallrespecther.Sheissuchagoodteacherasweallrespect.2.Thebeautifulsceneryonthetopofthemountaindelighted_.AmyeyesBmyeyeCeyesofmineDeyeofmineAnswer：BTheusageof“eye”Here“eye”meansthepowerofseeing;Youuseeyewhenyouaretalkingaboutaperson‘sabilitytojudgethingsoraboutthewayinwhichtheyareconsideringordealingwiththings.眼光;眼力;鑒賞力Eg:Itdidnottakehispracticedeyelongtonoticethathewasnottheonlyonewhowashangingabout.眼力老道的他很快就注意到他不是唯一在閑逛的人。3.Thebusstationisthesamedistancefromthehotel_thetrainstation.AwhatBwhichClikeDasanswer：DTheusageof“thesameas”Here“thesameas”meansthingshavethesamenumber,color,size,quality,etc.Eg:AsactressJaneisnotinthesameclassasAlice.Chromatin

passed

the

Earth

at

about

the

same

distance

as

will

Halley’s

comet

shrewd[?ru:d]:understandorjudgeasituationquicklyandtousethisunderstandingtotheirownadvantage4.Heis_toacceptthefirstoffer.AtooshrewdabusinessmanBtooshrewdbusinessmanCatooshrewdbusinessmanDbusinessmantooshrewd

Answer：ATheusageof“too…to”Inthestructuretoo+adj.+to,weusea/an+n.（countablenoun）aftertheadjective.Eg:He’stooexperiencedanartist

tomindwhatthecriticssay.5.ittakes_tobuildaroad.AalotofmachineBalotofmachineryCmuchmachinesDmuchmachineriesAnswer:BThedifferencebetween“machinery”and“machine”Machinery[m???i:n?ri]:refertomachinesingeneral,ormachinesthatareusedinafactoryoronafarm.(總稱)機(jī)器，機(jī)械A(chǔ)ttention：Machineryisacollectivenoun.(集合名詞)Machine:Amachineisapieceofequipmentwhichuseselectricityoranengineinordertodoaparticularkindofwork機(jī)器;機(jī)械Eg:Themachineryinthefactoryconsistsofseveraldifferentkindsofmachines.工廠里的機(jī)械設(shè)備包括許多種不同的機(jī)器。6.Shecaught_andpersuadedhimtoacceptheropinion.Atheminister’searBtheministers’earCtheminister’searsDtheministers’earsAnswer:ATheusageof“catchone’sear”Catchone’sear:Ifsomethingcatchesyourear,attentionoryoureye,younoticeitorbecomeinterestedinit.“Catchone’sear”hasthesameusageas“catchone’sattention”and“catchone’sheed[hi:d]”7.Lindaisclever;shewas_AbrainBabrainCbrainsDmuchbrainAnswer:CTheusageof“brain”Brain

[bre?n]:

(N-COUNT)Ifsomeonehasbrainsoragoodbrain,theyhavetheabilitytolearnandunderstandthingsquickly,tosolveproblems,andtomakegooddecisions.智力；智慧；頭腦

Eg:Theywerenottheonlyonestohavebrainsandambition.并不是只有他們聰明、有志向。Ihadagoodbrainandtheteacherslikedme.我很聰明，老師們都喜歡我。8.Theearthquakecaused_tothedistrict.AdamagesBdamageCadamageDthedamageAnswer:BTheusageof“damage”

●Damage:(VERB)Todamageanobjectmeanstobreakit,spoilitphysically,orstopitfromworkingproperly.損壞;破壞;毀壞Eg:Thesuncandamageyourskin.陽光能損傷皮膚。

●

Damage:(N-UNCOUNT)Damageisphysicalharmthatiscausedtoanobject.（對物的）損壞，破壞，損失Eg:Theblastcausedextensivedamagetothehouse.爆炸給這所房子造成了大面積的損壞。

ComparativeConstructionCompare:

Whenyoucomparethings,youconsiderthemanddiscoverthedifferencesorsimilaritiesbetweenthem.Whenwecomparethings,firstweneedtwoormoreobjects.

Thenweneedtofindouttheir

relationship.JohnisasbrightasBob.JohnbehavesaspolitelyasBobdoes.

Twoobjects:John’sbehaviorBob’sbehavior

Relationship:

John’sbehaviorisaspoliteasBob’sbehavior.Johnisthebrightestofthethreeboys.

Objects:Johnthethreeboys

Relationship:Johnisbrighterthanthethreeboys.Itismoretruetosaythat

hewashurtthanhewasfrightened.

(less/than)Relationship:Hewasmorehurtthanfrightened.Hewasless

frightened

than

hurt.Twoobjects:“hewashurt”“hewasfrightened”Theirroomisassmallasours.

(/biggerthan)Twoobjects:theirroomourroomRelationship:

Theirroomandourroomarethesamesize.Bothheirroomandourroomaresmall.

Theirroomisnobiggerthan

ourroom.=assmallas

Answer:Theirroomisnobiggerthanours.Theliving-roomisaslargeasthedining-room.=Theliving-roomisnosmallerthanthedining-room.GeorgeisasstrongasTom.=GeorgeisnoweakerthanTom.Thispencilisaslongasthatone.=Thispencilisnoshorterthanthatone.Georgedidthemostwork.

(more/than)

Twoobjects:Georgeanyoneelse

Relationship:

Georgedidmoreworkthan

anyoneelse.

DickbehavesmorecourteouslythanBob.(more/courteous/than)

Twoobjects:Dick’sbehaviorBob’sbehavior

Relationship:

Dick’sbehaviorismorecourteousthan

Bob’s.

5.Ipaidthreetimesasmuchforthefood

astheydid.

(more/than)Twoobjects:“Ipaidforthefood”“theypaidforthefood”Relationship:

Ipaidmoreforthefoodthantheydid.Ipaidthreetimesmoreforthefoodthantheydid.Answer:

Ipaidthreetimes

moreforthefoodthantheydid.6.Acollectionoffactscannotbecalledsciencejustasapileofbrickscannotbecalledahouse.(anymore/than)Twoobjects:“acollectionoffactscannotbecalledscience”“apileofbrickscannotbecalledahouse”Relationship:Acollectionoffactscannotbecalledscienceanymorethanapileofbrickscanbecalledahouse.

nomore...than...(=not...anymorethan)和……一樣都不……(表示前后都否定)

1.Thehearti