元素通論普通化學(xué)b chapter

元素通s區(qū)、ds區(qū)元p區(qū)元d區(qū)元（）必1（參考書：S.J.LipparedandJ.M.Berg著，（參考書：S.J.LipparedandJ.M.Berg著，F(xiàn)igure7.11.Chargesofsomecommonionsfoundinioniccompounds.Noticethatthesteplikelinethatdividesmetalsfromnonmetalsalsoseparatescation'sfromanions.Ionsshowninyellowhavethesamenumberofelectronsasthenearestnoble-gas減主增減第二周期元素的原子半徑特別小，其性質(zhì)較特 2電子親合能增 電子親合能增 減Li的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電極電勢最S區(qū)元素及常見陽離子的分離和鑒電子層構(gòu)型的異同及某些性質(zhì)的差ds區(qū)元素化合物的某些性Cu(Ⅰ)與Cu(Ⅱ)的穩(wěn)定性及相互轉(zhuǎn)Hg與Hg(Ⅰ)的結(jié)構(gòu)特Hg(Ⅰ)與Hg(Ⅱ)的穩(wěn)定性及相互轉(zhuǎn)常見配合物的特點,類型及應(yīng)Cu2+Ag+,Zn2+,Hg2+的分d(H2)/d(H2O)ca.89%ins區(qū)與ds氫堿金屬：TheAlkali堿土金屬：TheAlkalineEarth銅族金屬鋅族金屬3第十二章s、dsNaH(s)+H2O(l)→NaOH(aq)+H2from(a)CH4(g)+HNaH(s)+H2O(l)→NaOH(aq)+H2from(a)CH4(g)+H2O(g)→CO(g)?(synthesisgas合成氣–Ni?(b)CO(g)+H2O(g)→CO2(g)+Fe/CuC(s)+H2O(g)→CO(g)+3H2(g)(水煤氣煤?2H2O(l)→2H2(g)+O2(g)(光解(電解Zn(s)2HCl(aq)ZnCl2(aqH2(g)??Applicationof?Haberprocesstoammonia(1.5×108Kg/2H2(g)+CO(g)→Cu2+(aq)H2(g)Cu(s2H+(aq)冶金H2C=C…C-C…氫化?4Vegetableoilto植物油氫化到單質(zhì)制KRb,Li–Vegetableoilto植物油氫化到單質(zhì)制KRb,Li–Cs,Ba=Ca,Be,51.電解以石墨為陽極,以鐵為陰極,電解NaCl熔鹽熔點(m.p.)相近,易揮發(fā)失掉C即可熔化.Na液態(tài),密度小,浮在熔鹽上面,易于收集.但2.化學(xué)還原MgOCCOMg(反應(yīng)常溫下△°m>0△°m>0,高溫下可能反應(yīng)KCl(l)+Na---NaCl+2RbCl(l)+Ca---Na本不比鉀活潑，但原因:K的沸點低,汽化MeltingANa-KalloyisaliquidatMeltingANa-KalloyisaliquidatThefirstionizationenergies,TheircompoundsareExcellentreducingThestandardpotentials,stronglyTheycanevenreducethehydrogenin2M(s)+2H2O(l)→2MOH(aq)+超氧化KM－O－H是一般氧化物的水化物的鍵聯(lián)形式究竟是酸式還是堿式解離,取決于M的電場.M的電場強(qiáng)吸引氧的負(fù)電荷從而加強(qiáng)M－O鍵,同時削弱了O－H鍵,易酸式電離:M——O—|—HM的電場弱吸引氧的負(fù)電荷能力差而相對而言O(shè)H的吸引增強(qiáng)結(jié)果是堿式電離:M—|—O——677Beshowsahintofnonmetalliccharacter,buttheotherelementsarealltypicalmetals.Thevigorreaction反應(yīng)活性withwaterandoxygenBeshowsahintofnonmetalliccharacter,buttheotherelementsarealltypicalmetals.Thevigorreaction反應(yīng)活性withwaterandoxygenincreasedownthegroup.The1stand2ndCa+BecompoundsareHighlySmallModerately葉綠素a,(Mg的最重要化合物鋰、鈹?shù)奶匦约皩蔷€規(guī)CaO(s)+SiO2(s)=CaSiO3(l)(煉鐵時造渣，50kgTonFe)Ca5(PO4)3OH(s)+4H3O+(aq)(牙齒腐蝕-5Ca(aq)+3HPO4(aq5H2O(l)Ca5(PO4)3OH(s)+F-(aq)(氟化)=Ca5(PO4)3F(s)+OH-(1kgCa/adulthumanbody,mostlyinCacompoundsarecommoninstructuralmaterials,becausethesmall,highlychargedCa2+ionresultsinrigidstructures.8MgO(mp2800°C):Mg(OH)2:（2）無水BeCl、AlCl dss區(qū)與ds區(qū)金屬的電子構(gòu)型的異 ds區(qū)金屬的反應(yīng)性順ds區(qū)元從上到下，金屬活潑性降低從左到右，金屬活潑性增加原子半徑增加均與s區(qū)相9 最外 (n1)s2 價 (n1)d10 2e構(gòu)型or Z(ds)>Z(s),r(ds)<①金屬活潑性s區(qū)>ds②化合物中共價成分ds區(qū)>s③氧化態(tài)Cu2+Cu,Ag,Cu的外觀及晶重要的銅礦：Cu(I)FeSCuCOCu,Ag,Cu的外觀及晶重要的銅礦：Cu(I)FeSCuCO.Cu(OH)Cu(I) 輝銅浮Cu的性airtoformapalegreenlayerofbasiccopper2Cu(s)+H2O(l)+O2(g)+Alloys:Cu-Zn,Cu-Sn,Cu-Ni等ActivityofCu:electrochemicalOxidationnumber:+1(高溫固相+2(aq),2Cu+=Cu2++CuEo=0.521-0.153=0.368VlgK=nEo/0.0592=6.276CuI(s),CuCl(s),Cu2O(s);Sulfatesolution:[Cu(H2O)6]2+,paleblueSolidCuSO4.5H2O:[Cu(H2O)4]2+,deeperblue選礦：浮選(sulfideoresarewettedbypyrometallurgical火法冶金2CuFeS2(s)+3O2(g)→2CuS(s)+CuS(s)+O2(g)→Cu(l)+SO2(g)(+CaO→hydrometallurgical濕法冶金)陽極：Cu(粗2e=Cu2+(陽極泥含：PtAg,陰極：Cu2++2eCu+1.69Perovskitebuildingblocksthatconformthe[1:2:3] Cu第一電離能I1=746KJ/mol Cu離子間的轉(zhuǎn) Cu2+水合(T+1.69Perovskitebuildingblocksthatconformthe[1:2:3] Cu第一電離能I1=746KJ/mol Cu離子間的轉(zhuǎn) Cu2+水合(TH(h)=1H(h2)=I2+2e2IEE(右E(左=0.368V2Cu+2I+2e 2Cu+=Cu2++ K=2Cu2++4I=2CuI(s)+2CuCu2++2Cl+Cu=2CuCl(s,白)2CuCl(s,白)+2HCl=2H[CuCl2]稀[CuCl2HCl(濃Cu2Cu+(加熱[CuClCu2+3221Q=4K(不穩(wěn))<K(不穩(wěn)[CuCl]= 2CuCO3+Y2O3+BaCO3→YBa2Cu3O6.5-7Ag的性Au的性鋅、鎘、8-carat,Ag的性Au的性鋅、鎘、8-carat,14-carat,whitegold,18-carat,24-(whitegold–6partsAuand18partsof4Au+8NaCN+O2+2H2O=4Na[Au(CN)2]+2Na[Au(CN)2]+Zn=2NaCN+Zn(CN)2+AuAuAlloys:pureAu,24-carat;Au-Ag高延展性：1gAu1m2→ToonobletoAu+(aq)+e-→ Eo=Au3+(aq)+3e-→Au(s) Eo=+1.40VNO3-(aq)+4H+(aq)+3e→NO(g)+2H2O(l)Eo=Au(s)+4H+(aq)+NO3-(aq)+4Cl-(aq)[AuCl4]-(aq)+Ag+H+(aq)→H2Ag+→Ag2++AgOxidationnumber:+1,almostallAgZn的性ZnClZn(CN)44Cd的性Hg+:汞離子的電極電 0.797VHg+22HgZn的性ZnClZn(CN)44Cd的性Hg+:汞離子的電極電 0.797VHg+22Hg+Hg=Hg2 =Sn4++2e =Hg2Cl2(s,白Hg2Cl2(s,白=2Hg(s,黑（5d106s1）4s24p64d104f145s25p65d10n2Cd，isobtainedinasimilarmannerwithZnandCdaresilveryreactiveCd,moremetallic,hasamorebasicOxidationnumber:Zn(II),+2inalltheirHgSincinnabar辰砂)，天然存在形式Itisseparatedfromcinnabarbyfrothfloationandthenroasting:HgS(s)+O2(g)→Hg(g)+Thevolatile揮發(fā)性metalisdistilledoffandHgisuniqueinbeingtheonlymetallicelementthatisliquidatroomtemperature.室溫液態(tài)！HgH+(aqH2HgH++NO3-→Hg2+NOH2OHg過量時，Hg2Oxidationnumber:+1inHg2+2。與+1價Ag2ZnSinsphalerite(閃鋅礦天然存在形式常與鉛伴生.Theoreisconcentratedbyforthflotation(浮選),andthemetalisextractedbyroastingandthensmeltingwith2ZnS(s)+3O2(g)→2ZnO(s)+ZnO(s)+C(s)→Zn(l)+Zn的金屬活潑性Zn(s)+2HCl(aqZn的兩性：Zn(s)+2OH-Hg2++Hg=Hg2[HgCl]4[Hg2+Hg Hg2+占2濃當(dāng)平衡體系中通入可生成Hg2S(s)與(升汞)HgCl2HgHg2Cl2甘汞∵[Hg2+]=KHg2++Hg=Hg2[HgCl]4[Hg2+Hg Hg2+占2濃當(dāng)平衡體系中通入可生成Hg2S(s)與(升汞)HgCl2HgHg2Cl2甘汞∵[Hg2+]=K [Hg2+]=Q=(Hg2+)/(Hg2+)=2.510+7>2HgNH2Cl(s,白HgS(s,黑Hg2++Hg=Hg2HgO(s,黃or紅ds區(qū)元素的配合ds區(qū)元素的配合Cu2+的檢出[Cu(H2O)4]2+(淺藍(lán)色[CuCl4]2(黃綠色K穩(wěn)[Cu(NH)]2+(深藍(lán)色K3穩(wěn)[Cu(CN)4]2(無色K穩(wěn)離子等[HgI4]2ds區(qū)元素配合構(gòu)型(雜化軌道平面正直線正四面正八面等（晶體中52人死亡。在海水中，Hg被變成CH3HgSCH3,被魚g蒸氣是陰毒，因其效應(yīng)是累積的。經(jīng)常暴露于低水平的g蒸氣下會使g在體內(nèi)積累。其效應(yīng)包括記憶喪失。（S磺在室溫下與Hg生成HgS。用于除去撒落的Ag+的檢出用[Hg(SCN)]2+檢出Zn2+4[Hg(SCN)4]2++Zn2+Zn[Hg(SCN)4](s,白[Hg(SCN)4]2++Co2+Co[Hg(SCN)4](s,藍(lán)（銀鏡反應(yīng)+Ag+的檢出用[Hg(SCN)]2+檢