考研英語沖刺大串講全程

完型完型部2008SectionUseofDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreach2008SectionUseofDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2bird,ascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested.5he,however,mighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientists,heispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothers,butexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection.ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest,912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100,andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWest,asthe12oftheirelites,includingseveralworld-renownedscientists,13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,suchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts,14,havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffects,suchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasa(an)17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateof2.[A]unique3.[A]of5.[A]Only6.[A]thought7.[A]advises8.[A]progress10.[A]normal12.[A]missions13.[A]affirm14.[A]15.[A]given[B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B]got[C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C]carried[D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D]put116.[A]assessing18.[A]linked19.[A]limited20.[A][B][B][B][B][B][C][C][C][C][C]16.[A]assessing18.[A]linked19.[A]limited20.[A][B][B][B][B][B][C][C][C][C][C][D][D][D][D][D]2009SectionUseofDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesuswonderjusthowsmarthumansare.1thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedbyCarlZimmerintheScienceTimes.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly2toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat3bulbsburnlonger,thatthereisa(n)4innotbeingtoobright.Intelligence,it5,isahighpricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeep,burnsmorefuelandisslow6thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning–a(n)7process-insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearn,andoneofthethingsthey'veapparentlylearnediswhento8.Isthereanadaptivevalueto9intelligence?That'sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance10atallthespecieswe'veleftinthedustIQwise,itimplicitlyaskswhatthereal11ofourownintelligencemightbe.Thisis12themindofeveryanimalwe'veevermet.Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesuswonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould13onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner,14,isrunningasmallscalestudyinoperantconditioning.Webelievethat15animalsranthelabs,theywouldtestusto16thelimitsofourpatience,ourfaithfulness,ourmemoryforlocations.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally17,notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.18,theywouldhopestudya(n)19question:Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheyliveare20the[A][A][A][A][A]insists[A][A][A][A][B][B][B][B][B]sums[B][B][B][B][C][C][C][C][C]turns[C]over[C][C][D][D][D][D][D]puts[D][D][D][D]2[A][A][A][A][A]by[A][A][A][A]Above[A][A][A][A][A][A][A]by[A][A][A][A]Above[A][A]By[B][B][B][B][B]in[B][B][B][B]After[B][B]In[C][C][C][C][C]as[C][C][C][C][C][C]So[D][D][D][D][D]for[D][D][D][D][D][D]Better2010SectionUseofDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)In1924AmericanNationalResearchCouncilsenttoengineertosuperviseaseriesofexperimentsatatelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlighting1workers’productivity.Instead,thestudiesended2givingtheirnametothe“Hawthorneeffect,”theextremelyinfluentialideathevery3ofbeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects’behaviorTheideaarosebecauseofthe4behaviorofthewomenintheplant.Accordingto5oftheexperiments,theirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot6whatwasdoneintheexperiment;7somethingwaschanged,productivityrose.A(n)8thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe9toalterworkers'behavior10Afterseveraldecades,thesamedatawere11toeconometricanalysis.Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore12thedescriptionsonrecord,nosystematic13wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlightingItturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehaveletto14interpretationofwhathappened.15,lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output16rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand17toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.18,acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMonday,workers19tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase,before20aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffect”ishardtopin1.[A][B][C][D]3[A][A][A][A][A][A]asfar[A][A][A][A][A][A][A]asfar[A][A][A][A]13.[A]evidence14.[A]disputable15.[A]Incontrast[A][A][A]20.[A]breaking[B][B][B][B][B][B]forfear[B][B][B][B][B]Consistent[B][B][B]For[B][B][B][B][B][C][C][C][C][C][C]incase[C][C][C][C][C]Parallel[C][C][C]In[C][C][C][C][C][D][D][D][D][D][D]solong[D][D][D][D][D]Peculiar[D][D][D][D][D][D][D]2011SectionUseofDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth.”But1someclaimstothecontrary,laughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitness.Laughterdoes2short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels,3_heartrateandoxygenconsumption.Butbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto4,agoodlaughisunlikelytohave5benefitstheway,say,walkingorjoggingdoes.6,insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedoes,laughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe7.Studiesdatingbacktothe1930sindicatethatlaughter8muscles,decreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown.Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp_9_theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anyway,theactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof10feedbackthatimproveanindividual'semotionalstate.11oneclassicaltheoryofemotion,ourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted12physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry13theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbeginto4Althoughsadnessalso14tears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow15muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988,socialAlthoughsadnessalso14tears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow15muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988,socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofWürzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto16apeneitherwiththeirteeth—therebycreatinganartificialsmile—orwiththeirlips,whichwouldproducea(n)__17expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirsmilingmuscles18moreenthusiasticallytofunnycartonsthandidthosewhosemonthswerecontractedinafrown,19thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround,20,thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprove1.[A]among2.[A]reflect3.[A]stabilizing4.[A]transmit5.[A]measurable6.[A]Inturn7.[A]opposite8.[A]hardens9.[A]aggravate10.[A]physical12.[A]with13.[A]unless14.[A]exhausts15.[A]into16.[A]fetch17.[A]18.[A]adapted20.[A][B][B][B][B][B][B]In[B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][C][C][C][C][C][C]In[C][C][C][C][C]Due[C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][D][D][D][D][D][D]In[D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D]2012SectionUseofDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt’sreputationforbeingindependentand5JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.ThatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatJusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself_6_tothecodeofconductthat_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary.Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_betweenthecourtandpolitics.TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_.Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamental_15_likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit_16_isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_17_asThejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves_19_tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmaketheirrulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,_20_,convincingas[A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A]byall[B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B]atall[C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C]ina[D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D]asa62013SectionUseofDirections:Read2013SectionUseofDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Peopleare,onthewhole,pooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat__1_theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby_2_factors.ButDrSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthe_3_wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamplesofinformationtheywereworkingwith._4_,hetheorisedthatajudge_5_ofappearingtoosoft_6_crimemightbemorelikelytosendserviceonthatday.To_8_thisidea,heturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheory,the__9_ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers_10_randomlyforinterviewduringthesameday,butDrSimonsohnsuspectedthetruthwas_11_.Hestudiedtheresultsof9,323MBAinterviews_12_by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad_13_applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale_14_numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere_15_usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGraduateManagementAdministrationTestorGMAT,astandardisedexamwhichis_16_outof800points,tomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorher.DrSimonsohnfoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofinterviewees0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone_17_that,thenthescoreforthenextapplicant_18_byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmall,butto_19_theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatewouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen_20_.[A][A][A][A]Above[A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][B][B][B][B]On[B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][C][C][C][C]In[C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][D][D][D][D]For[D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D]7[A][A][A][A][A][A][B][B][B][B][B][B][A][A][A][A][A][A][B][B][B][B][B][B][C][C][C][C][C][C][D][D][D][D][D][D]2014Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET.(10Points)Asmanypeoplehitmiddleage,theyoftenstarttonoticethattheirmemoryandmentalclarityarenotwhattheyusedtobe.Wesuddenlycan'tremember1weputthekeysjustamomentago,oranoldacquaintance'sname,orthenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.Asthebrain2,werefertotheseoccurrencesas“seniormoments.”3seeminglyinnocent,thislossofmentalfocuscanpotentiallyhavea(n)4impactonourprofessional,social,andpersonal5.Neuroscientists,expertswhostudythenervoussystem,areincreasinglyshowingthatthere'sactuallyalotthatcanbedone.It6outthatthebrainneedsexerciseinmuchthesamewayourmusclesdo,andtherightmental7cansignificantlyimproveourbasiccognitive8.Thinkingisessentiallya9ofmakingconnectionsinthebrain.Toacertainextent,ourabilityto10inmakingtheconnectionsthatdriveintelligenceisinherited.11,becausetheseconnectionsaremadethrougheffortandpractice,scientistsbelievethatintelligencecanexpandandfluctuate12mentalNow,anewWeb-basedcompanyhastakenitastep13anddevelopedthefirst“braintrainingprogram”designedtoactuallyhelppeopleimproveandregaintheirmental14.TheWeb-basedprogram15youtosystematicallyimproveyourmemoryandattentionskills.Theprogramkeeps16ofyourprogressandprovidesdetailedfeedback17yourandimprovement.Mostimportantly,it18modifiesandenhancesthegamesplayto19onthestrengthsyouaredeveloping--muchlikeyoutoincreaseresistanceandvaryyourmuscle20exerciseroutine1.[A]why3.[A]While7.[A]response[B][B][B][C]wellbeing[D][D][D]If[D][D]810.[A]excel11.[A]However12.[A]insteadof15.[A]hurries16.[A]order17.[A]to19.[A]carry20.[A][B]feature10.[A]excel11.[A]However12.[A]insteadof15.[A]hurries16.[A]order17.[A]to19.[A]carry20.[A][B]feature[B][B][B][B][B][C]persist[C][C][C][C][C][D][D]according[D][D][D][D][D]with[D][D]2015Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET.(10points)Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas“related”asfourthcousins,sharingabout1%ofgenes.Thatis_1_astudy,publishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYaleUniversityintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has__2_.Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted_31,932uniquesubjectswhich4pairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth_5_.While1%mayseem_6_,itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler,professorofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDiego,says,“Mostpeopledonoteven_7_theirfourthcousinsbutsomehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho_8_ourkin.”Thestudy_9_foundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotgenesforimmunity.Whythissimilarityexistsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow._10_,astheteamsuggests,itdrawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore_11_it.Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingtogetherthat_12_usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends_13_“functionalkinship”ofbeingfriendswith_14_!Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthesimilargenesseemtobeevolving_15_thanothergenes.Studyingthiscouldhelp_16_whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor_17_factor.Thefindingsdonotsimplyexplainpeople’s_18_tobefriendthoseofsimilar_19_backgrounds,saytheresearchers.ThoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento_20_thatallsubjects,friendsandstrangers,weretakenfromthesame[A][A][A][B][B][B][C][C][C][D][D][D]9[A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A]according[A][A][A][A][A][A][A][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B]rather[B][B][B][B][B][B][B][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C]regardless[C][C][C][C][C][C][C][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D]along[D][D][D][D][D][D][D]2016Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)InCambodia,thechoiceofaspouseisacomplexonefortheyoungmale.Itmayinvolvenotonlyhisparentsandhisfriends,1thoseoftheyoungwoman,butalsoamatchmaker.Ayoungmancan2alikelyspouseonhisownandthenaskhisparentsto_3themarriagenegotiations,ortheyoungman’sparentsmaymakethechoiceofaspouse,givingthechildlittletosayintheselection.4,agirlmayvetothespouseherparentshavechosen.5aspousehasbeenselected,eachfamilyinvestigatestheothertomakesureitschildismarrying6agoodfamily.Thetraditionalweddingisalongandcolorfulaffair.Formerlyitlastedthreedays,7bythe1980sitmorecommonlylastedadayandahalf.Buddhistpriestsofferashortsermonand8prayersofblessing.Partsoftheceremonyinvolveritualhaircutting,9cottonthreadssoakedinholywateraroundthebride’sandgroom’swrists,and10acandlearoundacircleofhappilymarriedandrespectedcouplestoblessthe11.Newlywedstraditionallymoveinwiththewife’sparentsandmay12withthemuptoayear,13theycanbuildanewhousenearby.Divorceislegalandeasyto14,butnotcommon.Divorcedpersonsare15withdisapproval.Eachspouseretains16propertyheorshe17intothemarriage,andjointly-acquiredpropertyis18equally.Divorcedpersonsmayremarry,butagender up:Thedivorcedmaledoesn’thaveawaitingperiodbefore up:Thedivorcedmaledoesn’thaveawaitingperiodbeforehecanwomanmustwaittenremarry the[A]byway[A]adapt[A][A]In[A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][B]aswell[B]provide[B][B]Above[B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B]so[C]onbehalf[C]compete[C][C]In[C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][D]withregard[D]decide[D][D]For[D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D]in2017Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Couldahugadaykeepthedoctoraway?Theanswermaybearesounding“yes!”1helpingyoufeelcloseand2topeopleyoucareabout,itturnsoutthathugscanbringa3ofhealthbenefitstoyourbodyandmind.Believeitornot,awarmembracemightevenhelpyou4gettingsickthisInarecentstudy5over400healthadults,researchersfromCarnegieMellonUniversityinPennsylvaniaexaminedtheeffectsofperceivedsocialsupportandthereceiptofhugs6theparticipants’susceptibilitytodevelopingthecommoncoldafterbeing7tothevirus.Peoplewhoperceivedgreatersocialsupportwerelesslikelytocome8withacold,andtheresearchers9thatthestress-reducingeffectsofhugging10about32percentofthatbeneficialeffect.11amongthosewhogotacold,theoneswhofeltgreatersocialsupportandreceivedmorefrequenthugshadlesssevere12.“Huggingprotectspeoplewhoareunderstressfromthe13riskforcoldsthat’s14withstress,”notesSheldonCohen,a14withstress,”notesSheldonCohen,aprofessorofpsychologyatCarnegie.Hugging“isamarkerofintimacyandhelps15thefeelingthatothersaretheretohelp16difficulty.”Someexperts17thestress-reducing,health-relatedbenefitsofhuggingtothereleaseofoxytocin,oftencalled“thebondinghormone”18itpromotesattachmentinrelationships,includingthatbetweenmotherandtheirnewbornbabies.Oxytocinismadeprimarilyinthecentrallowerpartofthebrain,andsomeofitisreleasedintothebloodstream.Butsomeofit19inthebrain,whereit20mood,behaviorand1．[A]Unlike3．[A]choice4．[A]recall5．[A]collecting6．[A]of7．[A]devoted8．[A]across9．[A]calculated10．[A]served11．[A]Even12．[A]defeats13．[A]minimized14．[A]equipped15．[A]assess16．[A]inthefaceof17．[A]transfer18．[A]because19．[A]emerges20．[A][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B][B]intheform[B][B][B][B][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C]intheway[C][C][C][C][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D][D]inthename[D][D]閱讀閱讀部2016Part2016PartDirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)TextFrance,whichpridesitselfastheglobalinnovatoroffashion,hasdecideditsfashionindustryhaslostanabsoluterighttodefinephysicalbeautyforwomen.Itslawmakersgavepreliminaryapprovallastweektoalawthatwouldmakeitacrimetoemployultra-thinmodelsonrunways.Theparliamentalsoagreedtobanwebsitesthat“inciteexcessivethinness”bypromotingextremeSuchmeasureshaveacoupleofupliftingmotives.Theysuggestbeautyshouldnotbedefinedbylooksthatendupimpingingonhealth.That’sastart.Andthebanonultra-thinmodelsseemstogobeyondprotectingmodelsfromstarvingthemselvestodeath-assomehavedone.Ittellsthefashionindustrythatitmusttakeresponsibilityforthesignalitsendswomen,especiallyteenagegirls,aboutthesocialtape-measuretheymustusetodeterminetheirindividualworth.Thebans,iffullyenforced,wouldsuggesttowomen(andmanymen)thattheyshouldnotletothersbearbitersoftheirbeauty.Andperhapsfaintly,theyhintthatpeopleshouldlooktointangiblequalitieslikecharacterandintellectratherthandietingtheirwaytosizezeroorwasp-waistTheFrenchmeasures,however,relytoomuchonseverepunishmenttochangeaculturethatstillregardsbeautyasskin-deep—andbone-showing.Underthelaw,usingafashionmodelthatdoesnotmeetaovernment-definedindexofbodymasscouldresultina$85,000fineandsixmonthsinThefashionindustryknowsithasaninherentprobleminfocusingonmaterialadornmentandidealizedbodytypes.InDenmark,theUnitedStates,andafewothercountries,itistryingtosetvoluntarystandardsformodelsandfashionimagesthatrelymoreonpeerpressureforenforcement.IncontrasttoFrance’sactions,Denmark’sfashionindustryagreedlastmonthonrulesandsanctionsregardingtheage,health,andothercharacteristicsofmodels.ThenewlyrevisedDanishFashionEthicalCharterclearlystates:“Weareawareofandtakeresponsibilityfortheimpactthefashionindustryhasonbodyideals,especiallyonyoungpeople.”Thecharter’smaintoolofenforcementistodenyaccessfordesignersandmodelingagenciestoCopenhagenFashionWeek,whichisrunbytheDanishFashionInstitute.Butingeneralitreliesonaname-and-shameofRelyingonethicalpersuasionratherthanlawtoaddressthemisuseofbodyidealsmaybethebeststep.Evenbetterwouldbetohelpelevatenotionsofbeautybeyondthematerialstandardsofaparticularindustry.21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whatwouldhappenin1PhysicalbeautywouldbePhysicalbeautywouldbeNewrunwayswouldbeWebsitesaboutdietingwouldThefashionindustrywouldThephrase“impingingon”(Line2,Para2)isclosestinmeaning indicatingthestateheighteningthevaluelosingfaithdoingharmWhichofthefollowingistrueofthefashionTheFrenchmeasureshavealreadyNewstandardsarebeingsetinModelarenolongerunderpeerItsinherentproblemsaregettingAdesignerismostlikelytoberejectedbyCFWfor pursuingperfectphysicalcaringtoomuchaboutmodels’showinglittleconcernforhealthsettingahighagethresholdforWhichofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleoftheAChallengetotheFashionIndustry’sBodyADilemmafortheStarvingModelsinJustAnotherRoundofStruggleforTheGreatThreatstotheFashionTextForthefirsttimeinhistorymorepeopleliveintownsthaninthecounty.InBritainthishashadacuriousresult.WhilepollsshowBritonsrate“thecountryside”alongsidetheroyalfirmly,ShakespeareandtheNationalHealthService(NHS)aswhatmakesthemproudestoftheircountry,thishaslimitedpoliticalsupport.AcenturyagoOctaviaHilllaunchedtheNationalTrustnottorescuestylishhousesbuttosave“thebeautyofnaturalplacesforeveryoneforever.”Itwasspecificallytoprovidecitydwellerswithspacesforleisurewheretheycouldexperience“arefreshingair.”Hill’spressurelaterledtothecreationofnationalparksandgreenbelts.Theydon’tmakecountrysideanymore,andeveryyearconcreteconsumesmoreofit.Itneedsconstantguardianship.Atthenextelectionnoneofthebigpartiesseemlikelytoendorsethissentiment.TheConservatives’planningreformexplicitlygivesruraldevelopmentpriorityoverconservation,evenauthorising“off-plan”buildingwherelocalpeoplemightobject.Theconceptofsustainable2developmenthasbeendefinedasprofitable.Labourlikewisewantstodiscontinuelocalplanningwherecouncilsdevelopmenthasbeendefinedasprofitable.Labourlikewisewantstodiscontinuelocalplanningwherecouncilsopposedevelopment.TheLiberalDemocratsaresilent.OnlyUkip,sensingitschance,hassidedwiththosepleadingforamoreconsideredapproachtousinggreenland.ItsCampaigntoProtectRuralEnglandstruckterrorintomanylocalConservativeparties.Thesensibleplacetobuildnewhouses,factoriesandofficesiswherepeopleare,incitiesandtownswhereinfrastructureisinplace.TheLondonagentsStirlingAckroydrecentlyidentifiedenoughsitesforhalfamillionhousesintheLondonareaalone,withnointrusionongreenbelt.WhatistrueofLondoniseventrueroftheprovinces.Theideathat“housingcrisis”equals“concretedmeadows”ispurelobbytalk.Theissueisnottheneedformorehousesbut,asalways,wheretoputthem.Underlobbypressure,GeorgeOsbornefavoursruralnew-buildagainsturbanrenovationandrenewal.Hefavoursout-of-townshoppingsitesagainsthighstreets.Thisisnotafreemarketbutabiasedone.Ruraltownsandvillageshavegrownandwillalwaysgrow.Theydosobestwherebuildingstickstotheiredgesandrespectstheircharacter.Wedonotruinurbanconservationareas.Whyruinruralones?Developmentshouldbeplanned,notletrip.AftertheNetherlands,BritainisEurope’smostcrowdedcountry.Halfacenturyoftownandcountryplanninghasenabledittoretainanenviableruralcoherence,whilestillpermittinglow-densityurbanliving.thereisnodoubtofthealternative-thecorruptedlandscapesofsouthernPortugalSpainorIreland.Avoidingthisratherthanpromotingitshouldunitetheleftandrightofthepoliticalspectrum.Britain’spublicsentimentaboutthehasbroughtmuchbenefittothedidn’tstarttilltheShakespeareanisfullybackedbytheroyalisnotwellreflectedinAccordingtoParagraph2,theachievementsoftheNationalT