英語詞匯學(xué)課后答案張維友編

./《英語詞匯學(xué)教程》〔20XX版練習(xí)答案[Chapter1]7． tart:loosewoman bloke:fellow gat:pistol swell:great chicken:coward blue:fight smoky:police full:drunk dame:woman beaver:girl8. haply=perhaps albeit=although methinks=itseemstome eke=also sooth=truth morn=morning troth=pledge ere=before quoth=said hallowed=holy billow=wave/thesea bade=bid12. DenizensAliensTranslationloansSemanticloanskettlediewallskirthusbandconfrerepropatriaWunderkindmikadoparvenuchopsticktyphoonblackhumourlongtimenoseedream[Chapter2]Ex.1TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyisoneofthemostimportantlanguagefamiliesintheworld.ItismadeupofmostofthelanguagesofEurope,theNearEastandIndia.EnglishbelongstothisfamilyandtheothermembersoftheIndo-EuropeanhavemoreorlessinfluenceonEnglishvocabulary.AknowledgeoftheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilywillhelpusunderstandEnglishwordsbetterandusethemmoreappropriately.2. Indo-EuropeanLanguageFamily Balto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italian Hellenic GermanicRoumanian Hindi Breton Spanish Greek English Lithuanian Persian Scottish French Swedish Prussian Irish Italian German Polish Portuguese Norweigian Slavenian Icelandic Russian Danish Bulgarian Dutch6. Wheninthecourseofhumanevents,itbecomesnecessaryforonepeopletodissolvethepoliticalbondswhichhaveconnectedthemwithanother,andtoassumeamongthepowersoftheearthseparateandequalstationtowhichthelawsofnatureandofnature'sGodentitlethem,adecentrespecttotheopinionsofmankindrequiresthattheyshoulddeclarethecauseswhichimpelthemtotheseparation.MostofthecontentwordsareeitherofGreekorLatinorigin.Whatareleftaremostlyfunctionalwords.ThisshowsthatGreekandLatinplayaveryimportantpartintheEnglishvocabulary.8. eventful[Latin+English] hydroplane[Greek+Latin] falsehood[Latin+English] pacifist[Latin+Greek] saxophone[German+Greek]heirloom[French+English] josshouse[Portuguese+English] television[Greek+Latin]9. amateur<late> finacé<late> empire<early> peace<E> courage<E> garage<L> judgement<E> chair<E> chaise<L> grace<E> servant<E> routine<L> jealous<E> savaté<L> genre<L> gender<E> début<L> morale<L> state<E> chez<L> ballet<L>11. allegro,f輕快andante,j 行板diminuendo,g 漸弱largo,d 緩慢pianoforte,a輕轉(zhuǎn)慢alto,i女低音crescendo,b漸強(qiáng)forte,e 強(qiáng)piano,h輕soprano,c女高音12.cherub<Hebrew> snorkel<G> coolie<Hindi> tulip<Turk>lasso<Sp> wok<Ch>shampoo<Indian> chocolate<Mex>tepee<AmInd> jubilee<Gr>kibitz<G> Sabbath<Heb>chipmunk<AmInd> tamale<Mex>cotton<Arab> voodoo<Afr>loot<Hindi> sauerbraten<G>13.a.alligator b.lococ.rodeo d.bonanzae.igloo f.blitzkriegg.wigwam h.canoei.hurricane j.boomerangk.panchos[Chapter3]1. a.morpheme b.allomorph c.boundmorpheme d.freemorpheme e.affix f.informationalaffix g.derivationalaffix h.root i.stem j.base3. individualistic individualist+ic[stem,base] individual+ist[stem,base] individu+al[stem,base] in+dividu[root,stem,base] undesirables un+desirable[stem,base] desir+able[root,stem,base] freemorpheme=freeroot morpheme boundroot boundmorpheme inflectionalaffix affix prefix derivationalaffix suffix[Chapter4]Affixation5. non-smoker incapable impractical disobey insecurity irrelevant immature inability/disability unofficially unwillingness illegal disagreement illogical disloyal inconvenient non-athletic6. harden horrify modernize memorize falsify apologize deepen glorify sterilize lengthen intensify beautify fatten sympathize a. apologized b. beautify c. lengthening d. sympathized e. fatten f. falsify g. memorizing h. Sterilize7. a. employee b. politician c. participant d. waitress e. conductor f. teacher g. pianist h. examinee/examiner8. trans-=across:transcontinental,trans-worldmono-=one:monorail,monoculturesuper-=over,above:superstructure, supernaturalauto-=self:autobiography,automobilesub-=bad,badly:malpractice,malnutritionmini-=little,small:minicrisis,miniwarpre-=before:prehistorical,preelectionex-=former:ex-teacher,ex-filmerCompoundingheartbeat[S+V] brainwashing[V+O] movie-goer[place+V] bakingpowder[V+adv] far-reaching[V+Adv] dog-tired[adv+a] lion-hearted[adv+a] love-sick[adv+a] boyfriend[S+complement] peace-loving[V+O] snapdecision[V+O] easychair[a+n] on-coming[V+adv] tax-free[adv+a] light-blue[a+a] goings-on[V+adv]4. well-bred/well-behaved culture-bound/homebound needlework/homework praiseworthy/respectworthy bar-woman/sportswoman nation-wide/college-wide clear-minded/strong-minded military-style/newstyle self-control/self-respect budget-related/politics-related water-proof/fire-proof once-fashionable/once-powerful news-film/news-letter mock-attack/mock-sadness sister-in-law/father-in-law home-baked/home-produced half-way/half-done ever-lasting/ever-green age-conscious/status-conscious campus-based/market-basedConversion7. a. stomach[n→v] b. room[n→v] c. wolf[n→v] d. come/go[v→n] e. familiar[a→n] f. innocent[a→n] g. flat[a→n] h.ah/ouch[int→v] i. warm[a→n] j. has-been/might-have-been[finitev→n] k. Hamlet[propern→v] l. buy[v→n] m. smooth[a→v]Blendingmotel <motor+hotel>humint <human+intelligence>advertisetics <advertisement+statistics>psywarrior <psychologicalwarrior>hoverport <hovercraft+port>chunnel <channel+tunnel>hi-fi <high+fidelity>cinemactress<cinema+actress>Clippingcopter<helicopter> dorm<dormitory>lab<laboratory> prefab<prefabricatedhouse>gas<gasoline> prof<professor> scope<telescope>champ<champion> sarge<sergeant>mike<microphone> ad<advertisement>tec<detective>Acronymy2. kg=kilogram ft=footcf=confercm=centimeter $=dollar ibid=ibidem etc.=etcetera VIP=veryimportantpersonOPEC=OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountriesTOEFL=teachingofEnglishasaforeignlanguage3. a. SALTb. radarc. AIDSd. BASICe. Laserf. WHOg. sonarh. G-manBackformation2. lase<laser>escalate<escalator>babysit<babysitter>peeve<peevish>orate<orator>commute<commuter>CommonizationofProperNamesa.tantalize—Tantalusb.Argus-eyed—Argusc.narcissism—Narcissusd.sabotage—sabotse.martinet—Martinetf.—Yahoog.Shylock—Shylockh.hoovering—Hooveri.utopia—Utopiaj.UncleTommism—UncleTom[Chapter5]6. apes—b birds—a cattle—m cricket—n doves—c foxes—j geese—k sheep—f wolves—g monkeys—e pigs—l hyenas—h turkeys—d swans—i9. a. Ascientistworkinginaprojecttodevelopindustrialusesfornuclear powermighthaveallthepositive associationswith"atomic",suchas "benefit,energy",etc. b. AJapaneseresidentofHiroshima,victimoftheatomicexplosionattheendofWorldWarII,mighthaveallthenegativeassociationswith"atomic",suchas"suffering,killing,death,horror",etc. c. Toastudentofnuclearphysics,"atomic"mightbeassociatedwith"mystery,science,knowledge",etc.10. talkative:implyingafondnessfortalkingfrequentlyandatlength<neutral>articulate:expressingoneselfeasilyandclearly<positive>gossip:indulginginidletalkorrumoursaboutothers<negative>rambling:talkingaimlesslywithoutconnectionofideas<negative>fluent:speakingeasily,smoothly,andexpressively<positive>mouthy:overtlytalkative,especiallyinarudeway<nagative>11.NoAppreciativeNeutralPejorative1particularfastidious/fussy2criticalfault-finding/picky3style/voguefad4artful cunning/sly5unstablefickle/capricious6developingunderdeveloped/ backward7encourage/promoteinstigate8groupclique/gang14. bull [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +BOVINE] cow [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +BOVINE] calf [-HUMAN +MALE -ADULT +BOVINE] rooster [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +GALLINE] hen [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +GALLINE] chicken [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]-HUMANbullcowcalf+BOVINEroosterhenchicken+GALLINE+MALE-MALE+ADULT[Chapter6]Polysemy4.Homonymy4. 1> Makebothendsmeatisaparodyofmakebothendsmeetwhichmeans"haveenoughmoneyforone’sneeds".Herethebutchercleverlyusesthepairofhomonymsmeatandmeettomakeapun.Itmakesaproperanswertothelady’squestion.<1>Butcherscannotmakebothendsmeat<makewholesausageswithallmeat>becausetheycannotmakebothendsmeet<Iftheymadesausageswithallmeat,whichismorecostly,theywouldnotearnenoughmoneytosurvive.><2>Don’tcomplain.Allthebutchersdothesame.Iamnottheonlyonewhoismakingsausageswithbread.2> Swallowisabirdwhichisseeninsummer.Butbyoneswallowwesee,wecannotdeducethatitisalreadysummertime.Swallowcanalsomeanamouthfulofwine.Onacoldwinterday,ifonehasaswallowofwine,onemayfeelwarm.3>armshastwomeanings:weapons;thehumanupperlimbs.Since"acannon balltookoffhislegs",thesoldierwasnotabletofighton,sohe"laiddown hisarms",whichmeans"surrender".Itcanalsomeanhelaiddownhisupper limbs.Synonymy3. avaricious: greedy courteously: politely emancipate: setfree customary: usual width: breadth adversary: opponent gullible: deceived remainder: residue innocent: sinless obstacle: obstruction vexation: annoyance5. a.identifiable b.safetyc.motivates d.delicatee.surroundings f.artificialg.prestige h.perspirei.accomplishment j.silentk.impressive l.evaporate6. run move spin turn whirl roll7. a.stead b.gee-gee c.ripe d.mature e.effective f.efficient g.fatigued,children h.tired,kids i.declined j.refused k.rancid l.addled m.Penalties n.fines o.rebuked p.accusedAntonymy5. a.similar/same b.safec.sharp/smart d.sende.stingy/selfish h.simplef.significant/sensible i.sureg.skeptical/suspicious l.smoothj.slipshod/slovenly/sloppyk.sleepiness/sleep/slumberm.subjective n.sob/scowl6. a.old-fashioned b.completelyc.moisture d.speciale.essential f.similarityg.innocent h.rigidi.loosen j.clarityk.deserted l.fruitfulm.peremptory n.depressedo.indifferent7. a.feed—starve,cold-fever b.wisdom—folliesc.haste—leisured.penny—pound,wise—foolishe.speech—silencef.absence—presenceg.admonish—praisei.wisemen—foolsh.young—oldprivate—publicsaint—devilj.mind—bodyk.foul—fairl.danger—securitym.deliberate--promptn.children—parentso.bully—coward p.head—tail8.right—wrong single—returndry—sweet hard—easystrong—faint rough—calmlight—dark cold—warmhigh—low/deepHyponymy3. furniture: desk,chair,table,bedmatter: liquid,gas,solidmeat: pork,beef,muttongo: run,fly,walk4. profession workplacesurgeon: clinic,hospitalplumber: house,buildinglawyer: office,lawcourtsmechanic: garagephotographer: studio foreman: worksite,factorycombmirrorhairbrush5. combmirrorhairbrushsleepersrugsleepersrugdressingtabledressingtableBEDROOMBEDROOMcarpetcarpetdressinggowndressinggownbedmattressbedmattresswardrobeclotheswardrobeclothessheetspillowssheetspillowspyjamaspyjamasblanketsblankets6. InSentence1,got,furniture,recentlyaresuperordinatesbecausetheyaregeneralandconveyaveryvagueideawhereasinSentence2,thethreewordsarereplacedrespectivelybybought,cupboard,threedaysago,whicharesubordinates,conveyingadefiniteandclearidea.SoSentence2isbetterthanSentence1.In3,itissaid,magnificentbuilding,destroyed,yesterdayaresuperordinateterms,whicharecomparativelymuchmoregeneralthanthenewssays,RoyalHotel,burntdown,lastnightrespectivelyin4,whichcanbedescribedassubordinates.Since4isclearerthan3inmeaning,itisbetter.Semanticfield3. Group1issynonymouslysemanticfieldandGroup2issemanticfiled.Thedifferencelies:In1thewordsaresynonyms,noneofthemcoversthemeaningofanother,andtheydifferonlyinstyleandemotivevalues.In2thewordsarenotsynonyms,buteachreferstoaspecifictypeofhorse.Horseisacovertermorsuperordinate,andothersaresubordinates.Thesetermshavenodifferenceinstyleoraffectivemeaning.[Chapter7]4. 1> extension 2> extension3> narrowing 4> degradation5> elevation 6> narrowing7> extension 8> extension9> narrowing 10> elevation11>narrowing 12> degradation13>degradation 14> degradation5. a.associatedtransfer b.abstracttoconcretec.abstracttoconcrete d.abstracttoconcretee.abstracttoconcrete f.abstractofconcreteg.associatedtransferh.associatedtransferi.synesthesia j.synesthesia6. a.objective b.subjective,objectivec.objective d.subjectivee.subjective f.subjectiveg.subjective h.subjective,objective7. a.die b.graveyardc.bedlam瘋?cè)嗽篸.oldpeoplee. strike f.Policemang. stupidpupil h.poorpeoplei. toilet j.fatpersonk. unemployedmother [Chapter8]2. a.torepairb.

measurementanddeterminationofone’spositionc.

predicamentd.

injectiona.

asinglecompletedividingpart<ofarocket>b.

thetheatreoractingasa professionc.

aparticularpointorperiodinaprocessofdevelopmentd.

toplan,arrangeandcarryouta.

interchangeanddiscussionofideas,esp.formutualunderstandingorharmonyb.

conversationc.

awrittenconversation<ofaplay,etc.>3. a.synonym b.explanation/definitionc.antonym d.examplee.relevantdetails f.relevantdetailsg.relevantdetails 4. a.

stoppeopledrinkingstopdrinkingbythemselvesb.

astonehousewhichisbigahousebuiltofbigstonesc.

apicturepossessedbyBettyaphotographofBettyd.

auntswhoarevisitingpayingavisittoauntse.

takeJaneashiswifepresideoverJane’sweddingf.aweaponthatcanflyoverlongdistanceandthatitexplodeswhenit hitsthethingitaimsatanobjectthatisthrownatsomebodyinordertohurthim[Chapter9]6. a—2> b—9> c—3> d—6> e—1> f—8> g—5> h—4> i—7> j—10>7. a. standoutagainst b. approveof c. get…overwith d. lookinginto e. comeupwith f. complywith g. cashedinon h. gowithout i. toprofitby/from j. dutdown…to8. acoolcat=areallycalmpersonblowone'sstack=losecontroloveroneselfflyoffthehandle=becomeexcessivelyangrywhat'smore=furthermoregetawaywith=commitanillegitimateactwithoutpenaltyofcourse=naturallygeton=getoldpepperandsalt=grey<hair>makeupfor=compensateforlosttime=timewastedtakeiteasy=relax,notworrygetup=risefrombedturnin=gointobedtakecareof=manageorlookafterlikeabreeze=withouteffortoreasilytimeoff=timeforrestgetitmade=besuccessfulthisisit=beinapositionorplace,orhavepossessionofanobject beyondwhichmoreofthesameisunnecessarySamisreallyacalmperson.Heneverlosescontrolofhimselfandhardlyeverbecomestooangry.Furthermore,heknowshowtomanagehisbusinessfinanciallybyusingafewtricks…Needlesstosay,he,too,isgettingolder.Hishairisbeginningtoturngrey,butheknowshowtocompensateforwastedtimebyrelaxing.Herisesearly,exercises,andgoestobedearly.Hemanageshisfrankfurterdispensarywithoutvisibleeffort,untilitissomeoneelse'sturntoworkthere.Samissuccessful,hehasreachedhislife'sgoal.9. a. "Well,it'stheoldstoryofthestitchin time,"hesaid.Astitchintimesavesnine. b. Fleur'sheadwaslostinthetool-box,buthervoicewasheardsaying:"Too manycooks,betterletme."Toomanycooksspoilthebroth. c. Butnotmanyotherpeopleheldthatviewdiscerninghisfingerstillverylarge ineverypie—somuchsothatthereoftenseemedlesspiethanfinger.haveafingerinthepie d. I’mthinkingofputtingupa"Silenceisgolden"placardinhisoffice.Nobody canhearthemselvesthink.Speechissilver,silenceisgolden.e. Theyfourhadonelikeness:theirappearanceandtheirworkwasasitwerea wheelinthemiddleofawheel. wheelwithinwheels f. Hequotesthemextensivelynevertheless,togetherwithotherequallysuspect evidence,becauseotherwisehewouldhavenostrawwithwhichtomakehis bricks.makebrickswithoutstraw10. windandweather wheelinganddealing waifsandstrays townandgown topandtail timeaftertime rulesandregulations riseandfall ragsandtatters puffandblow pickandshovel peaceandquiet overandabove oneandonly

offandon neckandneck

shouldertoshoulder moanandgroan

milkandwater manandbeast11. a. 好奇?zhèn)怼?b. 聞聲知鳥。／聞言知人。 c. 種瓜得瓜。／種豆得豆。 d. 美貌只是一層皮。／不可以貌取人。 e. 良藥苦口。 f. 謹(jǐn)慎是安全之本。