四川專升本英語(yǔ)備考資料

第一章 核心詞匯第一節(jié)常用構(gòu)詞法英語(yǔ)作為一門外語(yǔ)，對(duì)于大多數(shù)的學(xué)習(xí)者和考生來(lái)說(shuō)，能否學(xué)好、考好在很大程度上取決于是否能夠掌握足夠的詞匯量。詞匯量可以說(shuō)是英語(yǔ)水平能否更上層樓的瓶頸。擴(kuò)大詞匯量可以通過(guò)多種途徑，例如可以通過(guò)朗讀、閱讀、做題等方法復(fù)習(xí)穩(wěn)固已有詞匯，同時(shí)也可以通過(guò)機(jī)械記憶、聯(lián)想記憶等方法來(lái)幫助記憶擴(kuò)充新詞匯。而通過(guò)構(gòu)詞法來(lái)記憶單詞可以說(shuō)是一種能夠舉一反三、事半功倍的有效方法。英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法是指英語(yǔ)單詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)律。英語(yǔ)中很多詞匯的構(gòu)成都有一定的規(guī)律，這些規(guī)律統(tǒng)稱為構(gòu)詞法。了解并掌握構(gòu)詞法，可以有效地幫助我們更好地理解詞義，識(shí)別新詞，擴(kuò)大詞匯量。英語(yǔ)中常用構(gòu)詞法有以下三種：轉(zhuǎn)化法、合成法和派生法。1.轉(zhuǎn)化法(Conversion)轉(zhuǎn)化法是指一個(gè)單詞在詞形不變的情況下，由一種詞類轉(zhuǎn)換為另一種詞類。轉(zhuǎn)化后的詞義與轉(zhuǎn)化前的詞義通常有著密切的聯(lián)系。轉(zhuǎn)化法主要包含以下幾種：(1)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞。一些表示物體、身體部位的名詞，可以用作動(dòng)詞，表示動(dòng)作。如：air,back,mark,point,book，box，chair，house，seat，bridge，dust，oil，water，ear，eye，back等。如：I’vebookedtwotickets.我訂了兩張票。Whochairedthemeeting?誰(shuí)主持的會(huì)議？Thishallcanseattenthousandpeople.這個(gè)大廳可以坐一萬(wàn)人。Sheeyedhimsuspiciously.她疑心地看了看他。(2)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞。如：attack，advance，chat，cry，dream，drink，fight，look，quarrel，rest，ride，smoke，swim，try，talk，wash，guess，call，visit，attempt等。這類詞?？梢耘c動(dòng)詞have或make等構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)，表示動(dòng)作。(3)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞。一些形容詞可轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞使用。如：brave,right,better,dirty，busy，warm，slow，quiet，thin，empty，waste，wrong。如：Hebusiedhimselfwithmuchhomework.很多工作使他忙得不可開(kāi)交。You’lldirtyyourhandsifyoutouchthatmachine.如果你碰那臺(tái)機(jī)器，會(huì)弄臟你的手的。Youaredrivingtoofast，slowdownabit.你開(kāi)太快了，放慢點(diǎn)兒速度。2.合成法(Compounding)由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的詞直接組合成一個(gè)新詞，這種構(gòu)詞法稱為合成法。有些合成詞要用連字符連接，有的可直接寫在一起。合成法合成的詞主要包含以下三類：1)合成名詞video-tape錄像帶handwriting書(shū)法living-room起居室pickpocket扒手get-together聚會(huì)greenhouse溫室blackboard黑板boiling-point沸點(diǎn)by-product副產(chǎn)品downfall瀑布handbook手冊(cè)handwriting書(shū)法hardware硬件network網(wǎng)絡(luò)output產(chǎn)量post-graduate研究生skyscraper摩天大樓software軟件toothpick牙簽typewriter打字員underworld黑社會(huì)weekend周末well-being福利workplace工作場(chǎng)所2)合成形容詞warm-hearted熱心腸的good-looking相貌好看的new-born新生的newly-wed新婚的(者)peace-loving熱愛(ài)和平的home-made國(guó)產(chǎn)的；家做的air-tight密封的all-round全面的duty-free免稅的face-to-face面對(duì)面的far-reaching影響深遠(yuǎn)的first-rate一流的labour-saving節(jié)省勞力的large-scale大規(guī)模的man-made人造的new-type新型的power-generating發(fā)電的red-hot熾熱的snow-white雪白的state-owned國(guó)有的underwater水下的worldwide世界范圍的world-famous世界著名的3)合成動(dòng)詞counteroffer還價(jià)fine-comb仔細(xì)搜查daydream做白日夢(mèng)overlook無(wú)視heat-treat熱加工mass-produce批量生產(chǎn)outline概述overthrow推翻sightsee觀光sweet-talk講甜言蜜語(yǔ)undergo經(jīng)歷uphold支持whitewash刷白work-harden加工硬化3.派生法(Derivation)在一個(gè)詞根(root)的前面或后面加上某個(gè)詞綴來(lái)產(chǎn)生一個(gè)新詞，這種構(gòu)詞法稱為派生法。加在詞根前面的詞綴叫前綴(prefix)，加在詞根后面的詞綴叫后綴(suffix)。一般來(lái)講，前綴只改變?cè)~的意義，不改變其詞性；而后綴不僅能改變?cè)~義，而且能改變其詞性。派生法生成的新詞包含以下幾類：(1)派生名詞。動(dòng)詞加后綴-er，-ment，-tion,-ation等可派生成名詞。如：driver，movement,examination。許多形容詞加后綴-ity，-ness等也可構(gòu)成名詞，如：darkness,happiness,purity等。(2)派生形容詞。許多名詞加后綴-y，-k，-ical，-ful，-less等，可構(gòu)成形容詞。如：dirty,hopeful,careless,economical,poetic。而一些動(dòng)詞加后綴-able等可構(gòu)成形容詞。如：washable,drinkable。(3)派生動(dòng)詞。許多名詞和形容詞加后綴-ize，-ify等可構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞。如：modernize,beautify,simplify,computerize。(4)派生副詞。大多數(shù)形容詞加后綴-ly可構(gòu)成副詞。如：easily,quickly。(5)反義詞的構(gòu)成：通過(guò)加前綴un-，in-，im-，il-，ir-，dis-，de-，non-等，使詞產(chǎn)生相反的意義，或引起一些意義上的變化，如unhappy,independent,impossible,illegal,irregular,dishonest,nonsmoker。以下是英語(yǔ)中的常用詞綴及派生詞：1)常用前綴anti-反對(duì)：antibody抗體anticancer抗癌的antifreeze防凍劑antismoking反對(duì)吸煙antisocial反社會(huì)的antiwar反戰(zhàn)的auto-自動(dòng)：autoalarm自動(dòng)報(bào)警器autoland自動(dòng)著陸automaton自動(dòng)操作裝置automatic自動(dòng)的automation自動(dòng)化autotimer自動(dòng)定時(shí)器bi-雙的：bi-centric兩個(gè)中心的bicultural二元文化的bicycle自行車bimonthly雙月刊bi-motor雙發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的bi-national兩個(gè)國(guó)家的counter-反：counteract對(duì)抗counterattack反攻countercurrent逆流counterforce阻力countermeasure對(duì)抗手段counterview對(duì)立觀點(diǎn)dis-否認(rèn)：disadvantage不利條件disagree不一致disbelieve不相信dishonesty不老實(shí)dislike不喜愛(ài)dissatisfied不滿的fore-先的：forefather祖先f(wàn)oresee預(yù)見(jiàn)foresight遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)foretell預(yù)言forethought深謀遠(yuǎn)慮forewarn預(yù)先警告il-／im-／in-／ir-不：illegal非法的illogical不合邏輯的immature未成熟的immeasurable不可測(cè)量的informal非正式的inaccurate不準(zhǔn)確的irregular不規(guī)那么的irresponsible不負(fù)責(zé)任的inter-互相：interact相互作用interconnection相互連接intercontinental洲際的interchange相互交換international國(guó)際的interplay相互影響kilo-千：kilobyte1000比特kilocalorie1000卡(熱量)kilocycle1000周(頻率)kilogram公斤=1000克kilometer公里=1000米kilowatt1000瓦(功率)micro-小，微：microanalysis微量分析microbiology微生物學(xué)microeconomics微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)microphone麥克風(fēng)(擴(kuò)音器)microscope顯微鏡microwave微波mis-錯(cuò)誤的：misbelief錯(cuò)誤想法misfortune不幸，災(zāi)難mislead誤導(dǎo)，誤解misstate錯(cuò)誤陳述misstep失足，失策misunderstand誤解multi-多：multichannel多頻道的multicolor多種顏色multiform多種多樣的multimedia多媒體(的)multi-national多國(guó)的multipurpose多用途的non-非，不：non-ability無(wú)能non-business非商業(yè)的non-confidence不信任nonmetal非金屬nonsense廢話，胡說(shuō)non-smoker非吸煙者over-過(guò)于：overact動(dòng)作過(guò)度overcrowd過(guò)度擁擠overflow溢出，泛濫overload超載，過(guò)度負(fù)荷overpopulated人口過(guò)多的oversleep睡眠過(guò)久post-后的：postdate把日期推遲postdoctoral博士后的postgraduate研究生post-election選舉后的post-tax付稅后的postwar戰(zhàn)后的pre-前、預(yù)先：preheat預(yù)熱pre-liberation解放前的prepare預(yù)備，準(zhǔn)備preschool入學(xué)前的preview預(yù)習(xí)prewar戰(zhàn)前的re-重新：recall回憶，記憶reform改革，改進(jìn)renew更新，重建repeat重復(fù)，重播retell復(fù)述，再講review復(fù)習(xí)，溫習(xí)self-自身的，自動(dòng)的：self-care自我護(hù)理的self-control自我控制self-important自大的self-made白手起家的self-operating自動(dòng)的self-taught自學(xué)的semi-半：semicircle半圓形semiconductor半導(dǎo)體semidiameter半徑semifinal半決賽(的)semimonthly半月刊semiofficial非正式的sub-下面的：subconscious潛意識(shí)的subdivide再分，細(xì)分submarine潛水艇subsoil底土，下層土subtitle副標(biāo)題，小標(biāo)題subway地鐵super-超級(jí)，上層：superficial外表的，淺薄的superior優(yōu)秀的，長(zhǎng)輩superman超人supermarket超級(jí)市場(chǎng)supernatural超自然的supersonic超音速的tele-遠(yuǎn)，電信：telecommunication遠(yuǎn)距離通信telegram電報(bào)telephone，打telescope望遠(yuǎn)鏡telecast電視節(jié)目television電視trans-跨越，轉(zhuǎn)移：transaction處理，交易transatlantic橫渡大西洋的transform轉(zhuǎn)換，變形translate翻譯，移動(dòng)transmit傳送，傳播transport送輸，運(yùn)送un-否認(rèn)：unashamed不知恥的unbelief疑心，無(wú)信仰unchangeable不變的unfinished未完成的unhappy不快樂(lè)unwilling勉強(qiáng)的un-相反(后接v.)uncover揭露undress脫去衣服unload卸貨，解除負(fù)擔(dān)unlock開(kāi)鎖，揭開(kāi)untie解開(kāi)，翻開(kāi)unwrap翻開(kāi)(包裹)under-在下面，不夠地underage未成年的underdeveloped欠興旺的underemployment就業(yè)率低underestimate低估underground地下鐵道undertake從事，擔(dān)任uni-單：uniform制服union聯(lián)合，結(jié)合unique唯一的，獨(dú)一無(wú)二unify統(tǒng)一unity單一，一致universal宇宙的，全世界vice-副的：vice-chairman副主席vice-governor副州長(zhǎng)，副總督vice-minister副部長(zhǎng)vice-premier副總理vice-president副總統(tǒng)vice-principal副校長(zhǎng)2)常用后綴(1)名詞后綴A.用于構(gòu)成表示“……人〞的名詞性后綴：-an，-ant，-ar，-ee，-eer，-ent，-er，-ese，-ist，-ive，-man，-or等。American美國(guó)人German德國(guó)人musician音樂(lè)家physician內(nèi)科醫(yī)生European歐洲人Italian意大利人assistant助手，助教inhabitant居民tenant房客beggar乞丐liar說(shuō)謊者scholar學(xué)者committee委員會(huì)employee雇員trainee受訓(xùn)人員trustee理事engineer工程師mountaineer登山者pioneer拓荒者volunteer志愿者agent代理人correspondent通信者opponent反對(duì)者president總統(tǒng)resident居民student學(xué)生baker面包師傅commander司令官customer顧客gardener園丁leader領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者Londoner倫敦人manufacturer制造商mariner海員messenger使者miller磨坊主murderer謀殺者owner所有者philosopher哲學(xué)家prisoner犯人producer生產(chǎn)者Chinese中國(guó)人Japanese日本人Portuguese葡萄牙人communist共產(chǎn)主義者novelist小說(shuō)家pianist鋼琴家specialist專家tourist旅游者typist打字員captive俘虜native本地人operative工人，技工relative親戚chairman主席fisherman漁夫postman郵差salesman售貨員sportsman運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)statesman政治家actor演員ambassador大使conqueror征服者counselor參謀editor編輯governor統(tǒng)治者inspector檢察官successor繼承者neighbor鄰居tailor裁縫師tutor家庭教師B.用于構(gòu)成表示行為，性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)等抽象名詞的后綴：-age，-ance，-ence，-hood，-ic，-ics，-ing，-ion，-ism，-ment，-ness，-ry，-ship，-th，-ty，-ure等。courage勇氣marriage結(jié)婚shortage缺乏usage慣用法ignorance無(wú)知appearance外表assistance幫助attendance出席absence缺席acceptance接受confidence自信dependence依靠boyhood少年時(shí)代childhood童年livelihood生計(jì)neighborhood鄰近地區(qū)arithmetic算術(shù)logic邏輯學(xué)magic魔術(shù)mathematics數(shù)學(xué)phonetics語(yǔ)音學(xué)physics物理學(xué)aging衰老blessing祝福clothing衣服exciting令人興奮的feeling感情wedding婚禮addition附加civilization文明extension擴(kuò)張division分開(kāi)discussion討論invitation邀請(qǐng)protection保護(hù)quotation引用communism共產(chǎn)主義heroism英雄主義Marxism馬克思主義modernism現(xiàn)代主義optimism樂(lè)觀主義pessimism悲觀主義agreement協(xié)議argument爭(zhēng)論government政府judgement評(píng)判movement運(yùn)動(dòng)settlement解決treatment處理business商業(yè)consciousness意識(shí)friendliness友好goodness善良happiness幸福illness疾病kindness仁慈likeness相似madness瘋狂bravery勇敢luxury奢侈mystery神秘slavery奴隸制度citizenship公民職責(zé)fellowship友情friendship友誼hardship困苦partnership合作relationship關(guān)系scholarship學(xué)識(shí)breadth寬度death死growth生長(zhǎng)health健康length長(zhǎng)度truth真理warmth溫暖ability能力certainty確信cruelty殘忍loyalty忠貞ninety九十poverty貧困reality現(xiàn)實(shí)sixty六十creature生物exposure曝光failure失敗furniture家具literature文學(xué)mixture混合pressure壓力(2)形容詞后綴-able，-ible，-al，-an，-ant，-ent，-lar，-ary，-ed，-en，-ern，-ful，-ical，-ing，-ish，-ive，-less，-like，-ly，-ous，-y：acceptable可接受的available可利用的changeable易變的eatable可吃的noticeable值得注意的reasonable合理的suitable適合的unforgettable令人難忘的horrible可怕的negligible可忽略的permissible允許的responsible負(fù)責(zé)的federal聯(lián)邦制的national國(guó)家的natural天然的racial種族的American美國(guó)的European歐洲的republican共和政體的Christian基督教的brilliant燦爛的pleasant令人愉快的significant重大的consistent一貫的dependent依賴的fluent流利的obedient順從的circular圓的，巡回的familiar熟悉的popular普遍的similar類似的，同樣的customary習(xí)慣的elementary根底的imaginary想象的secondary次要的aged年老的bearded有胡須的crowned有皇冠的cultured有修養(yǎng)的gifted有天賦的talented有才能的earthen土制的golden金色的wooden木制的woolen羊毛制的eastern東方的northern北方的southern南方的western西方的beautiful美麗的careful小心的faithful忠誠(chéng)的fruitful有收獲的graceful優(yōu)雅的powerful強(qiáng)大的shameful可恥的thoughtful深思的chemical化學(xué)的historical歷史的physical物質(zhì)的political政治的technical工藝的typical典型的astonishing驚異的charming迷人的daring大膽的lasting持久的striking顯著的willing愿意的bookish迂腐的childish幼稚的feverish狂熱的selfish自私的expensive昂貴的progressive進(jìn)步的aimless無(wú)目標(biāo)的fearless無(wú)畏的priceless無(wú)價(jià)的useless無(wú)用的businesslike有條不紊的childlike天真的ladylike優(yōu)雅的warlike好戰(zhàn)的costly昂貴的friendly友好的lively活潑的monthly每月的famous著名的glorious榮耀的industrious勤勉的righteous公正的bloody血腥的cloudy多云的greedy貪心的rainy多雨的，下雨的thirsty口渴的worthy有價(jià)值的(3)動(dòng)詞后綴-en，-fy，-ize：darken使黑暗fasten系緊heighten增高lengthen延長(zhǎng)redden使臉紅sharpen使銳利strengthen加強(qiáng)threaten恐嚇weaken體弱widen加寬worsen變壞beautify美化classify分類identify確認(rèn)justify證明modify修飾purify精煉，使純潔qualify使合格satisfy使?jié)M足simplify使簡(jiǎn)化verify證實(shí)apologize抱歉civilize使文明化dramatize使戲劇化generalize概括，歸納modernize現(xiàn)代化organize組織realize實(shí)現(xiàn)specialize專門研究symbolize象征utilize利用，使用(4)副詞后綴-ly，-ward(s)，-way(s)，-wise：absolutely完全地actually真實(shí)地，實(shí)際地barely赤裸裸地heartily盡情地；關(guān)心地readily迅速地，容易地regularly定期地roughly粗魯?shù)豷hortly不久steadily穩(wěn)固地terribly可怕地violently劇烈地afterward(s)以后backward(s)向后地downward(s)向下地eastward(s)向東方homeward(s)回家地inward(s)內(nèi)部地outward(s)向外southward(s)向南方sunward(s)向陽(yáng)地upward(s)向上地always永遠(yuǎn)，總是anyway無(wú)論如何sideways往一側(cè)someway(s)以某種方法straightway立刻crosswise交叉地，斜穿地likewise同樣地otherwise否那么，要不然專項(xiàng)練習(xí)1.Being______ofmoney,shemanagedtosaveenoughforaholiday.A.economicB.economicalC.economicsD.economies2.Theonly______forhisstrangebehavioristhathe’sbeenworkingtoohard.A.explanationB.explainingC.explainD.explained3.Hestoodthere______,notknowingwhattodo.A.helpfulB.helplesslyC.helplessD.helpfully4.Shelookedupandsmiled______ashecamein.A.pleasedB.pleasantC.pleasureD.pleasantly5.Alawyerneedsan______secretary.A.inefficientB.efficientC.effectiveD.sufficient6.Ididvery______thefirsttimeItookmyentranceexamination.A.poorlyB.poorC.povertyD.poorness7.Thatmanistheonly______oftheroadaccident.A.survivalB.surviveC.survivingD.survivor8.Thecarhitthehousewithsuch______thatitbrokethewall.A.forcefulB.forcefullyC.forceD.forced9.Thetwobrothersareonly______inappearance.A.likeB.alikeC.likelyD.liked10.IlikeNewYork______becauseIwasbornthere.A.partlyB.partC.topartD.partof11.Real______ismorevaluablethanmoney.A.friendB.friendlyC.friendshipD.friends12.Womenareoftensaidtobemore______thanmen.A.emotionsB.motionsC.emotionalD.emotive13.Itwilltakean______twoweekstofinishthework.A.additionB.addC.additionallyD.additional14.It’ssocloudythatI______it’sgoingtorain.A.sensibleB.senseC.sensiblyD.sensitize15.SanFranciscoisusuallycoolinthesummer,butLosAngeles______.A.israrelyB.rarelyisC.ishardlyD.isscarcely16.He______himselfonhisabilitytospeakfourlanguages.A.proudB.proudlyC.proudofD.prided17.Childrenshouldbeencouragedtobe______.A.creativeB.createdC.creatingD.creatively18.Thestaffinofficedonotconsidertheirboss______anymoreaftertheyhaveknownthatheforgeshiscertificate.A.respectiveB.respectingC.respectableD.respectful19.Hegaveusavery______welcome.A.heartyB.heartC.heartilyD.hearted20.Theoverseasfoundthecityhas______greatchangessincetheyvisitedlastyear.A.undertakenB.overgrownC.undergoneD.overdone21.I’mreallyverysorry.Thewholethingwasdueto______A.anunderstandingB.amisunderstandingC.understandD.understood22.Wemust______onwaterduringthedryseason.A.economicalB.economyC.economizeD.economically23.Weshouldkeepa______eyeontheprisonerseverymoment.A.jealousB.enviousC.jealousyD.envy24.Wemustfertilizethesoiltomakeitmore______.A.productionB.productivelyC.productsD.productive25.The______ofthesoilruinedthecrops.A.dryB.dryingC.driedD.dryness26.Thedoctoristryingtosavethepatientbyevery______means.A.imaginativeB.imaginableC.imaginaryD.imagination27.TheGreensarevery______people.Theyliketogivepartiesverymuch.A.socialistB.sociallyC.sociableD.socialized28.It’s______thatsomanypeoplelikethat______TVprogram.A.amazing;boredB.amazed;boringC.amazed;boredD.amazing;boring29.Hesaiditwas______formetogotocollege.A.adviseB.adviceC.advisableD.advising30.Youmustwalkthroughtheunderground______togetacrossthatbusystreet.A.pastB.passageC.passengerD.passing參考答案1.B2.A3.C4.D5.B6.A7.D8.C9.B10.A11.C12.C13.D14.B15.B16.D17.A18.C19.A20.C21.B22.C23.A24.D25.D26.B27.C28.D29.C30.B第二節(jié)專升本必備核心單詞A以下單詞出現(xiàn)“同〞表示“同義詞〞、“搭〞表示“搭配〞、“辨〞表示“辨析〞、“例〞表示“例句〞。abandonv.放棄；拋棄，離棄同cease，depart，quit，withdraw【搭】abandononeselfto沉溺于；聽(tīng)任……擺布【辨】abandon和giveup。abandon指因?yàn)橥饨绲脑?如影響或壓力等)而完全放棄：Maryhadtoabandonhertripbecauseofhermother’sillness.由于母親生病,瑪麗不得不放棄旅行。giveup指放棄或中止某種習(xí)慣、方案、努力等，其后可接賓語(yǔ)也可不接賓語(yǔ)：—Yououghttogiveupsmoking.—Igaveituplastyear.——你應(yīng)該戒煙?！胰ツ昃徒涞袅恕＃劾軹hedriverabandonedhiscarinthesnow.司機(jī)把汽車拋棄在雪地里。Thenext-bestsolutionistoabandontheprojectaltogether.僅次于最正確的解決方法是放棄全部方案。abidev.堅(jiān)持；遵守；容忍同bear，endure，tolerate【搭】abideby遵守，履行［例］Hecouldnotabideanyrudebehaviour.他不能容忍任何無(wú)禮的行為。Hecannotabidetostayinonepositionforlong.他無(wú)法忍受長(zhǎng)久待在同一職位上。abolishv.廢除，取消同abandon，cancel，destroy［例］Therearemanybadcustomsandlawsthatoughttobeabolished.有許多不良的習(xí)俗和法規(guī)應(yīng)予以廢除。AbrahamLincolnabolishedslaveryintheUnitedStates.亞伯拉罕·林肯在美國(guó)廢除了奴隸制。absencen.沒(méi)有,缺乏;缺席同lack，scarcity，shortage【搭】intheabsenceof沒(méi)有,缺乏［例］Whatwastherealreasonforyourabsence?你缺席的真正原因是什么？Wemustinventanexcuseforourabsence.我們必須為缺席編造一個(gè)借口。absolutea.絕對(duì)的；完全的；專制的；確實(shí)的，確定的同complete，entire，perfect，total［例］Ihaveabsolutetrustintheskillofdoctors.我絕對(duì)相信醫(yī)生的醫(yī)術(shù)。Thepolicehasfoundabsoluteproofofhisguilt.警方已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)他犯罪確實(shí)鑿證據(jù)。absorbv.吸收；吸引……的注意,使全神貫注同involve，occupy【搭】beabsorbedin專心于［例］Plantsabsorbmineralsandothernutrientsfromthesoil.植物從泥土中吸收礦物質(zhì)和其他養(yǎng)料。Thecleverboyabsorbedalltheknowledgehisteachercouldgivehim.那個(gè)聰明的男孩把他老師所能教他的所有知識(shí)都吸收了。abstracta.抽象的；深?yuàn)W的n.摘要；抽象v.摘要；提取，抽取同a.theoreticaln.extract，outline，summary［例］Wemaytalkofbeautifulthings,butbeautyitselfisabstract.我們盡可談?wù)撁赖氖挛?，然而美本身卻是抽象的。Maryabstractedastoryforthebookreview.瑪麗為這篇書(shū)評(píng)寫故事梗概。absurda.愚蠢的；荒唐的同childish，comic，ridiculous［例］Whatanabsurdproposal!多荒唐的提議??！Itwasabsurdofyoutosuggestsuchathing.你居然建議這樣的事，太可笑了。abusev.濫用；謾罵n.濫用；謾罵，毀謗同v.misuse,curse,insultn.misuse,insult,mistreatment［例］It’seasytoabuseone’spower.人容易濫用權(quán)力。Thegovernmenthassetupaworkingpartytolookintotheproblemofdrugabuse.政府已成立工作組調(diào)查濫用毒品問(wèn)題。acceleratev.加速；促進(jìn)同advance，quicken，rush［例］Theleaderislosinggroundastherestoftherunnersaccelerate.領(lǐng)先者在其余賽跑者加速時(shí)就逐漸失去了優(yōu)勢(shì)。Thegovernmenthavemadesomepoliciesthatwillacceleratethedevelopmentofmanufacturingindustry.政府已經(jīng)制定了一些加快制造業(yè)開(kāi)展的政策。accessn.接近，進(jìn)入；入口，通路；進(jìn)入的方法同approach，course，entry，passport［例］Asherprivatesecretaryhehasaccesstoallhercorrespondence.作為她的私人秘書(shū),他能接觸到她所有的信件。Everyseniorcitizenhasfreeaccesstothecitypark.每位老年人都可免費(fèi)進(jìn)入市立公園。accommodatev.留宿，收容；供給，供給；容納同hold，provide，supply［例］Thebankisaccommodatingitscustomersmorethanitusedto.這家銀行現(xiàn)在給客戶貸款比以前多了。Thecottagecouldaccommodateuptofourpeople.這間小屋最多能容納4個(gè)人。accommodationn.居住設(shè)施同housing，rooms，settlement［例］Thishotelhasaccommodationfor500guests.這家旅館能接待500位客人。Weofferhelpinorderingaccommodations.我們提供代客人預(yù)訂旅館住宿的效勞。accomplishv.完成，實(shí)現(xiàn)【辨】accomplish，complete，finish和fulfil。這幾個(gè)詞都有“完成〞的意思。accomplish有“成功地完成某事〞的意思，后常接的賓語(yǔ)有aim，task等:Ihaveaccomplishedagreatdealinthelastfewmonths.在過(guò)去的幾個(gè)月里，我完成了相當(dāng)多的工作。complete所完成的事較accomplish更為具體，有“補(bǔ)足缺少的局部使之完整或圓滿〞的含義，尤指建筑工程的竣工、文藝作品的完成等:Whenwilltherailwaybecompleted?鐵路何時(shí)建成?finish強(qiáng)調(diào)“結(jié)束〞，通常指日常事務(wù)的完成：Doyoufinishyourhomework?你做完功課了嗎？fulfil多指完成制定的目標(biāo)、任務(wù)、理想等，有“實(shí)現(xiàn)〞的含義：Inspiteofallthedifficulties,wefulfilledourtaskaheadofschedule.盡管有許多困難，我們還是提前完成了任務(wù)。［例］Weshouldnottrytoaccomplishtwotasksatonce.我們不能指望同時(shí)完成兩件工作。Thedelegationtriedtoarrangeapeace，butaccomplishednothing.代表團(tuán)試圖調(diào)停以實(shí)現(xiàn)和平，但是卻未能成功。accumulatev.積累，積蓄；堆積同collect，increase，save，store【辨】accumulate，gather和collect。accumulate表示“積累，聚集〞，指經(jīng)過(guò)一段時(shí)間連續(xù)不斷收集而使之愈來(lái)愈多，但并非有強(qiáng)烈的意圖：I’veaccumulatedquitealotofrarebooksovertheyears.我多年來(lái)積累了相當(dāng)多的珍貴書(shū)籍。gather與collect均表示“收集〞，有時(shí)可互換，如：gather／collectleaves收集葉子。但collect常指有目的、有方案或按一定的要求進(jìn)行收集，而gather沒(méi)有這層含義，如：collectbooks表示按內(nèi)容或順序收集書(shū)籍，而gatherbooks那么只表示把散著的書(shū)收好。［例］Astheevidencebegantoaccumulate,theexpertsfeltobligedtoinvestigate.當(dāng)證據(jù)日趨增多時(shí)，專家們感到必須進(jìn)行調(diào)查。Dustanddirtsoonaccumulateifahouseisnotcleanedregularly.房屋不經(jīng)常清掃，塵土很快就越積越多。accusev.控告，譴責(zé)同blame，charge【搭】accusesb.ofdoingsth.指控某人做了某事【辨】accuse和charge。accuse所表達(dá)的“指控，控告〞比擬直接和鋒利，但指控對(duì)方的事不一定很嚴(yán)重，有時(shí)可與charge通用，但accuse通常的搭配為accusesb.ofsth.：Sheaccusedhimoftheft.她控告他行竊。charge表示“指控，控告〞，一般用于較嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤或罪行，常用結(jié)構(gòu)為chargesb.withsth.：Hewaschargedwithmurder.他被指控犯有謀殺罪。［例］Heaccusedthemanofhavingcommittedacrime.他指控那個(gè)人有罪。Manoftenaccusesnatureforhisownmisfortunes.人類常把自身的不幸歸罪于天。acquaintv.使認(rèn)識(shí)，使了解同introduce,present【搭】acquaintoneselfwith熟悉,通曉acquaintsb.with...把……告訴某人［例］Pleaseacquainthimwithmyarrival.請(qǐng)通知他我到了。Iamacquaintedwithher.我認(rèn)識(shí)她。adaptv.適合；改編，改寫同adjust，fit，modify【搭】adaptto適應(yīng)［例］Hetriedhardtoadapthimselftothenewconditions.他努力使自己適應(yīng)新的情況。Theauthorisgoingtoadapthisplayfortelevision.作者將把他的劇本改編成電視劇。AdaptorperishisNature’sinexorableimperative.適者生存，不適者滅亡，這是自然界永不變更的規(guī)律。adequatea.足夠的，充分的；符合要求的同decent,enough,tolerable［例］Ourbodiesneedadequatenutrition.我們的身體需要充足的營(yíng)養(yǎng)。Andlastbutnotleastthereisthequestionofadequatefunding.最后同樣重要的是要有足夠的資金的問(wèn)題。adherev.黏附；遵守;堅(jiān)持同hold，stick，fast［例］Therewereseveralpagesthatadheredtoeachother.有幾頁(yè)書(shū)粘連在一起了。Theyadheredtothecontract.他們遵守了合同。adjustv.調(diào)節(jié)，校正；(使)適應(yīng)同adapt，alter，modify，vary【搭】adjustoneselfto...使自己適應(yīng)于……［例］Thiskindofdeskcanbeadjustedtotheheightyouneed.這種書(shū)桌的上下可以按照你的需要調(diào)節(jié)。administrationn.管理，經(jīng)營(yíng)；行政部門；政府［例］Shehasbeenlookingaftertheday-to-dayadministration.她一直在照管日常的行政工作。Thecompanydevelopedrapidlyunderhisadministration.在他的管理下，公司開(kāi)展得很快。adoptv.采用，采納；收養(yǎng)［例］Weshouldadopttheconsumers’suggestion.我們應(yīng)該接受用戶的建議。Mostcountriesadoptmetricsystem.大多數(shù)國(guó)家采用米制。advisern.參謀(=advisor)同consultant［例］Hebecamehersenioradviser,herdeputy,ifyouwill.他成了她的高級(jí)參謀——你要說(shuō)是她的副手也未嘗不可。ProfessorSmithservedasaspecialadvisertothePresident.史密斯教授曾做過(guò)總統(tǒng)的特別參謀。affectionn.愛(ài)，慈祥同fondness,tenderness,warmness［例］Hegavemeanecklaceasasymbolofhisaffection.他給了我一條項(xiàng)鏈作為愛(ài)情的象征。Everymotherhasaffectionforherchildren.每個(gè)母親都愛(ài)她的孩子。agonyn.苦惱；極大痛苦【辨】pain，ache和agony。這三個(gè)詞都有“苦惱；痛苦〞的意思。pain是一般用詞，可指短暫的或長(zhǎng)期的，局部的或全身的疼痛，程度比ache重，還可指內(nèi)心的痛苦，如：Hisbadbehaviourcausedhisparentsagreatdealofpain.他的不良行為使他的父母感到非常痛苦。ache常指局部持續(xù)不斷的隱痛，常和身體某部位的名稱組成復(fù)合詞，如：Hehasanacheintheback.他的背痛。agony指肉體的疼痛，也可指精神上的幾乎無(wú)法忍受的痛苦，如：Hissoulwaswrungwithagony.他的心靈深受痛苦的折磨。［例］Iwasinagonywithtoothache.我的牙疼極了。Sheisinanagonyofgrief,becauseherhusbandhasjustdied.她因丈夫剛?cè)ナ蓝鴺O為悲傷。aidv.輔助，援助，救助n.輔助，援助，救助【辨】aid,assist和help。這三個(gè)詞都有“幫助〞的意思，但aid較為正式，強(qiáng)調(diào)使受助者擺脫困難或危險(xiǎn)或強(qiáng)者援助弱者，也可指用金錢援助，如：Theyimmediatelygavehimthefirstaid.他們立即對(duì)他進(jìn)行了急救。assist協(xié)助，幫助，強(qiáng)調(diào)提供幫助的一方居次要地位，起助手的作用，如：Thenursesassistedthesurgeonintheoperation.護(hù)士協(xié)助外科醫(yī)生手術(shù)。help為最普通的詞，可用來(lái)替換aid或assist。［例］AidtotheThirdWorldatpresentislittlemorethanadropintheocean.目前對(duì)第三世界的援助不過(guò)是杯水車薪。Adictionaryisaninvaluableaidinlearninganewlanguage.在學(xué)習(xí)一種新語(yǔ)言時(shí)，詞典是非常有用的工具。alerta.警惕的；機(jī)靈的n.警報(bào)；警戒狀態(tài)；警戒期間v.使警覺(jué)同alarm,warningsignal［例］Althoughhe’sovereightyhismindisstillremarkablyalert.他雖已年過(guò)八十，但頭腦仍然十分機(jī)敏。Analertlistenerwillhavenoticedtheerror.耳朵尖的人能聽(tīng)出其中的錯(cuò)誤。alterv.改變，變樣同change,modify,vary［例］I’llhavetoalterthediagram.I’vemadeamistake.我得修改圖表，我出了點(diǎn)兒錯(cuò)。Circumstancesaltercases.具體情況具體分析。alternatea.交替的；預(yù)備的v.交替，輪流［例］MeetingsareheldonalternateThursdays.每隔一個(gè)星期的星期四舉行一次會(huì)議。Wealternateindoingthehousework.我們輪流做家務(wù)。ambiguousa.模棱兩可的［例］Thisisanambiguoussentence.這是一個(gè)模糊不清的句子。Hegaveusanambiguousanswer.他給了我們一個(gè)模棱兩可的答復(fù)。ambitionn.雄心，野心［例］Untilallisoverambitionneverdies.不到黃河心不死。Ambitionisacharacteristicofallsuccessfulbusinessmen.雄心勃勃是所有成功生意人的共同特點(diǎn)。amountn.數(shù)量v.合計(jì)，共計(jì)同number，sum，total［例］Theamountofunemployedcapitalisverylarge.未被利用的資金數(shù)量很大。Alargeamountofmoneyisspentonadvertisementseveryyear.每年都要花費(fèi)大量金錢在廣告上。Hisdebtsamounttofivethousanddollars.他欠的債共達(dá)五千美元。amplea.充分的，富裕的；寬敞的，寬大的【辨】adequate，ample和sufficient。這三個(gè)詞都含有“足夠的〞的意思。adequate指在數(shù)量或質(zhì)量上到達(dá)了令人滿足的程度，如：Thesupplyisnotadequatetothedemand.供不應(yīng)求。ample指不僅足夠且超過(guò)所需的數(shù)量，如：Wehaveamplemoneyforthejourney.我們有足夠的錢去旅行。sufficient與enough同義，但更正式，且多表示數(shù)量或數(shù)目上到達(dá)需求。如：Thoughshehassufficientmoney，sheneverfeelsenough.雖然她有足夠的錢，但她永遠(yuǎn)不滿足。［例］Wehaveampletime.我們有充足的時(shí)間。Amplesunshineandrainfallarebringingthecropsonnicely.充足的陽(yáng)光和雨水正使莊稼茁壯地生長(zhǎng)。amusev.逗樂(lè)，逗笑；給……以?shī)蕵?lè)［例］Thenewtoysamusedthechildren.新玩具使孩子很快樂(lè)。Theteacheramusedthechildrenwithastory.老師講故事取悅孩子們。Heamusedhimselfbyreadingdetectivenovels.他閱讀偵探小說(shuō)消遣。analyzev.分析；分解；解析(=analyse)同study,examine［例］Canyouanalyzethestructureofthesentenceforme?你能給我分析一下這個(gè)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)嗎？Heanalyzedthefoodandfoundthatitcontainedpoison.他對(duì)這種食物做了化驗(yàn)，發(fā)現(xiàn)有毒。anglen.角；角度，觀點(diǎn)［例］Therisingsunisespeciallybeautifultolookatfromthisangle.旭日從這個(gè)角度看起來(lái)特別美。Trylookingattheaffairfromadifferentangle.試從不同的角度來(lái)看待這件事。annuala.每年的，年度的n.年報(bào)，年刊同yearly［例］Awageriseof5%representsanannualincreaseof250poundsforthelowest-paidworkers.工資提高5%對(duì)收入最低的工人來(lái)說(shuō)相當(dāng)于全年收入增加了250英鎊。Howmuchishisannualsalary?他的年薪是多少？anxietyn.掛念；焦慮；渴望同anxiousness［例］Thedoctor’sreportremovedalltheiranxieties.醫(yī)生的報(bào)告消除了他們的一切憂慮。Wewaitedfornewswithagrowingsenseofanxiety.我們等待著消息，越來(lái)越著急。apologyn.抱歉，認(rèn)錯(cuò)［例］Pleaseacceptourapologiesforanyinconveniencewehavecaused.假設(shè)有不便，敬請(qǐng)?jiān)?。TheFinanceDirectorsendsherapologyforbeingunabletoattendthemeeting.財(cái)務(wù)董事派人帶話說(shuō)，她因不能出席會(huì)議而向大家抱歉。apparenta.明顯的，顯而易見(jiàn)的；外表的，貌似的同clear，evident，obvious，plain［例］Ifshehasinnerdoubts,itwasnotapparenttoanyoneelse.她假設(shè)心中生疑亦不形之于色。Shehasmanygoodqualitiesdespiteherapparentrudeness.她粗魯是粗魯,但還是有許多優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)的。appealv.呼吁，請(qǐng)求；上訴，申