南開大學(xué)外國(guó)語學(xué)院211翻譯碩士英語專業(yè)碩士歷年考研真題及詳解合集

目錄2010年南開大學(xué)外國(guó)語學(xué)院211翻譯碩士英語[專業(yè)碩士]考研真題及詳解2011年南開大學(xué)外國(guó)語學(xué)院211翻譯碩士英語[專業(yè)碩士]考研真題及詳解2012年南開大學(xué)外國(guó)語學(xué)院211翻譯碩士英語[專業(yè)碩士]考研真題及詳解

2010年南開大學(xué)外國(guó)語學(xué)院211翻譯碩士英語[專業(yè)碩士]考研真題及詳解I.VocabularyandGrammar.(30points,1foreach.)Directions:Thereare30incompletesentencesinthispart.ForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.ChoosetheONEthatbestcompletesthesentence.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.1．ManyAmericansthinkanationalcommitteeshouldbeformedtodiscuss_____toexistingmasstransitsystem.A.alterationsB.alternationsC.attendantsD.alternatives【答案】A【解析】句意：許多美國(guó)人認(rèn)為應(yīng)當(dāng)組建一個(gè)國(guó)家協(xié)會(huì)來討論對(duì)公共交通系統(tǒng)的修改意見。alterations變更，修改。alternations間隔；輪流，交替。attendants出席者；隨從。alternatives選擇；供選擇的東西。2．Thankyouforapplyingforapositionwithourfirm.Wedonothaveanyopeningsatthistime,butweshallkeepyourapplicationon_____fortwomonths.A.pileB.segmentC.sequenceD.file

【答案】D【解析】句意：感謝您申請(qǐng)我們公司的職位。公司目前沒有職位空缺，不過我們會(huì)將您的申請(qǐng)存檔兩個(gè)月。file文件；檔案。onfile存檔，記錄下來備查。pile大量；一堆。segment部分；切片；部門；線段。sequence序列；順序。3．Theoxygenequipmentmadeitpossiblefortheclimberstorestandsleepatveryhigh_____.A.latitudeB.altitudeC.levelD.hemisphere【答案】B【解析】句意：氧氣機(jī)使登山者能夠在高海拔地區(qū)進(jìn)行休息和睡眠。altitude高度；高處；海拔。latitude緯度，緯度地區(qū)。level水平；標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。hemisphere半球。4．Nowthe_____portcitynearthemouthofthemightyYangtzeRiverishopingtoleaveitsrecordofturmoilbehindandrenewitsstatusastheepicenterofChinesemodernization.A.flappedB.congestedC.dinedD.dictated【答案】B【解析】句意：現(xiàn)在，這個(gè)位于長(zhǎng)江附近的擁擠的港口城市期望能將曾

經(jīng)動(dòng)亂的歷史拋在腦后，重新塑造中國(guó)現(xiàn)代化中心的地位。congest使充滿；使擁塞。congested擁擠的。flap拍打；拍動(dòng)。dine進(jìn)餐，用餐。dictate命令；支配。5．_____,hewouldnothaverecoveredsosoon.A.Hadn’thebeentakengoodcareofB.HadhenotbeentakengoodcareofC.HadnothebeentakengoodcareofD.Hadhebeennottakengoodcareof【答案】B【解析】句意：假如沒有受到良好的照顧，他不會(huì)恢復(fù)的這么快。本題考查虛擬語氣，對(duì)過去情況的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)如下：sb/sthwould/could/shouldhavedonesth,ifsth/sbhad(not)donesth，其中可以將had提前，其它語序不變，構(gòu)成倒裝句。所以選B。6．MorethanonethirdoftheChineseimmigrantsintheUnitedStatesliveinCalifornia,_____,inSanFrancisco.A.previouslyB.predominantlyC.practicallyD.permanently【答案】B【解析】句意：美國(guó)的中國(guó)移民中，三分之一的人居住在加利福尼亞州，其中主要以舊金山為主。predominantly主要地；占主導(dǎo)地位地。previously事先；以前。practically事實(shí)上；實(shí)用地。permanently永存地；不變地。

7．Theveryessenceofcivillibertyconsistsintherightofeveryindividualtoclaimtheprotectionoflaws,_____hereceivesaninjury.A.wheneverB.whereverC.whereasD.whichever【答案】A【解析】句意：公民自由的核心意義在與保證每個(gè)公民不論何時(shí)受到傷害，都有權(quán)力尋求法律保護(hù)。whenever引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，表示“無論何時(shí)”，等于nomatterwhen。wherever無論在哪。whereas然而；反之。whichever無論哪一個(gè)。B、C、D均不符合句意。8．The_____ofaculturalphenomenonisusuallyalogicalconsequenceofsomephysicalaspectsinthelifestyleofthepeople.A.implementationB.manifestationC.demonstrationD.expedition【答案】B【解析】句意：文化現(xiàn)象的外在表現(xiàn)形式通常是人們某些實(shí)際生活方式的自然結(jié)果。manifestation外在表現(xiàn)；表現(xiàn)形式。implementation貫徹；實(shí)施。demonstration示范；實(shí)證。expedition遠(yuǎn)征；探險(xiǎn)；考察。9．The_____touristindustryhasbeenunpreparedfortheverylargenumberofvisitorswhoarenowcomingtoBritain.A.recent-developing

B.recently-developedC.recent-developingD.recently-developing【答案】D【解析】句意：英國(guó)旅游業(yè)最近剛剛發(fā)展起來，還沒有準(zhǔn)備好迎接大量來英游客。修飾形容詞應(yīng)該用副詞，取recent的副詞形式，排除A、C。句中提到旅游業(yè)還沒有準(zhǔn)備好迎接游客，所以是正在發(fā)展，而不是已經(jīng)發(fā)展完成，B項(xiàng)中developed表示已經(jīng)發(fā)展完成的，A項(xiàng)中developing表示正在發(fā)展中，故選D。10．Thetwinbrothersslippedoutoftheroomandheadedfortheswimmingpoolwithouttheirparents’________.A.commandB.convictionC.consentD.compromise【答案】C【解析】句意：雙胞胎兄弟沒有經(jīng)過父母同意便溜出房間，奔向游泳池。consent同意；許可。command命令，控制；博得，贏得。conviction定罪；堅(jiān)信，信服。compromise妥協(xié)；和解。11．_____aboutthefoodintherestaurant,buthealsorefusedtopayforhismeal.A.HedidnotonlycomplainB.NotonlyhedidcomplainC.Notonlydidhecomplain

D.Henotonlydidcomplain【答案】C【解析】句意：他不僅抱怨餐館的飯菜，還拒絕為飯菜買單。notonly…butalso…不僅……而且，其中notonly可以提到句首構(gòu)成倒裝，倒裝的同時(shí)需要將分句的助動(dòng)詞/be動(dòng)詞提前，故選C。12．Theprocessoffermentationis_____byaddingsugar.A.furtheredB.precipitatedC.hurriedD.accelerated【答案】D【解析】句意：加糖可以提高發(fā)酵速度。accelerate使加速，加快。further加深，增進(jìn)。precipitate使突然發(fā)生；使突然發(fā)生。hurry趕緊；匆忙。13．_____,hedoesgetannoyedwithhersometimes.A.AlthoughmuchhelikesherB.MuchalthoughhelikesherC.AshelikeshermuchD.Muchashelikesher【答案】D【解析】句意：本題考查讓步狀語從句，as、though都可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，但是只有as引導(dǎo)是從句可以倒裝，結(jié)構(gòu)是“形容詞/副詞+as+主語+謂語動(dòng)詞”，故選D。

14．Whendecimalcurrencywasintroduced,oneoldmaninthevillagesaid,“Idon’tthinkitwill_____roundhere.”A.catchupB.catchoutC.catchonD.catchin【答案】C【解析】句意：十進(jìn)制貨幣被引進(jìn)的時(shí)候，村里的一個(gè)老人說：“我認(rèn)為它流行不起來?！眂atchon流行起來；理解，明白。catchup很快拾起；纏??；趕上。catchout發(fā)覺；抓住某人的錯(cuò)處。catchin落入；陷于。15．Thescientistcouldhardlyfindsufficientgrounds_____hisargumentsinfavorofthenewtheory.A.tobebasedonB.tobaseonC.whichtobaseonD.onwhichtobase【答案】D【解析】句意：科學(xué)家很難找到足夠的依據(jù)來支撐自己關(guān)于新理論的觀點(diǎn)。grounds（依據(jù)）是用來支撐arguments（觀點(diǎn)）的，這個(gè)意思如果用動(dòng)詞不定式表達(dá)，應(yīng)該為tobaseonfor，如果用從句表達(dá)，應(yīng)該是onwhichtobase，所以選D。16．TheEnglishlanguagecontainsa(an)_____ofwordswhicharecomparativelyseldomusedinordinaryconversation.A.altitude

B.latitudeC.multitudeD.attitude【答案】C【解析】句意：英語中包含許多日常對(duì)話中相對(duì)很少用到的單詞。multitude多數(shù)，眾多。altitude高度；高處；海拔。latitude緯度，緯度地區(qū)。attitude態(tài)度。17．Thegrowthofpart-timeandflexibleworkingpatterns,andoftrainingandretrainingscheme,_____morewomentotakeadvantageofemploymentopportunities.A.haveallowedB.allowC.allowingD.allows【答案】D【解析】句意：隨著空閑時(shí)間越來越多，工作方式越來越靈活，以及培訓(xùn)和再培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目的增多，越來越多的女性能夠把握到就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。主語是“Thegrowthof…retrainingscheme”，“morewomen”是賓語，“totakeadvantageofemploymentopportunities”是賓語補(bǔ)足語，句子缺少謂語動(dòng)詞，C項(xiàng)allowing是非謂語形式，故排除C。由于主語“thegrowth”是單數(shù)形式，所以謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用單數(shù)，排除A、B，選D。18．Althoughhehashadnoformaleducation,heisoneofthe_____businessmeninhiscompany.A.shrewdestB.sternest

C.nastiestD.alertest【答案】A【解析】句意：雖然他沒有受過正規(guī)教育，但卻是公司最精明的生意人之一。shrewd精明的；機(jī)靈的。stern嚴(yán)厲的；堅(jiān)定的。nasty污穢的；險(xiǎn)惡的。alert警覺的；留心的。19．Theheartis_____intelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.A.notsoB.muchmoreC.notmoreD.nomore【答案】D【解析】句意：心臟并不比胃聰明，因?yàn)樗麄兌际艽竽X的支配?！皌han“的出現(xiàn)說明此處要用比較級(jí)，排除A。B項(xiàng)意思不符合句意。nomore…than…是固定搭配，比起……來，并不……，排除C，選D。20．NowapaperinSciencearguesthatorganicchemicalsintherockcomemostlyfrom_____onearththanbacteriaonMars.A.configurationB.constitutionC.condemnationD.contamination【答案】D

【解析】句意：《科學(xué)》雜質(zhì)上的一篇論文認(rèn)為，巖石中的有機(jī)化學(xué)物大多是地球上的污染物而非火星上的細(xì)菌所產(chǎn)生的。contamination污染；致污物。configuration結(jié)構(gòu)；配置。constitution憲法；體質(zhì)；構(gòu)造。condemnation批評(píng)責(zé)難；（罪的）宣告。21．Severaldecadesago,wealthypeoplelikedhuntingwildanimalsforfun_____sightseeing.A.ratherthantogoB.morethangoingC.otherthangoingD.thantogo【答案】B【解析】句意：幾十年前，相當(dāng)于觀光旅行，富人們更喜歡從打獵中獲取樂趣。這里把huntingwildanimals和goingsightseeing進(jìn)行了對(duì)比，所以要用比較級(jí)，主體結(jié)構(gòu)是like…morethan…。所以選B.22．Tensofthousandsofdiplomats,scientists,ecologistsand_____hangers-onareexpectedtogatherindozensofauditoriumsfornearly400officialandunofficialevents.A.assortedB.obedientC.inaccessibleD.coarse【答案】A【解析】句意：數(shù)百萬的外交家、科學(xué)家、生態(tài)學(xué)家和各式各樣的追隨者將聚集在幾十個(gè)會(huì)堂中參加近四百項(xiàng)官方和非官方的活動(dòng)。assorted組合的；各式各樣的。obedient服從的；孝順的。inaccessible難接近

的；難達(dá)成的。coarse粗糙的；粗俗的。23．Asmyfatherisnot_____withthelanguage,hehasaskedmetoassumetheroleofprivatesecretaryandmeetyouonhisbehalf.A.loungedB.loggedC.acquaintedD.omitted【答案】C【解析】句意：由于我父親不太熟悉這門語言，他要我擔(dān)任他的私人秘書，代表他與您會(huì)面。acquaint使了解，使熟知。beacquaintedwith熟悉……。lounge閑蕩；懶洋洋地躺臥；虛度光陰。伐（木）；log把……記入航海日志。omit省略；遺漏。24．—“MayIspeaktoyourmanagerMr.Cooperatthreeo’clockthisFridayafternoon?”—“I’msorry.Mr.Cooper_____toaconferencelongbeforethen.”A.willhavegoneB.hadhavegoneC.wouldhavegoneD.hasgone【答案】A【解析】句意：“我可以在本周五下午三點(diǎn)同你的經(jīng)理Cooper先生通話嗎？”“不好意思，Cooper先生在那之前將去參加一個(gè)會(huì)議?！边@里考察將來完成時(shí)的用法，結(jié)構(gòu)為willhavedone…，故選C。

25．Confucianismhasevolvedintoacultureofrationalistictraditionalism,acombinationoftraditional_____andgroupvirtueswithapragmatismshapedbytheconditionsofanewcompetitiveenvironment.A.helmB.assaultC.filialD.derivation【答案】C【解析】句意：儒教已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為一種理性的傳統(tǒng)文化，它將傳統(tǒng)的孝道、集體美德同新的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境下形成的實(shí)用主義結(jié)合在一起。filial孝順。helm舵。assault攻擊，襲擊。derivation由來，出處。26．Oneoftherequirementsforafireisthatthematerial_____toitsburningtemperature.A.isheatedB.willbeheatedC.beheatedD.wouldbeheated【答案】C【解析】句意：燃燒的一個(gè)要求是材料的溫度達(dá)到著火點(diǎn)。表示“命令”、“要求”等意思的詞，如文中的“requirements”引導(dǎo)的賓語從句或表語從句，從句謂語動(dòng)詞用原形。27．Afteryearsofnegotiation,aninternationalagreementtoconserve_____speciesandecosystemshasfinallybeenchanged.A.ventilated

B.imperiledC.utilizedD.modified【答案】B【解析】句意：通過多年的談判，終于完成了對(duì)一項(xiàng)關(guān)于保護(hù)瀕危物種和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的國(guó)際協(xié)約的修訂。ventilated通風(fēng)的。imperiled處于危險(xiǎn)中的。utilized被利用的。modified修改的，變更的。28．NobodysawtheCEOattheseminar;he_____atitA.couldn’thavespokenB.couldn’tspeakC.mustn’thavespokenD.shouldn’thavespoken【答案】A【解析】句意：在研討會(huì)上，沒有人看到CEO，所以他不可能去參加了研討會(huì)。couldn’tdosth，不可能做某事（很有把握的猜測(cè)），由于句中表示的是對(duì)過去情況的猜測(cè)，所以用couldn’thavedone結(jié)構(gòu)，選A。29．Thesepictureswillshowyou_____.A.whatdoesourhigh-techincubatorlooklikeB.whatourhigh-techincubatorlookslikeC.howdoesourhigh-techincubatorlooklikeD.howourhigh-techincubatorlookslike【答案】B

【解析】句意：這些照片向我們展示了高科技保溫箱的模樣。對(duì)“是……樣子”提問方式為“Whatdo(es)sthlooklike”，排除C、D。賓語從句應(yīng)該用陳述句語序，排除A。故選B。30．WithSchindler’sList,thetruestoryofaGermanbusinessmanwhosavedmorethan1O00JewsduringtheHolocaust,StevenAllanSpielbergappearsdeterminedtoprovethathecanmakeamoviethatwill_____allexpectations.A.fallshortofB.liveuptoC.runcontrarytoD.getoutof【答案】B【解析】通過電影“辛德勒的名單”，史蒂芬·斯皮爾伯格證明他可以制作一個(gè)滿足所有人期待的電影?！靶恋吕盏拿麊巍敝v述的是一個(gè)德國(guó)商人在大屠殺中挽救了一千個(gè)猶太人性命的故事。liveupto符合，不辜負(fù)。fallshortof達(dá)不到，未達(dá)到。runcontraryto違反；背道而馳。II.ReadingComprehension(40points)SectionOne:Readandmakethebestchoice(20points,2foreach)Directions:Therearetwopassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbyfivequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,D.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandthenmarkthecorrespondingontheAnswerSheet.PassageOneIntermsofpurequantityofresearchanddebate,businessschoolshaveperformedamazinglyinpromotingmanagementasadistinctiveactivity.Nootherdisciplinehasproducedasmuchinsuchashortperiod.Itisunclearyethowmuchofitwillstandthetestoftime,butforsheerindustry,thebusiness

schooldeservecredit.Notadaygoesbywithoutanotherwaveofresearchpapers,books,articles,andjournals.Intheseterms,schoolshaveproducedagenerallyacceptedtheoreticalbasisformanagement.Whenitcomestoknowledgecreation,however,theyfindthemselvesindifficulties.Theyarecaughtbetweentheneedforacademicrigourandforreal-worldbusinessrelevance,whichtendtopullinoppositedirections.Thedesiretoestablishmanagementasacredibledisciplineleadstoresearchthatpanderstotraditionalacademiccriteria.Theproblemforbusinessschoolresearchersisthattheyseektheapprovaloftheiracademicpeersratherthanthebusinesscommunity.IntheUnitedStatesthishasledtothesortofgrand‘paperclipcounting’exercisesthatmeetdemandsforacademicrigourbutfailtoaddoneiotatotherealsumofhumanknowledge.Businessschoolshavetoooftenallowedtheconstraintsoftheacademicworldtocloudtheirviewoftherealworld.Businessschoolresearchersseekprovabletheories—ratherthanhelpfultheories.Theyhavechampionedaprescriptiveapproachtomanagementbasedonanalysisand,morerecently,onfashionableideasthatsoondisappearintotheether.The‘onebestway’approachencouragesresearcherstomouldtheidiosyncrasiesofmanagerialrealityintotheirtightlydefinedmodelsofbehaviour.Figuresandstatisticsarefittedintolinearequationsandtidymodels.Economistsandothersocialscientistslabelthiscuresmoothing.Meanwhile,realitycontinuallyrefusestoco-operate.Centraltothisisthetensionbetweenrelevanceandrigour.Inaperfectworld,therewouldbenoneedtochoosebetweenthetwo.Butinthebusinessschoolworld,theneedtosatisfyacademiccriteriaandbepublishedinjournalsoftentiltsthebalanceawayfromrelevance.Inotherwords,itisofteneasiertopursuequantifiableobjectivesthanitistoaddanythingusefultothedebateaboutmanagement.Toalargeextent,theentirebusinessschoolsystemworksagainstuseful,knowledge-creatingresearch.Academicshavefiveyearsinwhichtoprovethemselvesiftheyaretomaketheacademicgrade.Itseemslongenough.Butitcantaketwooreventhreeyearstogetintoasuitablejournal.Theythereforehavearoundthreeyears,probablyless,tocomeupwithanareaofinterestandcarryoutmeaningfulandoriginalresearch.Thisisademandingtimescale.Thetemptationmustbetosliceup

olddatainnewwaysratherthanpursuegenuinelygroundbreaking,innovativeresearch.Itisacriticismalsomadebysomebusinessschoolinsiders.“Academicjournalstendtofindmoreandmoretechniquesfortestingmoreandmoreobscuretheories.Theyareaskingtrivialquestionsandansweringthemexactly.Therehastobeabacklash,”saysJulianBirkinshawofLondonBusinessSchool.Inlargepart,theproblemgoesbacktoatimewhenbusinessschoolsweretryingtoestablishthemselves.Upuntilthe1960s,Americanbusinessschoolsweredismissedaspseudo-academicinstitutions,includingtheuniversitiesofwhichtheyoftenformedapart,regardedthemasalittlemorethanvocationalcolleges.Sincethen,mostoftheleadingschoolshaveundergonemajorreassessmentsandintroducedsweepingchanges.However,itisquestionablewhetherthosechangeshavegonefarenough.1．Whatdoesthefirstparagraphsuggestabouttheresearchgeneratedbybusinessschools?A.Itsqualityisvariable.B.Itslastingvalueisuncertain.C.Ithasalwaysbeenproducedtooquickly.D.Ithashadnoinfluenceonmanagement.2．Inparagraphtwo,thewriterarguesthatbusinessschoolresearch_____.A.takesanegativeviewofthebusinesscommunityB.hasfailedtogivecredibilitytomanagementasadisciplineC.isdirectedatthewrongaudienceD.doesnotstanduptoacademicscrutiny3．Inthesecondparagraph,thewritercriticizesthetheoriesofmanagementproducedbybusinessschoolsforbeing_____.

A.incomprehensibleB.contradictoryC.vagueD.inflexible4．Inthethirdparagraph,thewritersaysthatthebusinessschoolsystemcausesacademicsto_____.A.besatisfiedwithreinterpretingpreviousresearchB.avoidcomplicatedbusinessissuesC.concentrateonverynarrowfieldsofstudyD.focusontopicsnolongerrelevanttobusinessneeds5．Whatdowelearnaboutbusinessschoolsinthelastparagraph?A.Theyarereluctanttoadmittofailings.B.Theyresentcriticismoftheiracademicjournal.C.Theyusedtobelookeddownonbyotherinstitutions.D.Theyarecomfortablewiththecurrentsituation.【答案與解析】1．B句意：第一段中，作者認(rèn)為商業(yè)學(xué)校進(jìn)行的研究是否具有長(zhǎng)期意義，這一點(diǎn)還不確定。第一段第三句指出“Itisunclearyethowmuchofitwillstandthetestoftime”，即這些研究成果能否經(jīng)得起時(shí)間考驗(yàn)還不確定，故選B。2．C句意：在第二段中，作者認(rèn)為商業(yè)學(xué)校的研究選錯(cuò)了觀眾。第二段第五句“Theproblemforbusinessschoolresearchersisthattheyseektheapprovaloftheiracademicpeersratherthanthebusinesscommunity.”，指

出商業(yè)學(xué)校追求學(xué)術(shù)同行的認(rèn)可，而非商界的認(rèn)可，意思是他們選錯(cuò)了受眾，故選C。3．D句意：第二段中，作者批評(píng)商業(yè)學(xué)校研究出的管理理論因循守舊。第二段第四句中，作者指出商業(yè)學(xué)校為了把管理學(xué)建設(shè)成一個(gè)完整的學(xué)科體系，而迎合傳統(tǒng)的學(xué)術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，所以是死板、不靈活的，選D。4．B句意：第三段中，作者指出商業(yè)學(xué)校體系導(dǎo)致學(xué)術(shù)研究遠(yuǎn)離復(fù)雜的商業(yè)問題。第三段第二句，作者認(rèn)為商業(yè)學(xué)校專注于可以證明的理論，并在第三句中指出他們的研究的基于分析和暫時(shí)出現(xiàn)的流行現(xiàn)象，倒數(shù)第三句指出“Figuresandstatisticsarefittedintolinearequationsandtidymodels.”，這些都說明他們分析的是簡(jiǎn)單的問題，而避免研究復(fù)雜問題。5．C我們可以從最后一段得出，商業(yè)學(xué)校曾經(jīng)受到其他機(jī)構(gòu)的歧視。最后一段倒數(shù)第三句“…Americanbusinessschoolsweredismissedaspseudo-academicinstitutions…regardedthemasalittlemorethanvocationalcolleges.”，可以得出商業(yè)學(xué)校曾被認(rèn)為是“偽科學(xué)機(jī)構(gòu)”、“比職業(yè)院校稍好一點(diǎn)”，故選C。PassageTwoGlobalwarmingwasonceanuncommontermusedbyafewscientistswhoweregrowingconcernedovertheeffectsofdecadesofpollutiononlong-termweatherpatterns.Today,theideaofglobalwarmingiswellknown,ifnotwellunderstood.Itisnotunusualtohearsomeonecomplainingaboutahotdayorafreakstormandremark,“It’sglobalwarming.”GlobalwarmingisasignificantincreaseintheEarth’sclimatictemperatureoverarelativelyshortperiodoftimeasaresultoftheactivitiesofhumans.Inspecificterms,anincreaseof1ormoredegreesCelsiusinaperiodofonehundredtotwohundredyearswouldbeconsideredglobalwarming.Overthecourseofasinglecentury,anincreaseofeven0.4degreesCelsiuswouldbesignificant.Mostscientistsrecognizethatglobalwarmingdoesseemtobehappening,butafewdon’tbelievethatitisanythingtobeworriedabout.These

scientistssaythattheEarthismoreresistanttoclimatechangesonthisscalethanwethink.Plantsandanimalswilladapttosubtleshiftsinweatherpatterns,anditisunlikelyanythingcatastrophicwillhappenasaresultofglobalwarming.Slightlylongergrowingseasons,changesinprecipitationlevelsandstrongerweather,intheiropinion,arenotgenerallydisastrous.Theyalsoarguethattheeconomicdamagecausedbycuttingdownontheemissionofgreenhousegaseswillbefarmoredamagingtohumansthananyoftheeffectsofglobalwarming.Inaway,thescientificconsensusmaybeamootpoint.Therealpowertoenactsignificantchangerestsinthehandsofthosewhomakenationalandglobalpolicy.SomepolicymakersintheUnitedStatesarereluctanttoproposeandenactchangesbecausetheyfeelthecostsmayoutweighanyrisksglobalwarmingposes.Somecommonconcerns,claimsandcomplaintsinclude:AchangeintheUnitedStates’policiesinemissionsandcarbonproductioncouldresultinalossofjobs;IndiaandChina,bothofwhichcontinuetorelyheavilyoncoalfortheirmainsourceofenergy,willcontinuetocauseenvironmentalproblemseveniftheUnitedStateschangesitsenergypolicies(criticsofthesepolicymakerspointoutthatthisapproachemploysthetuquoquelogicalfallacy);Sincescientificevidenceisaboutprobabilitiesratherthancertainties,wecan’tbecertainthathumanbehavioriscontributingtoglobalwarming,thatourcontributionissignificant,orthatwecandoanythingtofixit;Technologywillfindawaytogetusoutoftheglobalwarmingmess,soanychangeinourpolicieswillultimatelybeunnecessaryandcausemoreharmthangood.What’sthecorrectanswer?Itcanbehardtofigureout.Mostscientistswilltellyouthatglobalwarmingisrealandthatitislikelytodosomekindofharm,buttheextentoftheproblemandthedangerposedbyitseffectsarewideopenfordebate.Thoughscientistswarnthatglobalwarmingwilllikelycontinueforcenturiesbecauseofthelongnaturalprocessesinvolved,thereareafewthingswecandotodecreasetheeffects.Basically,theyallboildowntothis:Don’tuseasmuchofthestuffthatcreatesgreenhousegases.Onalocallevel,youcanhelpbyusinglessenergy.Theelectricitythatoperatesmanyofthedevicesinourhomescomesfromapowerplant,andmostpowerplantsburnfossilfuels

togeneratethatpower.Turnofflightswhenthey’renotinuse.Takeshortershowerstouselesshotwater.Useafaninsteadofanairconditioneronawarmday.Herearesomeotherspecificwaysyoucanhelpdecreasegreenhouse-gasemissions:Makesureyourcarisproperlytunedup.Thisallowsittorunmoreefficientlyandgeneratefewerharmfulgases;Walkorrideyourbikeifpossible,orcarpoolonyourwaytowork.Carsburnfossilfuel,sosmaller,morefuel-efficientcarsemitlessCO2,particularlyhybridcars;Turnlightsandotherappliancesoffwhenyou’renotusingthem.Eventhoughalightbulbdoesn’tgenerategreenhousegas,thepowerplantthatgeneratestheelectricityusedbythelightbulbprobablydoes.Switchfromincandescentlightbulbstofluorescentbulbs,whichuselessenergyandlastlonger;Recycle.Garbagethatdoesn’tgetrecycledendsupinalandfill,generatingmethane.Recycledgoodsalsorequirelessenergytoproducethanproductsmadefromscratch;Planttreesandotherplantswhereyoucan.Plantstakecarbondioxideoutoftheairandreleaseoxygen.Don’tburngarbage.Thisreleasescarbondioxideandhydrocarbonsintotheatmosphere.Toreallystemtheemissionofgreenhousegases,weneedtodevelopnon-fossilfuelenergysources.Hydro-electricpower,solarpower,hydrogenenginesandfuelcellscouldallcreatebigcutsingreenhousegasesiftheyweretobecomemorecommon.Attheinternationallevel,theKyototreatywaswrittentoreduceCO2andothergreenhousegasemissionsworldwide.Thirty-fiveindustrializednationshavecommittedtoreducingtheiroutputofthosegasestovaryingdegrees.Unfortunately,theUnitedStates,theworld’sprimaryproducerofgreenhousegases,didnotsignthetreaty.InMarch,2007,formerVicePresidentAlGoretestifiedinfrontofCongressandurgedthemtomakesomeverychallengingchangesinnationalpolicy.Theseinclude:Freezecarbonproductionatthecurrentlevelandcreateprogramstoreducecarbonproductionby90percentby2050;Shifttaxationfromemploymentandproductiontoataxationuponpollution;CreateaninternationaltreatythatwouldeffectivelycomplywiththeKyototreatywithoutcarryingthesameperceivedpoliticalbaggage;Halttheconstructionofallnewcoal-basedpowerfacilitiesunlesstheycomplywithrestrictionson

carbonproduction;Increaseemissionstandardsacrosstheboardforboththeautomobileindustryandpowerfacilities;Banincandescentlightbulbs.Goreadmitsthatthedecisiontoenacttheseandotherproposedresponsestoglobalwarmingcanbedifficult.Healsosaysthatclimatechangeisnotjustacrisis,butthemostimportantcrisismankindhaseverfaced.6．Whichofthefollowingstatementswilltheauthoragreewith?A.Itisacommonbeliefinthescientificspherethatglobalwarmingwillbringaboutsignificantresultontheplanetearth.B.Itisresearchfindingsthatwillcontributemostlytotheeaseofglobalwarming.C.Oneofthesolutionsforreducingglobalwarmingistoadoptthelandfillforgarbagedisposal.D.Thecitizenryshouldcooperateandcoordinatewellsoastofightagainstglobalwarming.7．TheauthorcitedtheexampleoftheprobableresultforthechangeofpolicyintheUnitedStates(paragraph5)inorderto_____.A.indicatetheimpactforthealterationinUSpolicycanbesevereB.pointoutthedifferenceinpoliciesadoptedinUSandthatinChinaandIndiaC.explainwhythereareobstaclesintakingsomemeasuresagainstglobalwarmingD.convincethereadersitistooexpensivetostoptheglobalwarming8．Whatcanbeinferredfromthispassage?A.Globalwarminginvolvesalongprocesswhichwillcontinueforcenturies,andwecandosomethingtodecreaseitseffects.B.Developingcountriesareproducingmoreglobalwarmingthanthe

developedworld.C.Variousnaturalphenomenasuchassolarradiationandvolcanoesproducedmostofthewarming.D.Anincreaseinglobaltemperaturewillcausesealevelstoriseandwillchangetheamountandpatternofprecipitation,probablyincludingexpansionofsubtropicaldeserts.9．AllofthefollowingarementionedinthispassageassolutionsemployedinhaltingglobalwarmingEXCEPT______.A.plantasmanyplantsaspossibleB.parkthecarhalfwayandthentakeawalktoyourofficeC.useenergy-efficientappliancesratherthanthenormalonesD.turnoffalltheapplianceswhentheyarenotworking10．WhatistrueofthenewinternationaltreatyproposedinAlGore’sspeech?A.Itwillbearthesignatureofthirty-fiveindustrializednationswhohavecommittedtoreducingtheiroutputofthosegasestovaryingdegrees.B.ItisrevisedonthebasisofKyotoTreaty,whichmainlydealswithCO2andgreenhousegasemission.C.CertainarticlesintheKyotoTreatywillnotappearinthisnewtreatytoeasepoliticalburden.D.Itisdifficulttobeverifiedduetothecurrentmethodsforestimatinggreenhousegasemissions.【答案與解析】6．D第四段第一句，作者指出科學(xué)界對(duì)全球變暖仍為達(dá)成共識(shí)，排除A。第五段第二句，說明緩解全球變暖的真正權(quán)力掌握在政策制定者手

中，排除B。倒數(shù)第四段提到“Garbagethatdoesn’tgetrecycledendsupinalandfill,generatingmethane.”，指的是垃圾可以用來制造沼氣，C項(xiàng)不符合原文。文中作者介紹了許多可以全民參與的方法來緩解全球變暖趨勢(shì)，說明作者支持公民參與合作共同對(duì)抗這一問題，D項(xiàng)正確。7．C句意：作者列舉了美國(guó)政策變化可能引起的一些結(jié)果是為了說明對(duì)抗全球變暖面臨著很多阻礙。第五段第四句中，作者指出政策變化可能引起的后果有失業(yè)等，這些不好的后果導(dǎo)致美國(guó)不想改變政策，也就使對(duì)抗全球變暖面臨阻礙。8．A句意：文章暗示全球變暖是一個(gè)將持續(xù)幾個(gè)世紀(jì)的長(zhǎng)期過程，我們可以采取一些措施來減輕它的危害。參見文章第七段第一句。9．B參見文章第四段?！癙lanttreesandotherplantswhereyoucansmaller…”，故A項(xiàng)符合原文?！啊璵orefuel-efficientcarsemitlessCO2…”，故C項(xiàng)符合原文?！癟urnlightsandotherappliancesoffwhenyou’renotusingthem.”，故D項(xiàng)也符合原文。選B。10．B參見最后一段第二句子“…CreateaninternationaltreatythatwouldeffectivelycomplywiththeKyototreaty…”，故選B。SectionTwo:Readandanswerquestion(20points,4foreachquestion)Directions:Therearetwopassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbytwoorthreequestions.YoushouldwriteyouranswertothequestionsontheAnswerSheet.PassageoneIn1762,Rousseau1publishedhisbookEmile,whichshookeducationtoitsveryfoundations.Rousseaulaunchedthemoderneraofschooling,teaching,andlearning.BeginningwithhiseducationalinsightsandfollowingwithpracticesdevelopedbyJohannPestalozzi,educationshiftedtoawholenewsetofassumptions.Trulywecouldsaythatmanbegantothinkofeducationfromthebottomup.Withthebeliefthatmanisbasicallygood,educationwasnolongerseenasaninstrumenttodisciplinethewill,suppresstheanimal

appetites,orsaveaworthlesssoul.Withthebeliefthatchildrendonotlearnlikeadults,thecontent,sequence,andapproachtosubjectmatterchanged.Withanewappreciationforhowpeoplelearncame3anewappreciationforelementaryeducationandtheprofessionaltrainingofelementaryteachers.Withtheriseofsuffrageandconcernforthecommonmancamethenotionthatpracticaleducationcouldprovidesocialandeconomicopportunity.Educationcouldalsohelpputmanincontrolofhisowndestiny.Inshort,educationwasseentobeginatthebottom,basedonthenaturalandsocialrealitiesoftheworld.Manandhispracticalconcernswerethenewstartingpointsintheeducationalquest.IntheSocialContract4Rousseaueloquentlyexpressedhisbeliefthatmanisnaturallybornnobleandfree.Societyisartificial.Equalityandlibertyarethenaturalrightsofman.ForRousseautheproperconventionorsocialcontractwouldbeone5thatwouldpreservethenaturalrightstolife,liberty,andthepursuitofhappiness.Asocietyhastherighttooverthrowanyleader,government,orexternalpowerthatviolatesthisdemocraticcovenant.EmiledidforeducationwhatTheSocialContractdidforpolitics6.Emilewasanovel,afictionalizedaccountofhowRousseauwouldraiseanimaginaryson,Emile.Toeducatethechild,Rousseauremovedhimfromcorruptsocietyandsenthimwithatutortoaruralenvironment.Therehelearnedfromnature.ThefirstwordsinEmileareasfollows:“Godmakesallthingsgood;manmeddleswiththemandtheybecomeevil.”AccordingtoRousseau,onlybylivingclosetonaturecanone’snaturalgoodnessproperlyunfoldanddevelop.Rousseau’srevolutionaryeducationalachievementwastheformulationofadevelopme