化分閱讀課時reading 3

Lesson3Youth重點內(nèi)容SignpostingandlinkingSignposting:firstly,next,then…Linkingwords:and,but,dueto,inadditionto…involvealienationpeerpressureteenager/teensocializecrimeprojectvolunteertuitionfee包括，涉及，卷入疏遠，孤獨感同齡人，同輩壓力十幾歲的青少年社交，交際犯罪計劃，方案，事業(yè)志愿工作，志愿者學(xué)費vocationalcoursesdrawbackoverwhelminglyoverseasprogrammeschemesubcultureradicalunemploymentcharacteristic職業(yè)技能課程弊端，缺點總體上的，壓倒性的海外的計劃，項目，節(jié)目計劃，體制，方案亞文化，非主流文化偏激的，極端的失業(yè)，失業(yè)率特點，特征SignpostingSignpostingisseeninbothspeechandwritingasawaytoorganizecontentandmakeitcleartothelistenerorreaderwherethecontentisgoing,forexampleby:使聽眾或讀者在口語或?qū)懽髦懈鞔_內(nèi)容如何展開Orderingmainpoints:Use:firstly,secondly,next,finally,lastlyOrderingaprocessornarrative:Use:first,then,afterthat,afterwardsGivingexamples:Use:forinstance,forexampleSummarizing:Use:inconclusion,insummarySignpostingAllofthesesignpostingwordscanbefollowedbyacommaandaclause.后接從句，用逗號隔開Firstly,therearemanyactivitiesyouthscaneinvolvedin.Inspeech,manycanbefollowedbyanoun,verboradjective.Thiscannotbedoneinwriting.口語允許大部分后接名詞、動詞或形容詞；書面語中不允許這種情況TodayIamgoingtolookatyouthproblems.Firstly,alienation.Then,peerpressure.Andlastly,anti-socialbehaviour.LinkingwordsandphrasesThesewordslinkideastogethersothatspeechorwritingcanbefollowedclearly.這些連接詞使演講或?qū)懽髡归_更清晰Positioningoflinkingwords:Linkingwordscanbepositionedinavarietyofwayswithinasentence.Hereyoucanseeasimplifiedguidetothemainconstructions:

連接詞的位置：在一句完整的句子內(nèi)，連接詞有很多位置選擇，詳見下表1Linkword+Noun,ClauseORClause+Linkword+Noun2Linkword,+Clause3Clause1,Linkword+Clause24Linkword+Clause1,+Clause2LinkingwordsandphrasesDifferentlinkingwordshavedifferentfunctionsandneeddifferentconstructions:不同的連接詞作用不同，結(jié)構(gòu)也不同Addition:inaddition[2],inadditionto[1],moreover[2],and[3],furthermore[2]Contrast:however[2],incontrast[2],incontrastto[1],whereas[3/4],although[3/4],eventhough[3/4],yet[3],but[3]Reasons:dueto[1],because[3/4],becauseof[1],as[3/4]Results:therefore[2/3],so[1/3],asaresult[2],asaresultof[1]Repetition:inotherwords[2],bythatImean[2]GrammartipUsinglinkingwordsandphrasescorrectlyisessential.Whenlearninganewlinkingworduseagooddictionarytolookathowitshouldbeusedwithinand/oracrosssentences.連詞的分類并列連詞：and,but,so,yet,still,either,or,neither,nor,than,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso,aswellas等等I'lldoitrightawayanddoitwell.Sheagreedwithhisproposal,butshedidnotwanttojoinhisteam.從屬連詞：（1）名詞性：whoever,whatever,who,whom,which,that,when,where,how,what,why,whether…（2）形容詞性：who,whom,whose,which,that,when,where…（3）副詞性：after,as,although,because,before,if,since,though,until,when,whenever,while,wherever…Whenmotherfinishedthecakewasasurprise.名詞從句當主語Theoldmanwhoisstandingthereismyuncle.形容詞從句當形容詞Iwenthomeafterheleft.連詞帶出副詞從句OrderingmainpointsOrderingaprocessornarrativeGivingexamplesSummarizingfirstlysecondlynextfinallylastlyfirstthenafterthatafterwardsforinstanceforexampleinconclusioninsummarySignpostingLinkword+Noun,ClauseORClause+Linkword+NounLinkword,+ClauseClause1,Linkword+Clause2Linkword+Clause1,+Clause2additioninadditiontoinaddition,moreover,furthermore

andcontrastincontrasttohowever,incontrastwhereas,although,eventhough,

yet,butwhereas,

although,eventhoughreasonsdueto,becauseofbecause,asbecause,asresultsso,asaresultoftherefore,asaresulttherefore,

sorepetitioninotherwords,bythatImeanLinkingPractice1:Decideonthecorrectlinkingorsignpostingwordandfinishthesentences.Thenwritethefunction.Theremaybemorethanonecorrectanswer.Therearenotenoughactivitiesforteenagersinthearea._______,manyteenagersjustsocializeinthestreetsintheevenings.Function:______________dealingwiththeresultsofyouthcrime,wemustaddressthecauses.Function:_______TodayIamgoingtotalkaboutyouthprojectsinthelocalarea.Firstly,Iwilltalkaboutthesportsprojects.ThenIwilltalkabouttheculturalprojects._______,Iwilltalkaboutthevolunteeringopportunities.Function:_______Manystudentscannotgetaplaceatuniversity_______risingtuitionfees.Function:_______Teenagersarethefutureofthiscountry,_______manypeopleignoretheirneeds.Function:_______Thistalkhaslookedatmanyofthepositiveandnegativeaspectsofvocationalcoursesforteens._______,althoughtherearesomedrawbackstothesecourses,overwhelminglytheyareagoodthing.Function:_______Example:Iwilllookattheeffectsofpeerpressure,andhowyoungpeoplecanavoidpeerpressure.Function:AdditionPractice1:Decideonthecorrectlinkingorsignpostingwordandfinishthesentences.Thenwritethefunction.Theremaybemorethanonecorrectanswer.Therearenotenoughactivitiesforteenagersinthearea.Asaresult/Therefore,manyteenagersjustsocializeinthestreetsintheevenings.Function:resultInadditionto

dealingwiththeresultsofyouthcrime,wemustaddressthecauses.Function:additionTodayIamgoingtotalkaboutyouthprojectsinthelocalarea.Firstly,Iwilltalkaboutthesportsprojects.ThenIwilltalkabouttheculturalprojects.Thirdly/Lastly/Finally,Iwilltalkaboutthevolunteeringopportunities.Function:orderingManystudentscannotgetaplaceatuniversitydueto/becauseofrisingtuitionfees.Function:reasonTeenagersarethefutureofthiscountry,but/yetmanypeopleignoretheirneeds.Function:contrastThistalkhaslookedatmanyofthepositiveandnegativeaspectsofvocationalcoursesforteens.Inconclusion/Insummary,althoughtherearesomedrawbackstothesecourses,overwhelminglytheyareagoodthing.Function:summarizingExample:Iwilllookattheeffectsofpeerpressure,andhowyoungpeoplecanavoidpeerpressure.Function:AdditionPractice2:Readthefollowingtextandputtheevents1-7inthecorrectorder.1TheSEEPprogrammestarted2Theschemegrewinpopularity3BritishandAmericanstudentswantedtotravelmorefreelyineachother'scountry4TheEVPprogrammebegan5BritishandAmericanstudentscouldtravelmorefreelyineachother'scountry6TheschemestartedinCanada7TheschemestartedinothercountriesTheHistoryofBUNACBUNAC,theorganizationwhichsendsyoungpeopleoverseastoliveandwork,willbecelebratingits50thanniversarynextyear.ItgrewfromNorthAmericanClubsatLondonUniversitieswhowantedstudentsfrombothcountriestobeabletoliveandworkintheothercountryforashorttime.ThisbecamearealityasaresultoftheintroductionoftheEVP[ExchangeVisaProgramme]andsubsequentlytheSEEP[StudentEmploymentExchangeProgramme].DuetothemassiverisingpopularityoftheBritish-Americanscheme,programmesstartedrunningfirstlyinCanadaandtheninlocationsintherestoftheworld.Practice2:Readthefollowingtextandputtheevents1-7inthecorrectorder.1TheSEEPprogrammestarted2Theschemegrewinpopularity3BritishandAmericanstudentswantedtotravelmorefreelyineachother'scountry4TheEVPprogrammebegan5BritishandAmericanstudentscouldtravelmorefreelyineachother'scountry6TheschemestartedinCanada7Theschemestartedinothercountries3

4

1

5

2

6

7TheHistoryofBUNACBUNAC,theorganizationwhichsendsyoungpeopleoverseastoliveandwork,willbecelebratingits50thanniversarynextyear.ItgrewfromNorthAmericanClubsatLondonUniversitieswhowantedstudentsfrombothcountriestobeabletoliveandworkintheothercountryforashorttime.ThisbecamearealityasaresultoftheintroductionoftheEVP[ExchangeVisaProgramme]andsubsequentlytheSEEP[StudentEmploymentExchangeProgramme].DuetothemassiverisingpopularityoftheBritish-Americanscheme,programmesstartedrunningfirstlyinCanadaandtheninlocationsintherestoftheworld.Reading–completingatableCompletethetableoppositewithwordsfromthefollowingtext.UseNOMORE

THANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.Stage

Description

Relationtopunkmovement1subculture1_______Stylesandvaluesofsubculturesinitiatedbyculturalpioneerse.g.pioneerslikeMalcolmMcClaren2subcultural2_______Oftenareactiontosocio-politicalissuese.g.economicdeclineand3_______3subculturalplateauIdentifiedindevelopmentofsharedbehavioural,attitudinal,fashion,andmusical4_______e.g.Mohawks,piercingscreationofadeviantsubcultureOftencharacterizedby5_______andmainsubculturerejectione.g.skinheads46_______Causedbyageingofthesubculturee.g.riseofdanceandnewromant