專四真題常考的語法進(jìn)行總結(jié)

比較結(jié)構(gòu)comparativeConstruction英語中比較結(jié)構(gòu)最主要有三種as…as…結(jié)構(gòu)more…than…結(jié)構(gòu)themost…結(jié)構(gòu)as…as…結(jié)構(gòu)基本模式as+adj/adv原級(jí)as…否定形式notas/so+adj/adv原級(jí)as…也可用less…than…E.gJohnisasbrightasBob.否定JohnisnotasbrightasBob.JohnislessbrightthanBob.用法1.主語不同比較項(xiàng)目相同。Thisparcelisasheavyasthatone.2.主語相同比較項(xiàng)目不同。Thegirlwasasbrilliantasshewasbeautiful.這姑娘既漂亮又聰明。3.主語和比較項(xiàng)目都不同。Theswimmingpoolisn’ttwiceaswideasthatoneislong.倍數(shù)asadj/advas.另一種模式asmuch/manynas…否定形式notas/somuch/manynas…Hetookasmuchbutterasheneed.Hedidn’ttakeas/somuchbutterasheneeded.2Shehaswrittenasmanyessaysasherbrotherdoes.Shehasn’twrittenasmanyessaysasherbrotherdoes.變體形式asadj原級(jí)名詞詞組as…注意下列句子的語序A.GeorgeisasefficientaworkerasJack.名詞的意義受到強(qiáng)調(diào)orGeorgeisaworkerwhoisasefficientasJack.形容詞的意義受到強(qiáng)調(diào)B.Idon’twantasexpensiveacarasthis.2.more…than…結(jié)構(gòu)用法：1.用于在兩個(gè)人或物之間作同一方面的比較。Theconcertwasmoreenjoyablethanlecture.2.用于同一個(gè)人或物的本身作不同方面的比較。Thepresentcrisisismuchmoreapoliticalthananeconomiccrisis.當(dāng)前的危機(jī)與其說是經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)不如說是政治危機(jī)。此用法也可用于less…than…結(jié)構(gòu)但得出相反的含義。Thepresentcrisisismuchlessapoliticalthananeconomiccrisis.當(dāng)前的危機(jī)與其說是政治危機(jī)不如說是經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)。3.theadj/adv最高級(jí)比較范圍比較級(jí)形式表示最高級(jí)意義時(shí)比較對(duì)象的范圍應(yīng)用anyother單數(shù)名詞theother復(fù)數(shù)名詞theothersanyone/anythingelse上述詞是用來將比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成最高級(jí)意義的關(guān)鍵詞語切不可遺漏否則會(huì)造成邏輯混亂的錯(cuò)誤?！a(bǔ)充說明1notso…asnotsomuch…asLondonisn’tsobigasTokyo.倫敦沒有東京大。Itwasn’tsomuchhisappearanceIlikedashispersonality.與其說我喜歡他的外表不如說我喜歡他的為人。前一例相當(dāng)于一般的比較結(jié)構(gòu)后一例相當(dāng)于less…than的含義。notsomuchas是一個(gè)專四常考結(jié)構(gòu)。真題舉例1.Itisnosomuchthelanguageasthebackgroundthatmakesthebookdifficulttounderstand.99.45/07.572.Thattrumpetplayerwascertainlyloud.ButIwasn’tbotheredbyhisloudnesssomuchasbyhislackoftalent.04.42notmore/-erthan與nomore/-erthanJohnisnotbetterthanTom.否定前者肯定后者JohnisnobetterthanTom.對(duì)前后者都否定真題舉例Overpopulationposeaterriblethreattohumanrace.Yetitisprobablynotmoreathreatthanenvironmentaldestruction.07.62nomore…thannot…anymorethan兩者一樣都不Awhaleisnomoreafishthanahorseis.鯨不是魚如同馬不是魚一樣。Fatcannotchangeintomuscleanymorethanmusclechangesintofat.99.44脂肪不能變成肌肉就如同肌肉不能變成脂肪一樣。themore…themore…與moreandmore/themore...themore…表示兩個(gè)過程中同時(shí)遞增是主從結(jié)構(gòu)。moreandmore只表示一個(gè)過程的不斷增長(zhǎng)。如…thewildertherangeofourlifeandthemorevariousthecontactswehave“ofan”的比較級(jí)“ofan”相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞表示具有后面那個(gè)名詞的性質(zhì)若該名詞為可數(shù)名詞名詞之前要加不定冠詞。它的比較級(jí)也要用more來修飾。如Heismoreofadoctor.他更像個(gè)醫(yī)生。該結(jié)構(gòu)也可以用于同級(jí)比較結(jié)構(gòu)中。如Heisasofanathleteasshe.他和她一樣具備運(yùn)動(dòng)員的素質(zhì)。虛擬語氣主從句謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)掌握主從句謂語動(dòng)詞的規(guī)范搭配:主句從句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,與過去事實(shí)相反,與將來事實(shí)相反1.WouldyouhavebeensurprisedifIhadarrivedyesterdaywithoutlettingyouknowbeforehand04年與過去事實(shí)相反2.Allofuswouldhaveenjoyedthepartymuchmoreiftherehadn’tbeenquitesuchacrowdpeoplethere.00年與過去事實(shí)相反3.Ifyourcarshouldneedanyattentionduringthefirst12monthstakeittoanauthorizeddealer.98年區(qū)分主從句表示的不同時(shí)間概念主從句謂語動(dòng)詞所指時(shí)間不同這叫做錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句動(dòng)詞形式應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況來調(diào)整。主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反從句與過去事實(shí)相反Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublicourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反從句與過去事實(shí)相反HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelectionhewouldbeourchairmannow.識(shí)別事實(shí)和假設(shè)混合句Yourmathsinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime.句子前半部分為假設(shè)情況,而“父母病了”是事實(shí).IwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossiblebutIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.前半部分為假設(shè)后半部分是事實(shí)名詞性從句的虛擬形式名詞性從句是指賓語從句、主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。從句的謂語動(dòng)詞需用should動(dòng)詞原形表示虛擬。下列動(dòng)詞做謂語時(shí)that賓語從句中的動(dòng)詞用虛擬形式desireadviserecommendcommanddirectorderaskdemandrequestrequireinsistmaintainmoveproposepreferurgevote。如Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwivesworkinthehome.Imovethathebedischargedforhisseriousmistake.下列形容詞和分詞做表語或補(bǔ)語時(shí)that主語從句中動(dòng)詞用虛擬形式advisabledesirableinsistentpreferableurgentappropriatecompulsorycrucialessentialimperativeimportantnecessaryobligatorypossibleprobablepropervitaladvisedarrangedcommandeddemandeddesiredorderedproposedrecommendedrequestedrequiredsuggested真題舉例1.ItisabsolutelyessentialthatWilliamcontinuehisstudyinspiteofsomelearningdifficulties.07.652.Itisimperativethatthegovernmentattractmoreinvestmentintotheshipbuildingindustry.06.593.Theopeningceremonyisgreatoccasion.Itisessentialforustobepreparedforthat.04.62下列名詞接同位語從句或表語從句時(shí)從句中動(dòng)詞用虛擬形式insistencepreferencerecommendationsuggestionproposalmotiondesirerequirementrequestordernecessityimportanceregulationruleresolutionunderstanding。如JohnWagner’smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatitbeanalyzedinareligiousaswellasworldlyframeofreference.含蓄虛擬條件句的謂語動(dòng)詞形式含蓄虛擬語氣是指假設(shè)條件不通過if從句表達(dá)而是暗含在其他結(jié)構(gòu)中。連詞butbutthatororelse副詞otherwiseunfortunately等表示轉(zhuǎn)折假設(shè)。如Asafetyanalysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunatelyitwasneverdone.Victorobviouslydoesn’tknowwhat’shappenedotherwisehewouldn’thavemadesuchastupidremark.介詞短語暗含假設(shè)條件常用的有withoutbutforundermorefavorableconditions等。真題舉例ButforyourtimelyadviceIwouldneverhaveknownhowtogoaboutthework.94年intended/meant/hoped/wished/plann或was/were不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished不定式一般式暗示虛擬語氣。如IintendedtohavecalledonyoubutIwasbusyatthattime.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式暗示虛擬語氣。如IshouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservationbutIdidn’t.常用虛擬形式的句型從句中動(dòng)詞用過去式或過去完成式表示虛擬的句型wouldrather…wouldassoonas…though…suppose…h(huán)adrather…wouldsooner…asif…supposing…Ifonly…Itishightimethat…從句中動(dòng)詞只用過去式It’shightimewestoppedcuttingdowntherainforests.06.54Ifitwerenotfor…與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反Ifithadnotbeenfor…與過去事實(shí)相反相當(dāng)于butfor。如Ifithadnotbeenforhishelpbutforhishelpwewouldnothavesucceeded.Ifonly…謂語動(dòng)詞視情況選用適當(dāng)?shù)男问?。如Ifonlythecommitteewouldapprovetheregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible.真題舉例Ifonlythepatienthadreceivedadifferenttreatmentinsteadofusingantibioticshemightstillbealivenow.07.54IfonlyIcouldplaytheguitaraswellasyou06年lest/forfearthat/incase從句謂語用should動(dòng)詞原形。如Themadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.whether…or…有時(shí)謂語用be的原形引導(dǎo)讓步虛擬從句這種用法經(jīng)常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如ChurchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutionsbetheyChristianIslamicBuddhistJewishandsoon.Thebusinessofeachdaybeitsellinggoodsorshippingthemwentquitesmoothly.三時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)需要掌握的要點(diǎn)1.表達(dá)將來時(shí)的形式在時(shí)間、條件、讓步從句中一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)但要注意區(qū)別從句的類型如I’lltellhimwhenyouwillringagain.我告訴他你什么時(shí)候再來電話。賓語從句比較I’lltellhimwhenyouringagain.你再打電話時(shí)我告訴他。狀語從句在makesure/makecertain/seetoit后的that從句中謂語動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)如Seetoitthatyouincludeinthepaperwhateverquestionstheydidn’tknowtheanswertolasttime.include不能用willinclude或其他形式完成時(shí)是時(shí)態(tài)測(cè)試的重點(diǎn)注意與完成時(shí)連用的句型和時(shí)間狀語by/between/upto/till過去時(shí)間、since、bythetime/when表示過去發(fā)生情況的從句主句用過去完成時(shí)。如Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayedhadbeenproduced.（1919年已發(fā)生的情況）by將來時(shí)間、bythetime/when謂語動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的從句主句用將來完成時(shí)。如BythetimeyouarriveinLondonwewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.bynow、since過去時(shí)間、in/during/for/over/thepast/lastfew或具體數(shù)字years/days/months主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)但在itis具體時(shí)間since/before這一句型中主句更多的時(shí)候不用完成時(shí)。如Thechangesthathadtakenplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19thcentury.ItisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.在Itisthe序數(shù)詞/形容詞最高級(jí)that的定語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如Itisn’tthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassingsituation.在nosooner…than…h(huán)ardly/scarcely…when…句型中主句常用過去完成時(shí)。完成進(jìn)行時(shí)指動(dòng)作在完成時(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上還要繼續(xù)下去。真題舉例1.JackhasbeenmissingfromhomefortwodaysnowandIambeginningtoworryabouthissafety.03.422.Forsometimenowworldleaderhavebeenpointingoutthenecessityforagreementonarmsreduction.02.43時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)先根據(jù)選項(xiàng)的區(qū)別點(diǎn)確定考題要點(diǎn)為時(shí)態(tài)然后回到題句中尋找給出的或暗示的時(shí)間狀語縮小選擇范圍進(jìn)而選出正確答案根據(jù)謂語動(dòng)詞與句子主語或非謂語動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語的關(guān)系確定句子是主動(dòng)語態(tài)還是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。真題舉例1.Lindawastohavestartedtheexperimentamonthagobutshechangedhermindatthelastminute.07.55【將來完成時(shí)】2.JameshasjustarrivedbutIdidn?6?8tknowhewascominguntilyesterday.05年【過去進(jìn)行時(shí)】3.Ihavebeenandalwayswillbeconsciousofmymoralobligationsasacitizen.05年注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)中相比較的內(nèi)容在語法形式上是否相同。如Itisbettertodieonone’sfeetthantoliveonone’sknees.Despitethetemporarydifficultiesthemanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputtodecreasingit.其他具有并列或比較意義的短語。ratherthan/let…alone雖不是并列連詞但在結(jié)構(gòu)上連接兩個(gè)語法形式相同的成分。真題舉例：1.Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyleratherthaninapersonalstyle.2.Forthenewcountrytosurviveletaloneforitspeopletoenjoyprosperityneweconomicpolicieswillberequired.如果平行的兩個(gè)成分在形式上是介詞短語而且介詞相同一般說來第二個(gè)介詞不要省略。如Attimesmorecaregoesintothecompositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials.非謂語動(dòng)詞一不定式不定式做主語引導(dǎo)邏輯主語的介詞不定式的邏輯主語一般由介詞for引導(dǎo)但下列表示人的性格行為特征的形容詞做表語時(shí)不定式的邏輯主語則由of引導(dǎo)absurdboldbravecourageouscarefulcarelesscleverwisefoolishsillystupidgoodnicekindthoughtfulconsiderategreedygeneroushonestmodestpoliterudecruelselfishlazywickedwrong。真題舉例：Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysforapersontostayhealthy.It’scleverofyoutohaveinventedsuchadevice.不定式做主語補(bǔ)足語掌握常用不定式做主語補(bǔ)足語的句型。注意不定式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間并采用相應(yīng)形式。如besaid/reported/thought/believed/known/supposedtodosth.真題舉例：TheMinisterofFranceisbelievedtobethinkingofimposingnewtaxestoraiseextrarevenue.04年P(guān)rofessorJohnsonissaidtohavemadesomesignificantadvanceinhisresearchinthepastyear.99年不定式做賓語--接不定式做賓語的動(dòng)詞affordarrangeattemptclaimdesiredetermineexpectfailguaranteeendeavorintendpledgepretendresolverequestsweartendventure。如Eventhoughthechildrenpretendedtobeasleepthenurseswerenotdeceivedwhentheycameintotheroom.不定式做定語--被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或nextlastonlynotathevery等限定詞時(shí)該名詞用不定式做定語。In1938PearS.BuckbecamethefirstAmericanwomantoreceivetheNobelPrizeforLiterature.如果其動(dòng)詞要求不定式做賓語相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如tendencytodo→tendtododecisiontodo→decidetodoThisbookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglishandrecognizehowitisused.如果其形容詞形式要求接不定式做補(bǔ)語相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。ambitiontodo“干……的雄心”→beambitioustodo“有雄心干……”curiositytodo“對(duì)……的好奇心”→becurioustodo“對(duì)……好奇”abilitytodo“做……的能力”→abletodo“有能力做……”AccordingtoDarwinrandomchangesthatenhanceaspecies’abilitytosurvivearenaturallyselectedandpassedontosucceedinggeneration.表示方式、原因、時(shí)間、機(jī)會(huì)、權(quán)利等名詞用不定