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第一章 核心詞匯第一節(jié)常用構(gòu)詞法英語作為一門外語,對于大多數(shù)的學(xué)習(xí)者和考生來說,能否學(xué)好、考好在很大程度上取決于是否能夠掌握足夠的詞匯量。詞匯量可以說是英語水平能否更上層樓的瓶頸。擴大詞匯量可以通過多種途徑,例如可以通過朗讀、閱讀、做題等方法復(fù)習(xí)穩(wěn)固已有詞匯,同時也可以通過機械記憶、聯(lián)想記憶等方法來幫助記憶擴充新詞匯。而通過構(gòu)詞法來記憶單詞可以說是一種能夠舉一反三、事半功倍的有效方法。英語構(gòu)詞法是指英語單詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)律。英語中很多詞匯的構(gòu)成都有一定的規(guī)律,這些規(guī)律統(tǒng)稱為構(gòu)詞法。了解并掌握構(gòu)詞法,可以有效地幫助我們更好地理解詞義,識別新詞,擴大詞匯量。英語中常用構(gòu)詞法有以下三種:轉(zhuǎn)化法、合成法和派生法。1.轉(zhuǎn)化法(Conversion)轉(zhuǎn)化法是指一個單詞在詞形不變的情況下,由一種詞類轉(zhuǎn)換為另一種詞類。轉(zhuǎn)化后的詞義與轉(zhuǎn)化前的詞義通常有著密切的聯(lián)系。轉(zhuǎn)化法主要包含以下幾種:(1)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞。一些表示物體、身體部位的名詞,可以用作動詞,表示動作。如:air,back,mark,point,book,box,chair,house,seat,bridge,dust,oil,water,ear,eye,back等。如:I’vebookedtwotickets.我訂了兩張票。Whochairedthemeeting?誰主持的會議?Thishallcanseattenthousandpeople.這個大廳可以坐一萬人。Sheeyedhimsuspiciously.她疑心地看了看他。(2)動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞。如:attack,advance,chat,cry,dream,drink,fight,look,quarrel,rest,ride,smoke,swim,try,talk,wash,guess,call,visit,attempt等。這類詞常可以與動詞have或make等構(gòu)成短語,表示動作。(3)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞。一些形容詞可轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞使用。如:brave,right,better,dirty,busy,warm,slow,quiet,thin,empty,waste,wrong。如:Hebusiedhimselfwithmuchhomework.很多工作使他忙得不可開交。You’lldirtyyourhandsifyoutouchthatmachine.如果你碰那臺機器,會弄臟你的手的。Youaredrivingtoofast,slowdownabit.你開太快了,放慢點兒速度。2.合成法(Compounding)由兩個或兩個以上的詞直接組合成一個新詞,這種構(gòu)詞法稱為合成法。有些合成詞要用連字符連接,有的可直接寫在一起。合成法合成的詞主要包含以下三類:1)合成名詞video-tape錄像帶handwriting書法living-room起居室pickpocket扒手get-together聚會greenhouse溫室blackboard黑板boiling-point沸點by-product副產(chǎn)品downfall瀑布handbook手冊handwriting書法hardware硬件network網(wǎng)絡(luò)output產(chǎn)量post-graduate研究生skyscraper摩天大樓software軟件toothpick牙簽typewriter打字員underworld黑社會weekend周末well-being福利workplace工作場所2)合成形容詞warm-hearted熱心腸的good-looking相貌好看的new-born新生的newly-wed新婚的(者)peace-loving熱愛和平的home-made國產(chǎn)的;家做的air-tight密封的all-round全面的duty-free免稅的face-to-face面對面的far-reaching影響深遠的first-rate一流的labour-saving節(jié)省勞力的large-scale大規(guī)模的man-made人造的new-type新型的power-generating發(fā)電的red-hot熾熱的snow-white雪白的state-owned國有的underwater水下的worldwide世界范圍的world-famous世界著名的3)合成動詞counteroffer還價fine-comb仔細搜查daydream做白日夢overlook無視heat-treat熱加工mass-produce批量生產(chǎn)outline概述overthrow推翻sightsee觀光sweet-talk講甜言蜜語undergo經(jīng)歷uphold支持whitewash刷白work-harden加工硬化3.派生法(Derivation)在一個詞根(root)的前面或后面加上某個詞綴來產(chǎn)生一個新詞,這種構(gòu)詞法稱為派生法。加在詞根前面的詞綴叫前綴(prefix),加在詞根后面的詞綴叫后綴(suffix)。一般來講,前綴只改變詞的意義,不改變其詞性;而后綴不僅能改變詞義,而且能改變其詞性。派生法生成的新詞包含以下幾類:(1)派生名詞。動詞加后綴-er,-ment,-tion,-ation等可派生成名詞。如:driver,movement,examination。許多形容詞加后綴-ity,-ness等也可構(gòu)成名詞,如:darkness,happiness,purity等。(2)派生形容詞。許多名詞加后綴-y,-k,-ical,-ful,-less等,可構(gòu)成形容詞。如:dirty,hopeful,careless,economical,poetic。而一些動詞加后綴-able等可構(gòu)成形容詞。如:washable,drinkable。(3)派生動詞。許多名詞和形容詞加后綴-ize,-ify等可構(gòu)成動詞。如:modernize,beautify,simplify,computerize。(4)派生副詞。大多數(shù)形容詞加后綴-ly可構(gòu)成副詞。如:easily,quickly。(5)反義詞的構(gòu)成:通過加前綴un-,in-,im-,il-,ir-,dis-,de-,non-等,使詞產(chǎn)生相反的意義,或引起一些意義上的變化,如unhappy,independent,impossible,illegal,irregular,dishonest,nonsmoker。以下是英語中的常用詞綴及派生詞:1)常用前綴anti-反對:antibody抗體anticancer抗癌的antifreeze防凍劑antismoking反對吸煙antisocial反社會的antiwar反戰(zhàn)的auto-自動:autoalarm自動報警器autoland自動著陸automaton自動操作裝置automatic自動的automation自動化autotimer自動定時器bi-雙的:bi-centric兩個中心的bicultural二元文化的bicycle自行車bimonthly雙月刊bi-motor雙發(fā)動機的bi-national兩個國家的counter-反:counteract對抗counterattack反攻countercurrent逆流counterforce阻力countermeasure對抗手段counterview對立觀點dis-否認:disadvantage不利條件disagree不一致disbelieve不相信dishonesty不老實dislike不喜愛dissatisfied不滿的fore-先的:forefather祖先foresee預(yù)見foresight遠見foretell預(yù)言forethought深謀遠慮forewarn預(yù)先警告il-/im-/in-/ir-不:illegal非法的illogical不合邏輯的immature未成熟的immeasurable不可測量的informal非正式的inaccurate不準確的irregular不規(guī)那么的irresponsible不負責(zé)任的inter-互相:interact相互作用interconnection相互連接intercontinental洲際的interchange相互交換international國際的interplay相互影響kilo-千:kilobyte1000比特kilocalorie1000卡(熱量)kilocycle1000周(頻率)kilogram公斤=1000克kilometer公里=1000米kilowatt1000瓦(功率)micro-小,微:microanalysis微量分析microbiology微生物學(xué)microeconomics微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)microphone麥克風(fēng)(擴音器)microscope顯微鏡microwave微波mis-錯誤的:misbelief錯誤想法misfortune不幸,災(zāi)難mislead誤導(dǎo),誤解misstate錯誤陳述misstep失足,失策misunderstand誤解multi-多:multichannel多頻道的multicolor多種顏色multiform多種多樣的multimedia多媒體(的)multi-national多國的multipurpose多用途的non-非,不:non-ability無能non-business非商業(yè)的non-confidence不信任nonmetal非金屬nonsense廢話,胡說non-smoker非吸煙者over-過于:overact動作過度overcrowd過度擁擠overflow溢出,泛濫overload超載,過度負荷overpopulated人口過多的oversleep睡眠過久post-后的:postdate把日期推遲postdoctoral博士后的postgraduate研究生post-election選舉后的post-tax付稅后的postwar戰(zhàn)后的pre-前、預(yù)先:preheat預(yù)熱pre-liberation解放前的prepare預(yù)備,準備preschool入學(xué)前的preview預(yù)習(xí)prewar戰(zhàn)前的re-重新:recall回憶,記憶reform改革,改進renew更新,重建repeat重復(fù),重播retell復(fù)述,再講review復(fù)習(xí),溫習(xí)self-自身的,自動的:self-care自我護理的self-control自我控制self-important自大的self-made白手起家的self-operating自動的self-taught自學(xué)的semi-半:semicircle半圓形semiconductor半導(dǎo)體semidiameter半徑semifinal半決賽(的)semimonthly半月刊semiofficial非正式的sub-下面的:subconscious潛意識的subdivide再分,細分submarine潛水艇subsoil底土,下層土subtitle副標(biāo)題,小標(biāo)題subway地鐵super-超級,上層:superficial外表的,淺薄的superior優(yōu)秀的,長輩superman超人supermarket超級市場supernatural超自然的supersonic超音速的tele-遠,電信:telecommunication遠距離通信telegram電報telephone,打telescope望遠鏡telecast電視節(jié)目television電視trans-跨越,轉(zhuǎn)移:transaction處理,交易transatlantic橫渡大西洋的transform轉(zhuǎn)換,變形translate翻譯,移動transmit傳送,傳播transport送輸,運送un-否認:unashamed不知恥的unbelief疑心,無信仰unchangeable不變的unfinished未完成的unhappy不快樂unwilling勉強的un-相反(后接v.)uncover揭露undress脫去衣服unload卸貨,解除負擔(dān)unlock開鎖,揭開untie解開,翻開unwrap翻開(包裹)under-在下面,不夠地underage未成年的underdeveloped欠興旺的underemployment就業(yè)率低underestimate低估underground地下鐵道undertake從事,擔(dān)任uni-單:uniform制服union聯(lián)合,結(jié)合unique唯一的,獨一無二unify統(tǒng)一unity單一,一致universal宇宙的,全世界vice-副的:vice-chairman副主席vice-governor副州長,副總督vice-minister副部長vice-premier副總理vice-president副總統(tǒng)vice-principal副校長2)常用后綴(1)名詞后綴A.用于構(gòu)成表示“……人〞的名詞性后綴:-an,-ant,-ar,-ee,-eer,-ent,-er,-ese,-ist,-ive,-man,-or等。American美國人German德國人musician音樂家physician內(nèi)科醫(yī)生European歐洲人Italian意大利人assistant助手,助教inhabitant居民tenant房客beggar乞丐liar說謊者scholar學(xué)者committee委員會employee雇員trainee受訓(xùn)人員trustee理事engineer工程師mountaineer登山者pioneer拓荒者volunteer志愿者agent代理人correspondent通信者opponent反對者president總統(tǒng)resident居民student學(xué)生baker面包師傅commander司令官customer顧客gardener園丁leader領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者Londoner倫敦人manufacturer制造商mariner海員messenger使者miller磨坊主murderer謀殺者owner所有者philosopher哲學(xué)家prisoner犯人producer生產(chǎn)者Chinese中國人Japanese日本人Portuguese葡萄牙人communist共產(chǎn)主義者novelist小說家pianist鋼琴家specialist專家tourist旅游者typist打字員captive俘虜native本地人operative工人,技工relative親戚chairman主席fisherman漁夫postman郵差salesman售貨員sportsman運發(fā)動statesman政治家actor演員ambassador大使conqueror征服者counselor參謀editor編輯governor統(tǒng)治者inspector檢察官successor繼承者neighbor鄰居tailor裁縫師tutor家庭教師B.用于構(gòu)成表示行為,性質(zhì),狀態(tài)等抽象名詞的后綴:-age,-ance,-ence,-hood,-ic,-ics,-ing,-ion,-ism,-ment,-ness,-ry,-ship,-th,-ty,-ure等。courage勇氣marriage結(jié)婚shortage缺乏usage慣用法ignorance無知appearance外表assistance幫助attendance出席absence缺席acceptance接受confidence自信dependence依靠boyhood少年時代childhood童年livelihood生計neighborhood鄰近地區(qū)arithmetic算術(shù)logic邏輯學(xué)magic魔術(shù)mathematics數(shù)學(xué)phonetics語音學(xué)physics物理學(xué)aging衰老blessing祝福clothing衣服exciting令人興奮的feeling感情wedding婚禮addition附加civilization文明extension擴張division分開discussion討論invitation邀請protection保護quotation引用communism共產(chǎn)主義heroism英雄主義Marxism馬克思主義modernism現(xiàn)代主義optimism樂觀主義pessimism悲觀主義agreement協(xié)議argument爭論government政府judgement評判movement運動settlement解決treatment處理business商業(yè)consciousness意識friendliness友好goodness善良happiness幸福illness疾病kindness仁慈likeness相似madness瘋狂bravery勇敢luxury奢侈mystery神秘slavery奴隸制度citizenship公民職責(zé)fellowship友情friendship友誼hardship困苦partnership合作relationship關(guān)系scholarship學(xué)識breadth寬度death死growth生長health健康length長度truth真理warmth溫暖ability能力certainty確信cruelty殘忍loyalty忠貞ninety九十poverty貧困reality現(xiàn)實sixty六十creature生物exposure曝光failure失敗furniture家具literature文學(xué)mixture混合pressure壓力(2)形容詞后綴-able,-ible,-al,-an,-ant,-ent,-lar,-ary,-ed,-en,-ern,-ful,-ical,-ing,-ish,-ive,-less,-like,-ly,-ous,-y:acceptable可接受的available可利用的changeable易變的eatable可吃的noticeable值得注意的reasonable合理的suitable適合的unforgettable令人難忘的horrible可怕的negligible可忽略的permissible允許的responsible負責(zé)的federal聯(lián)邦制的national國家的natural天然的racial種族的American美國的European歐洲的republican共和政體的Christian基督教的brilliant燦爛的pleasant令人愉快的significant重大的consistent一貫的dependent依賴的fluent流利的obedient順從的circular圓的,巡回的familiar熟悉的popular普遍的similar類似的,同樣的customary習(xí)慣的elementary根底的imaginary想象的secondary次要的aged年老的bearded有胡須的crowned有皇冠的cultured有修養(yǎng)的gifted有天賦的talented有才能的earthen土制的golden金色的wooden木制的woolen羊毛制的eastern東方的northern北方的southern南方的western西方的beautiful美麗的careful小心的faithful忠誠的fruitful有收獲的graceful優(yōu)雅的powerful強大的shameful可恥的thoughtful深思的chemical化學(xué)的historical歷史的physical物質(zhì)的political政治的technical工藝的typical典型的astonishing驚異的charming迷人的daring大膽的lasting持久的striking顯著的willing愿意的bookish迂腐的childish幼稚的feverish狂熱的selfish自私的expensive昂貴的progressive進步的aimless無目標(biāo)的fearless無畏的priceless無價的useless無用的businesslike有條不紊的childlike天真的ladylike優(yōu)雅的warlike好戰(zhàn)的costly昂貴的friendly友好的lively活潑的monthly每月的famous著名的glorious榮耀的industrious勤勉的righteous公正的bloody血腥的cloudy多云的greedy貪心的rainy多雨的,下雨的thirsty口渴的worthy有價值的(3)動詞后綴-en,-fy,-ize:darken使黑暗fasten系緊heighten增高lengthen延長redden使臉紅sharpen使銳利strengthen加強threaten恐嚇weaken體弱widen加寬worsen變壞beautify美化classify分類identify確認justify證明modify修飾purify精煉,使純潔qualify使合格satisfy使?jié)M足simplify使簡化verify證實apologize抱歉civilize使文明化dramatize使戲劇化generalize概括,歸納modernize現(xiàn)代化organize組織realize實現(xiàn)specialize專門研究symbolize象征utilize利用,使用(4)副詞后綴-ly,-ward(s),-way(s),-wise:absolutely完全地actually真實地,實際地barely赤裸裸地heartily盡情地;關(guān)心地readily迅速地,容易地regularly定期地roughly粗魯?shù)豷hortly不久steadily穩(wěn)固地terribly可怕地violently劇烈地afterward(s)以后backward(s)向后地downward(s)向下地eastward(s)向東方homeward(s)回家地inward(s)內(nèi)部地outward(s)向外southward(s)向南方sunward(s)向陽地upward(s)向上地always永遠,總是anyway無論如何sideways往一側(cè)someway(s)以某種方法straightway立刻crosswise交叉地,斜穿地likewise同樣地otherwise否那么,要不然專項練習(xí)1.Being______ofmoney,shemanagedtosaveenoughforaholiday.A.economicB.economicalC.economicsD.economies2.Theonly______forhisstrangebehavioristhathe’sbeenworkingtoohard.A.explanationB.explainingC.explainD.explained3.Hestoodthere______,notknowingwhattodo.A.helpfulB.helplesslyC.helplessD.helpfully4.Shelookedupandsmiled______ashecamein.A.pleasedB.pleasantC.pleasureD.pleasantly5.Alawyerneedsan______secretary.A.inefficientB.efficientC.effectiveD.sufficient6.Ididvery______thefirsttimeItookmyentranceexamination.A.poorlyB.poorC.povertyD.poorness7.Thatmanistheonly______oftheroadaccident.A.survivalB.surviveC.survivingD.survivor8.Thecarhitthehousewithsuch______thatitbrokethewall.A.forcefulB.forcefullyC.forceD.forced9.Thetwobrothersareonly______inappearance.A.likeB.alikeC.likelyD.liked10.IlikeNewYork______becauseIwasbornthere.A.partlyB.partC.topartD.partof11.Real______ismorevaluablethanmoney.A.friendB.friendlyC.friendshipD.friends12.Womenareoftensaidtobemore______thanmen.A.emotionsB.motionsC.emotionalD.emotive13.Itwilltakean______twoweekstofinishthework.A.additionB.addC.additionallyD.additional14.It’ssocloudythatI______it’sgoingtorain.A.sensibleB.senseC.sensiblyD.sensitize15.SanFranciscoisusuallycoolinthesummer,butLosAngeles______.A.israrelyB.rarelyisC.ishardlyD.isscarcely16.He______himselfonhisabilitytospeakfourlanguages.A.proudB.proudlyC.proudofD.prided17.Childrenshouldbeencouragedtobe______.A.creativeB.createdC.creatingD.creatively18.Thestaffinofficedonotconsidertheirboss______anymoreaftertheyhaveknownthatheforgeshiscertificate.A.respectiveB.respectingC.respectableD.respectful19.Hegaveusavery______welcome.A.heartyB.heartC.heartilyD.hearted20.Theoverseasfoundthecityhas______greatchangessincetheyvisitedlastyear.A.undertakenB.overgrownC.undergoneD.overdone21.I’mreallyverysorry.Thewholethingwasdueto______A.anunderstandingB.amisunderstandingC.understandD.understood22.Wemust______onwaterduringthedryseason.A.economicalB.economyC.economizeD.economically23.Weshouldkeepa______eyeontheprisonerseverymoment.A.jealousB.enviousC.jealousyD.envy24.Wemustfertilizethesoiltomakeitmore______.A.productionB.productivelyC.productsD.productive25.The______ofthesoilruinedthecrops.A.dryB.dryingC.driedD.dryness26.Thedoctoristryingtosavethepatientbyevery______means.A.imaginativeB.imaginableC.imaginaryD.imagination27.TheGreensarevery______people.Theyliketogivepartiesverymuch.A.socialistB.sociallyC.sociableD.socialized28.It’s______thatsomanypeoplelikethat______TVprogram.A.amazing;boredB.amazed;boringC.amazed;boredD.amazing;boring29.Hesaiditwas______formetogotocollege.A.adviseB.adviceC.advisableD.advising30.Youmustwalkthroughtheunderground______togetacrossthatbusystreet.A.pastB.passageC.passengerD.passing參考答案1.B2.A3.C4.D5.B6.A7.D8.C9.B10.A11.C12.C13.D14.B15.B16.D17.A18.C19.A20.C21.B22.C23.A24.D25.D26.B27.C28.D29.C30.B第二節(jié)專升本必備核心單詞A以下單詞出現(xiàn)“同〞表示“同義詞〞、“搭〞表示“搭配〞、“辨〞表示“辨析〞、“例〞表示“例句〞。abandonv.放棄;拋棄,離棄同cease,depart,quit,withdraw【搭】abandononeselfto沉溺于;聽任……擺布【辨】abandon和giveup。abandon指因為外界的原因(如影響或壓力等)而完全放棄:Maryhadtoabandonhertripbecauseofhermother’sillness.由于母親生病,瑪麗不得不放棄旅行。giveup指放棄或中止某種習(xí)慣、方案、努力等,其后可接賓語也可不接賓語:—Yououghttogiveupsmoking.—Igaveituplastyear.——你應(yīng)該戒煙?!胰ツ昃徒涞袅?。[例]Thedriverabandonedhiscarinthesnow.司機把汽車拋棄在雪地里。Thenext-bestsolutionistoabandontheprojectaltogether.僅次于最正確的解決方法是放棄全部方案。abidev.堅持;遵守;容忍同bear,endure,tolerate【搭】abideby遵守,履行[例]Hecouldnotabideanyrudebehaviour.他不能容忍任何無禮的行為。Hecannotabidetostayinonepositionforlong.他無法忍受長久待在同一職位上。abolishv.廢除,取消同abandon,cancel,destroy[例]Therearemanybadcustomsandlawsthatoughttobeabolished.有許多不良的習(xí)俗和法規(guī)應(yīng)予以廢除。AbrahamLincolnabolishedslaveryintheUnitedStates.亞伯拉罕·林肯在美國廢除了奴隸制。absencen.沒有,缺乏;缺席同lack,scarcity,shortage【搭】intheabsenceof沒有,缺乏[例]Whatwastherealreasonforyourabsence?你缺席的真正原因是什么?Wemustinventanexcuseforourabsence.我們必須為缺席編造一個借口。absolutea.絕對的;完全的;專制的;確實的,確定的同complete,entire,perfect,total[例]Ihaveabsolutetrustintheskillofdoctors.我絕對相信醫(yī)生的醫(yī)術(shù)。Thepolicehasfoundabsoluteproofofhisguilt.警方已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)他犯罪確實鑿證據(jù)。absorbv.吸收;吸引……的注意,使全神貫注同involve,occupy【搭】beabsorbedin專心于[例]Plantsabsorbmineralsandothernutrientsfromthesoil.植物從泥土中吸收礦物質(zhì)和其他養(yǎng)料。Thecleverboyabsorbedalltheknowledgehisteachercouldgivehim.那個聰明的男孩把他老師所能教他的所有知識都吸收了。abstracta.抽象的;深奧的n.摘要;抽象v.摘要;提取,抽取同a.theoreticaln.extract,outline,summary[例]Wemaytalkofbeautifulthings,butbeautyitselfisabstract.我們盡可談?wù)撁赖氖挛铮欢辣旧韰s是抽象的。Maryabstractedastoryforthebookreview.瑪麗為這篇書評寫故事梗概。absurda.愚蠢的;荒唐的同childish,comic,ridiculous[例]Whatanabsurdproposal!多荒唐的提議啊!Itwasabsurdofyoutosuggestsuchathing.你居然建議這樣的事,太可笑了。abusev.濫用;謾罵n.濫用;謾罵,毀謗同v.misuse,curse,insultn.misuse,insult,mistreatment[例]It’seasytoabuseone’spower.人容易濫用權(quán)力。Thegovernmenthassetupaworkingpartytolookintotheproblemofdrugabuse.政府已成立工作組調(diào)查濫用毒品問題。acceleratev.加速;促進同advance,quicken,rush[例]Theleaderislosinggroundastherestoftherunnersaccelerate.領(lǐng)先者在其余賽跑者加速時就逐漸失去了優(yōu)勢。Thegovernmenthavemadesomepoliciesthatwillacceleratethedevelopmentofmanufacturingindustry.政府已經(jīng)制定了一些加快制造業(yè)開展的政策。accessn.接近,進入;入口,通路;進入的方法同approach,course,entry,passport[例]Asherprivatesecretaryhehasaccesstoallhercorrespondence.作為她的私人秘書,他能接觸到她所有的信件。Everyseniorcitizenhasfreeaccesstothecitypark.每位老年人都可免費進入市立公園。accommodatev.留宿,收容;供給,供給;容納同hold,provide,supply[例]Thebankisaccommodatingitscustomersmorethanitusedto.這家銀行現(xiàn)在給客戶貸款比以前多了。Thecottagecouldaccommodateuptofourpeople.這間小屋最多能容納4個人。accommodationn.居住設(shè)施同housing,rooms,settlement[例]Thishotelhasaccommodationfor500guests.這家旅館能接待500位客人。Weofferhelpinorderingaccommodations.我們提供代客人預(yù)訂旅館住宿的效勞。accomplishv.完成,實現(xiàn)【辨】accomplish,complete,finish和fulfil。這幾個詞都有“完成〞的意思。accomplish有“成功地完成某事〞的意思,后常接的賓語有aim,task等:Ihaveaccomplishedagreatdealinthelastfewmonths.在過去的幾個月里,我完成了相當(dāng)多的工作。complete所完成的事較accomplish更為具體,有“補足缺少的局部使之完整或圓滿〞的含義,尤指建筑工程的竣工、文藝作品的完成等:Whenwilltherailwaybecompleted?鐵路何時建成?finish強調(diào)“結(jié)束〞,通常指日常事務(wù)的完成:Doyoufinishyourhomework?你做完功課了嗎?fulfil多指完成制定的目標(biāo)、任務(wù)、理想等,有“實現(xiàn)〞的含義:Inspiteofallthedifficulties,wefulfilledourtaskaheadofschedule.盡管有許多困難,我們還是提前完成了任務(wù)。[例]Weshouldnottrytoaccomplishtwotasksatonce.我們不能指望同時完成兩件工作。Thedelegationtriedtoarrangeapeace,butaccomplishednothing.代表團試圖調(diào)停以實現(xiàn)和平,但是卻未能成功。accumulatev.積累,積蓄;堆積同collect,increase,save,store【辨】accumulate,gather和collect。accumulate表示“積累,聚集〞,指經(jīng)過一段時間連續(xù)不斷收集而使之愈來愈多,但并非有強烈的意圖:I’veaccumulatedquitealotofrarebooksovertheyears.我多年來積累了相當(dāng)多的珍貴書籍。gather與collect均表示“收集〞,有時可互換,如:gather/collectleaves收集葉子。但collect常指有目的、有方案或按一定的要求進行收集,而gather沒有這層含義,如:collectbooks表示按內(nèi)容或順序收集書籍,而gatherbooks那么只表示把散著的書收好。[例]Astheevidencebegantoaccumulate,theexpertsfeltobligedtoinvestigate.當(dāng)證據(jù)日趨增多時,專家們感到必須進行調(diào)查。Dustanddirtsoonaccumulateifahouseisnotcleanedregularly.房屋不經(jīng)常清掃,塵土很快就越積越多。accusev.控告,譴責(zé)同blame,charge【搭】accusesb.ofdoingsth.指控某人做了某事【辨】accuse和charge。accuse所表達的“指控,控告〞比擬直接和鋒利,但指控對方的事不一定很嚴重,有時可與charge通用,但accuse通常的搭配為accusesb.ofsth.:Sheaccusedhimoftheft.她控告他行竊。charge表示“指控,控告〞,一般用于較嚴重的錯誤或罪行,常用結(jié)構(gòu)為chargesb.withsth.:Hewaschargedwithmurder.他被指控犯有謀殺罪。[例]Heaccusedthemanofhavingcommittedacrime.他指控那個人有罪。Manoftenaccusesnatureforhisownmisfortunes.人類常把自身的不幸歸罪于天。acquaintv.使認識,使了解同introduce,present【搭】acquaintoneselfwith熟悉,通曉acquaintsb.with...把……告訴某人[例]Pleaseacquainthimwithmyarrival.請通知他我到了。Iamacquaintedwithher.我認識她。adaptv.適合;改編,改寫同adjust,fit,modify【搭】adaptto適應(yīng)[例]Hetriedhardtoadapthimselftothenewconditions.他努力使自己適應(yīng)新的情況。Theauthorisgoingtoadapthisplayfortelevision.作者將把他的劇本改編成電視劇。AdaptorperishisNature’sinexorableimperative.適者生存,不適者滅亡,這是自然界永不變更的規(guī)律。adequatea.足夠的,充分的;符合要求的同decent,enough,tolerable[例]Ourbodiesneedadequatenutrition.我們的身體需要充足的營養(yǎng)。Andlastbutnotleastthereisthequestionofadequatefunding.最后同樣重要的是要有足夠的資金的問題。adherev.黏附;遵守;堅持同hold,stick,fast[例]Therewereseveralpagesthatadheredtoeachother.有幾頁書粘連在一起了。Theyadheredtothecontract.他們遵守了合同。adjustv.調(diào)節(jié),校正;(使)適應(yīng)同adapt,alter,modify,vary【搭】adjustoneselfto...使自己適應(yīng)于……[例]Thiskindofdeskcanbeadjustedtotheheightyouneed.這種書桌的上下可以按照你的需要調(diào)節(jié)。administrationn.管理,經(jīng)營;行政部門;政府[例]Shehasbeenlookingaftertheday-to-dayadministration.她一直在照管日常的行政工作。Thecompanydevelopedrapidlyunderhisadministration.在他的管理下,公司開展得很快。adoptv.采用,采納;收養(yǎng)[例]Weshouldadopttheconsumers’suggestion.我們應(yīng)該接受用戶的建議。Mostcountriesadoptmetricsystem.大多數(shù)國家采用米制。advisern.參謀(=advisor)同consultant[例]Hebecamehersenioradviser,herdeputy,ifyouwill.他成了她的高級參謀——你要說是她的副手也未嘗不可。ProfessorSmithservedasaspecialadvisertothePresident.史密斯教授曾做過總統(tǒng)的特別參謀。affectionn.愛,慈祥同fondness,tenderness,warmness[例]Hegavemeanecklaceasasymbolofhisaffection.他給了我一條項鏈作為愛情的象征。Everymotherhasaffectionforherchildren.每個母親都愛她的孩子。agonyn.苦惱;極大痛苦【辨】pain,ache和agony。這三個詞都有“苦惱;痛苦〞的意思。pain是一般用詞,可指短暫的或長期的,局部的或全身的疼痛,程度比ache重,還可指內(nèi)心的痛苦,如:Hisbadbehaviourcausedhisparentsagreatdealofpain.他的不良行為使他的父母感到非常痛苦。ache常指局部持續(xù)不斷的隱痛,常和身體某部位的名稱組成復(fù)合詞,如:Hehasanacheintheback.他的背痛。agony指肉體的疼痛,也可指精神上的幾乎無法忍受的痛苦,如:Hissoulwaswrungwithagony.他的心靈深受痛苦的折磨。[例]Iwasinagonywithtoothache.我的牙疼極了。Sheisinanagonyofgrief,becauseherhusbandhasjustdied.她因丈夫剛?cè)ナ蓝鴺O為悲傷。aidv.輔助,援助,救助n.輔助,援助,救助【辨】aid,assist和help。這三個詞都有“幫助〞的意思,但aid較為正式,強調(diào)使受助者擺脫困難或危險或強者援助弱者,也可指用金錢援助,如:Theyimmediatelygavehimthefirstaid.他們立即對他進行了急救。assist協(xié)助,幫助,強調(diào)提供幫助的一方居次要地位,起助手的作用,如:Thenursesassistedthesurgeonintheoperation.護士協(xié)助外科醫(yī)生手術(shù)。help為最普通的詞,可用來替換aid或assist。[例]AidtotheThirdWorldatpresentislittlemorethanadropintheocean.目前對第三世界的援助不過是杯水車薪。Adictionaryisaninvaluableaidinlearninganewlanguage.在學(xué)習(xí)一種新語言時,詞典是非常有用的工具。alerta.警惕的;機靈的n.警報;警戒狀態(tài);警戒期間v.使警覺同alarm,warningsignal[例]Althoughhe’sovereightyhismindisstillremarkablyalert.他雖已年過八十,但頭腦仍然十分機敏。Analertlistenerwillhavenoticedtheerror.耳朵尖的人能聽出其中的錯誤。alterv.改變,變樣同change,modify,vary[例]I’llhavetoalterthediagram.I’vemadeamistake.我得修改圖表,我出了點兒錯。Circumstancesaltercases.具體情況具體分析。alternatea.交替的;預(yù)備的v.交替,輪流[例]MeetingsareheldonalternateThursdays.每隔一個星期的星期四舉行一次會議。Wealternateindoingthehousework.我們輪流做家務(wù)。ambiguousa.模棱兩可的[例]Thisisanambiguoussentence.這是一個模糊不清的句子。Hegaveusanambiguousanswer.他給了我們一個模棱兩可的答復(fù)。ambitionn.雄心,野心[例]Untilallisoverambitionneverdies.不到黃河心不死。Ambitionisacharacteristicofallsuccessfulbusinessmen.雄心勃勃是所有成功生意人的共同特點。amountn.數(shù)量v.合計,共計同number,sum,total[例]Theamountofunemployedcapitalisverylarge.未被利用的資金數(shù)量很大。Alargeamountofmoneyisspentonadvertisementseveryyear.每年都要花費大量金錢在廣告上。Hisdebtsamounttofivethousanddollars.他欠的債共達五千美元。amplea.充分的,富裕的;寬敞的,寬大的【辨】adequate,ample和sufficient。這三個詞都含有“足夠的〞的意思。adequate指在數(shù)量或質(zhì)量上到達了令人滿足的程度,如:Thesupplyisnotadequatetothedemand.供不應(yīng)求。ample指不僅足夠且超過所需的數(shù)量,如:Wehaveamplemoneyforthejourney.我們有足夠的錢去旅行。sufficient與enough同義,但更正式,且多表示數(shù)量或數(shù)目上到達需求。如:Thoughshehassufficientmoney,sheneverfeelsenough.雖然她有足夠的錢,但她永遠不滿足。[例]Wehaveampletime.我們有充足的時間。Amplesunshineandrainfallarebringingthecropsonnicely.充足的陽光和雨水正使莊稼茁壯地生長。amusev.逗樂,逗笑;給……以娛樂[例]Thenewtoysamusedthechildren.新玩具使孩子很快樂。Theteacheramusedthechildrenwithastory.老師講故事取悅孩子們。Heamusedhimselfbyreadingdetectivenovels.他閱讀偵探小說消遣。analyzev.分析;分解;解析(=analyse)同study,examine[例]Canyouanalyzethestructureofthesentenceforme?你能給我分析一下這個句子的結(jié)構(gòu)嗎?Heanalyzedthefoodandfoundthatitcontainedpoison.他對這種食物做了化驗,發(fā)現(xiàn)有毒。anglen.角;角度,觀點[例]Therisingsunisespeciallybeautifultolookatfromthisangle.旭日從這個角度看起來特別美。Trylookingattheaffairfromadifferentangle.試從不同的角度來看待這件事。annuala.每年的,年度的n.年報,年刊同yearly[例]Awageriseof5%representsanannualincreaseof250poundsforthelowest-paidworkers.工資提高5%對收入最低的工人來說相當(dāng)于全年收入增加了250英鎊。Howmuchishisannualsalary?他的年薪是多少?anxietyn.掛念;焦慮;渴望同anxiousness[例]Thedoctor’sreportremovedalltheiranxieties.醫(yī)生的報告消除了他們的一切憂慮。Wewaitedfornewswithagrowingsenseofanxiety.我們等待著消息,越來越著急。apologyn.抱歉,認錯[例]Pleaseacceptourapologiesforanyinconveniencewehavecaused.假設(shè)有不便,敬請原諒。TheFinanceDirectorsendsherapologyforbeingunabletoattendthemeeting.財務(wù)董事派人帶話說,她因不能出席會議而向大家抱歉。apparenta.明顯的,顯而易見的;外表的,貌似的同clear,evident,obvious,plain[例]Ifshehasinnerdoubts,itwasnotapparenttoanyoneelse.她假設(shè)心中生疑亦不形之于色。Shehasmanygoodqualitiesdespiteherapparentrudeness.她粗魯是粗魯,但還是有許多優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)的。appealv.呼吁,請求;上訴,申

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