高中英語語法最重要知識(shí)匯總

./按：本套資料省去了名詞、代詞、形容詞等部分,保留了最最核心的句型和動(dòng)詞.希望能有所幫助.第一章名詞性從句在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句.名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組,它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等,因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能,名詞從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句.一．主語從句主語從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語的從句,通常放在主句謂語動(dòng)詞之前或由形式主語it代替,而本身放在句子末尾.1.It作形式主語和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較It作形式主語代替主語從句,主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu),主語從句的連接詞沒有變化.而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對(duì)句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào),無論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分,都可用連詞that.被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時(shí)也可用who/whom.例如：a>Itisapitythatyoudidn’tgotoseethefilm.你不去看那場(chǎng)電影真可惜.b>Itdoesn’tinterestmewhetheryousucceedornot.我對(duì)你成功與否不感興趣.c>Itisinthemorningthatthemurdertookplace.謀殺案是在早上發(fā)生的.〔強(qiáng)調(diào)句型d>ItisJohnthatbrokethewindow.是John打碎的窗戶.〔強(qiáng)調(diào)句型2.用it作形式主語的結(jié)構(gòu)<1>Itis＋名詞＋從句Itisafactthat…;Itisanhonorthat…;Itiscommonknowledgethat…<2>Itis＋形容詞＋從句Itisnaturalthat…Itisstrangethat…<3>Itis＋不及物動(dòng)詞＋從句Itseemsthat…Ithappenedthat…Itappearsthat…<4>It＋過去分詞＋從句Itisreportedthat…Ithasbeenprovedthat…Itissaidthat…3.主語從句不可位于句首的五種情況：〔1if引導(dǎo)的主語從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首.〔2Itissaid/reported…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前.例如：正確表達(dá)：ItissaidthatPresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnextweek.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：ThatPresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnextweekissaid.〔3Ithappens/occurs…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前.例如：正確表達(dá)：Itoccurredtohimthathefailedintheexamination.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Thathefailedintheexaminationoccurredtohim.〔4Itdoesn’tmatterhow/whether…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前.例如：正確表達(dá)：Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherheiswrongornot.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Whetherheiswrongornotdoesn’tmatter.〔5含主語從句的復(fù)合句是疑問句時(shí),主語從句不可提前.例如：正確表達(dá)：Isitlikelythatitwillrainintheevening?錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Isthatwillrainintheeveninglikely?4.what與that在引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)的區(qū)別what引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)在句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分,如主語．賓語．表語,而that則不然.例如：a>Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.b>Thatsheisstillaliveisaconsolation二．賓語從句賓語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作賓語的名詞性從句,通常放在主句謂語動(dòng)詞<及物動(dòng)詞>或介詞之后.1.作動(dòng)詞的賓語<1>由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句<that通?？梢允÷?gt;,例如：Iheardthathejoinedthearmy.我聽說他參軍了.<2>由what,whether<if>引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,例如：a>Shedidnotknowwhathadhappened.她不知道發(fā)生了什么.b>Iwonderwhetheryoucanchangethisnoteforme.我想知道你是否能幫我改一下筆記.<3>動(dòng)詞＋間接賓語＋賓語從句.例如：Shetoldmethatshewouldacceptmyinvitation.她對(duì)我說她會(huì)接受我的邀請(qǐng).2.作介詞的賓語,例如：Oursuccessdependsuponhowwellwecancooperatewithoneanother.我們的成功取決于我們之間的合作.3.作形容詞的賓語,例如：Iamafraid<that>I’vemadeamistake.我恐怕我已經(jīng)犯了一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤.注意：that引導(dǎo)的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語：anxious,aware,certain,confident,convinced,determined,glad,proud,surprised,worried,sorry,thankful,ashamed,disappointed,annoyed,pleased,hurt,satisfied,content等.也可以將此類詞后的that從句的看作原因狀語從句.4.it可以作為形式賓語it不僅可以作為形式主語,還可以作為形式賓語而真正的賓語that從句則放在句尾,特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語的句子中.例如：Wehearditthatshewouldgetmarriednextmonth.我聽說她下個(gè)朋就會(huì)結(jié)婚了.5.*后邊不能直接跟that從句的動(dòng)詞這類動(dòng)詞有allow,refuse,let,like,cause,force,admire,condemn,celebrate,dislike,love,help,take,forgive等.這類詞后可以用不定式或動(dòng)名詞作賓語,但不可以用that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句.如：正確表達(dá)：Iadmiretheirwinningthematch.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Iadmirethattheywonthematch.6.*不可用that從句作直接賓語的動(dòng)詞有些動(dòng)詞不可用于"動(dòng)詞＋間接賓語＋that從句"結(jié)構(gòu)中,常見的有envy,order,accuse,refuse,impress,forgive,blame,denounce,advise,congratulate等.例如：正確表達(dá)：Heimpressedthemanagerasanhonestman.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Heimpressedthemanagerthathewasanhonestman.7.否定的轉(zhuǎn)移若主句謂語動(dòng)詞為think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,fancy,guess,imagine等,其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義,一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語上,從句謂語用肯定式.例如：Idon’tthinkthisdressfitsyouwell.我認(rèn)為這件衣服不適合你穿.三.表語從句表語從句在復(fù)合句中作表語的名詞性從句,放在系動(dòng)詞之后,一般結(jié)構(gòu)是"主語＋連系動(dòng)詞＋表語從句".可以接表語從句的連系動(dòng)詞有be,look,remain,seem等.引導(dǎo)表語從句的that?？墒÷?另外,常用的還有thereasonisthat…和Itisbecause等結(jié)構(gòu).例如：1>△Thequestioniswhetherwecanmakegoodpreparationinsuchashorttime.2>Thisiswhywecan’tgetthesupportofthepeople.3>But△thefactremainsthatwearebehindtheotherclasses.4>△Thereasonheislateforschoolisthathemissedtheearlybus.四.同位語從句同位語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作名詞的同位語的名詞性從句.1.同位語從句的功能同位語從句對(duì)于名詞進(jìn)一步解釋,說明名詞的具體內(nèi)容,一般由that引導(dǎo),例如：1>Theking’sdecisionthattheprisonerwouldbesetfreesurprisedallthepeople.2>Theorderthatallthesoldiersshouldstaystillisgivenbythegeneral.2.同位語在句子中的位置同位語從句有時(shí)可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后面,而是被別的詞隔開.例如：HegotthenewsfromMarythatthesportsmeetingwasputoff.3.同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別<1>定語從句中的that既代替先行詞,同時(shí)以在從句中作某個(gè)成分〔主語或賓語,而同位語從句中的that是連詞,只起連接主句與從句的作用,不充當(dāng)句中任何成分.<2>定語從句是形容詞性的,其功能是修飾先行詞,對(duì)先行詞加以限定,描述定的性質(zhì)或特征；同位語從句是名詞性的,其功能是對(duì)名詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明.例如：1>ThenewsthathetoldmeisthatTomwouldgoabroadnextyear.〔他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國.〔第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句是定語從句,that在從句中作賓語2>ThenewsthatTomwouldgoabroadistoldbyhim.〔湯姆將出國的消息是他講的.〔同位語從句,that在句中不作任何成分第二章定語從句定語從句在句中做定語,修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞,有時(shí)也可以修飾部分或整個(gè)句子.被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞.定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后,由關(guān)系詞〔關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引出.關(guān)系代詞有：who,whom,whose,that,which,as.關(guān)系副詞有：when,where,why,how.關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞和定語從句之間,起連接作用,同時(shí)又可做定語從句的一個(gè)成分.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞做賓語時(shí)可以省略.定語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞必須在人稱上和數(shù)量上和先行詞保持一致.定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句.1、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1>who,whom,that這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下：Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?〔who/that在從句中作主語Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.〔whom/that在從句中作賓語2>whose用來指人或物,〔只用作定語,若指物,它還可以同ofwhich互換,例如：Pleasepassmethebookwhose<ofwhich>coverisgreen.3>which,that它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等,例如：Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.〔which/that在句中作賓語Thepackage<which/that>youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.<which/that在句中作賓語>△關(guān)系代詞that和which都可以指物,that和Who都可以指人,其用法區(qū)別：△1>不用that的情況：a>在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(shí)<錯(cuò)>Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.b>介詞后不能用Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.c>多用who的情況①關(guān)系代詞在從句中做主語Afriendwhohelpsyouintimeofneedisarealfriend.②先行詞為those,people時(shí)Thosewhowereeitherfoolsorunfitfortheirofficescouldnotseethecloth.③先行詞為all,anyone,ones,one指人時(shí)Onewhodoesn'tworkhardwillneversucceedinhiswork.④在Therebe句型中Thereisastrangerwhowantstoseeyou.⑤在被分隔的定語從句中AnewteacherwillcometomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.⑥在有兩個(gè)定語從句的句子中,其一用who,其二用that,但若先行詞后接兩個(gè)以上的并列定語從句時(shí),后一個(gè)必須重復(fù)前一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞.Thestudentwhowaspraisedatthemeetingisthemonitorthatisverymodestandstudiesveryhard.Thereisateacherwhoisalwaysreadytohelpothersandwhoenjoyswhathedoes.△2>只能用that作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況a>在不定代詞,如：anything,nothing,everything,all,much,few,any,little等作先行詞時(shí),只用that,不用which.Allthatisneededisasupplyofoil.Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolentothepolice.b>先行詞有theonly,thevery,thejust修飾時(shí),只用that.Heistheverymanthathelpedthegirloutofthewater.c>先行詞為序數(shù)詞<thelast>、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí),只用that.ThefirstEnglishbookthatIreadwas"ThePrinceandthePauper"byMarkTwin.d>先行詞既有人,又有物時(shí).Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathevisited.e>當(dāng)主句是以who或which開始的特殊疑問句時(shí),用that以避免重復(fù).Whoisthepersonthatisstandingatthegate.f>關(guān)系代詞在從句中做表語Heisnotthemanthatheusedtobe.2、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語.關(guān)系副詞when,where,why,how的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+which"結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和"介詞+which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用,例如：Thereareoccasionswhen<onwhich>onemustyield.Beijingistheplacewhere<inwhich>Iwasborn.Isthisthereasonwhy<forwhich>herefusedouroffer?I'msurprisedthewayhow<bywhich>heworksouttheproblem.注意：①在非限制性定語從句中,"介詞+which"結(jié)構(gòu)不能代替關(guān)系副詞.如：Theysetupastatefortheirown,wheretheywouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves.②含有介詞短語的動(dòng)詞一般不能拆開,介詞仍放在動(dòng)詞后面.Isthisthebookwhich<that>shewaslookingfor?3、名詞/數(shù)詞/代詞/形容詞最高級(jí)+介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句Shehaswrittenabook,thenameofwhichIhaveforgotten.Therearefifty-fivestudentsinourclass,allofwhomareworkinghard.Therearefivecontinentsintheworld,thelargestofwhichisAsia.4、as,which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句的差別由as,which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句,as和which可代整個(gè)主句,相當(dāng)于andthis或andthat.As一般放在句首,which在句中.Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句,常帶有"正如"的意思.Asisknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.用法區(qū)別：<1>as引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置于句首,而which不可.Asweallknow,heneversmokes.<2>as代表前面的整個(gè)主句并在從句中作主語時(shí),從句中的謂語必須是系動(dòng)詞；若為行為動(dòng)詞,則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which.<3>非限定性定語從句中出現(xiàn)expect,think,suppose等表示猜測(cè)、想象、預(yù)料等時(shí).Shesucceededinherdoingtheresearchwork,asweexpected.<4>As的用法thesame…as;such…as中的as是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu),和……一樣…….Ishouldliketousethesametoolasisusedhere.Weshouldhavesuchadictionaryasheisusing.第三章狀語從句狀語修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子.通常由副詞、介詞短語、動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞和從句等擔(dān)當(dāng).例如：

1.

Naturally,ourgrandparentswerepleasedtogetourphonecall.<副詞>

2.

Weworkedhard,fromsunrisetosunset.<介詞狀短語>

3.

Tohelpmydisabledaunt,Ispendanhourworkinginherhouseeveryday.<不定式>

4.

Seenfromadistance,thefarmhouselookeddeserted.<過去分詞>

5.

IknowhowtolightacampfirebecauseIhaddoneitbefore.〔原因狀語從句狀語的位置比較靈活,可以位于句首、句末或句中.enough用作狀語修飾形容詞和副詞時(shí)必須后置.狀語從句主要用來修飾主句或主句的謂語.一般可分為九大類,分別表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、比較和方式.盡管種類較多,但由于狀語從句與漢語結(jié)構(gòu)和用法相似,所以理解和掌握它并不難.狀語從句的關(guān)鍵是要掌握引導(dǎo)不同狀語從句的常用連接詞和特殊的連接詞即考點(diǎn).現(xiàn)分別列舉如下:

1．時(shí)間狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：when,as,while,assoonas,while,before,after,since,till,until

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：theminute,themoment,thesecond,everytime,theday,theinstant,immediately,directly,nosooner…than,hardly…when,scarcely…when

Ididn’trealizehowspecialmymotherwasuntilIbecameanadult.

WhileJohnwaswatchingTV,hiswifewascooking.

Thechildrenranawayfromtheorchard<果園>themomenttheysawtheguard.

NosoonerhadIarrivedhomethanitbegantorain.

EverytimeIlistentoyouradvice,Igetintotrouble.

2．地點(diǎn)狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：where

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：wherever,anywhere,everywhere

Generally,airwillbeheavilypollutedwheretherearefactories.

Whereveryougo,youshouldworkhard.

3．原因狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：because,since,as,since

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：seeingthat,nowthat,inthat,consideringthat,giventhat,consideringthat,

MyfriendsdislikemebecauseI’mhandsomeandsuccessful.

Nowthateverybodyhascome,let’sbeginourconference.

Thehigherincometaxisharmfulinthatitmaydiscouragepeoplefromtryingtoearnmore.

Consideringthatheisnomorethan12yearsold,hisheightof1.80misquiteremarkable.

4．目的狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：sothat,inorderthat

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：lest,incase,forfearthat,inthehopethat,forthepurposethat,totheendthat

Thebossaskedthesecretarytohurryupwiththeletterssothathecouldsignthem.

Theteacherraisedhisvoiceonpurposethatthestudentsinthebackcouldhearmoreclearly.

5．結(jié)果狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：so…that,so…that,such…that,

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：suchthat,tothedegreethat,totheextentthat,tosuchadegreethat,

Hegotupsoearlythathecaughtthefirstbus.

It’ssuchagoodchancethatwemustnotmissit.

Tosuchandegreewasheexcitedthathecouldn’tsleeplastnight.

6．條件狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：if,unless,

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：as/solongas,onlyif,providing/providedthat,supposethat,incasethat,onconditionthat

We’llstartourprojectifthepresidentagrees.

Youwillcertainlysucceedsolongasyoukeepontrying.

Providedthatthereisnoopposition,weshallholdthemeetinghere.

7．讓步狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：though,although,evenif,eventhough

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：as<用在讓步狀語從句中必須要倒裝>,while<一般用在句首>,nomatter…,inspiteofthefactthat,while,whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,however,whichever

MuchasIrespecthim,Ican’tagreetohisproposal.

盡管我很尊敬他,我卻不同意他的建議.

Theoldmanalwaysenjoysswimmingeventhoughtheweatherisrough.

Nomatterhowhardhetried,shecouldnotchangehermind.

Hewon’tlistenwhateveryoumaysay.

8．比較狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：as<同級(jí)比較>,than<不同程度的比較>

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：themore…themore…;justas…,so…;AistoBwhat/asXistoY;no…morethan;notAsomuchasB

Sheisasbad-temperedashermother.

Thehouseisthreetimesasbigasours.

Themoreyouexercise,thehealthieryouwillbe.

Foodistomenwhatoilistomachine.食物之于人,猶如油之于機(jī)器.

9．方式狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：as,asif,how

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：theway

WheninRome,doastheRomando.

Shebehavedasifsheweretheboss.

Sometimesweteachourchildrenthewayourparentshavetaughtus.☆10.

狀語從句的簡(jiǎn)化狀語從句的省略狀語從句同時(shí)具備下列兩個(gè)條件:①主句和從句的主語一致,或從句主語為it；②從句主要?jiǎng)釉~是be的某種形式.從句中的主語和be動(dòng)詞?？墒÷?例如：

When<themuseumis>completed,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.

He’llgototheseasideforhisholidayif<itis>possible.

另外,比較狀語從句經(jīng)常省略.例如：

I’mtallerthanhe<istall>.

Thehigherthetemperature<is>,thegreaterthepressure<is>.

就狀語從句而言,有時(shí)為了使語言言簡(jiǎn)意賅,常常將狀語從句進(jìn)行"簡(jiǎn)化".狀語從句的"簡(jiǎn)化"現(xiàn)象在口語中較為普遍,而且在高考中的復(fù)現(xiàn)率也較高.因此,有必要對(duì)其進(jìn)行全面、透徹的了解.狀語從句的"簡(jiǎn)化"現(xiàn)象常存在于以下五種狀語從句中:①由if,unless等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句;②由although,though,evenif/though等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句;③由when,while,as,before,after,until/till等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句;④由as,asif等引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句;⑤由as,than等引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句.下面針對(duì)這五種情形作一歸納.

<1>當(dāng)狀語從句的主語是it,且謂語動(dòng)詞是be時(shí),it和be要完全簡(jiǎn)化掉.例如:

If<itis>possible,hewillhelpyououtofthedifficulty.如果可能的話,他會(huì)幫你擺脫困境.

Youmustattendthemeetingunless<itis>inconvenienttoyou.除非情況對(duì)你來說不方便,否則你必須出席這次會(huì)議.

<2>當(dāng)狀語從句的主語和主句的主語一致時(shí),從句可以將主語和be動(dòng)詞簡(jiǎn)化掉.常用于以下幾種情形:

a.連詞+形容詞

As<hewas>young,helearnedhowtorideabike.他小時(shí)候就學(xué)會(huì)了騎自行車.

Whenever<sheis>free,sheoftengoesshopping.她有空就去逛商店.

Workhardwhen<youare>young,oryou'llregret.少壯不努力,老大徒傷悲.

b.連詞+名詞

While<hewas>ayoungboy,hewasalwaysreadytohelpothers.他在孩提時(shí)代就樂于助人.

Although<hewas>afarmer,nowheisafamousdirector.盡管他曾是個(gè)農(nóng)民,而現(xiàn)在是位著名的導(dǎo)演了.

c.連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞

As<shewas>walkingalongtheriverbank,shewassingingapopsong.她沿著河堤邊走邊唱著流行歌曲.

Although<heis>doinghisbestinmathsthesedays,hehasstillgotnogoodmarks.盡管近來他一直在學(xué)數(shù)學(xué),但他仍然沒有取得好成績(jī).

d.連詞+過去分詞

Hewon'tgotherewithusunless<heis>invited.除非受到邀請(qǐng),否則他不會(huì)和我們一道去那里.

Theconcertwasagreatsuccessthan<itwas>expected.這場(chǎng)音樂會(huì)出乎意料地取得了巨大成功.

e.連詞+不定式

Hestoodupasif<hewere>tosaysomething.當(dāng)時(shí)他站起來好像要說什么.Hewouldn'tsolvetheproblemevenif<hewere>totakecharge.即使他來負(fù)責(zé),他也解決不了這個(gè)問題.f.連詞+介詞短語

Shelookedanxiousasthough<shewas>introuble.她看上去很焦急,好像遇到了麻煩.

HehadmasteredtheEnglishlanguagebefore<hewas>intheUSA.他到美國之前就懂英語了.注意:當(dāng)從句主語和主句主語不一致時(shí),從句部分要么用完全形式,要么用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)來表達(dá).例如:

Whenthemeetingwasover,allthepeoplewentoutofthemeeting-room.當(dāng)會(huì)議結(jié)束時(shí),人們都走出了會(huì)議室.<=Themeetingover,….>第四章倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)一全部倒裝全部倒裝是指將句子中的謂語動(dòng)詞全部置于主語之前.此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí).常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有：1.here,there,now,then,thus等副詞置于句首,謂語動(dòng)詞常用be,come,go,lie,run.例如：1>Theregoesthebell.鈴聲漸漸消失了.2>Thencamethechairman.然后主席就來了3>Hereisyourletter.這是你的信.2.表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的副詞或地點(diǎn)狀語置于句首,謂語表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞.例如：1>Outrushedamissilefromunderthebomber.轟炸機(jī)下面發(fā)出了一顆導(dǎo)彈.2>Aheadsatanoldwoman.注意：上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語必須是名詞,如果主語是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝.例如：1>Herehecomes.他來了.2>Awaytheywent.他們走了.二部分倒裝部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語之前.如果句中的謂語沒有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,則需添加助動(dòng)詞do,does或did,并將其置于主語之前.1.句首為否定或半否定的詞語,如no,not,never,seldom,little,hardly,atnotime,innoway,notuntil…等.例如：1>NeverhaveIseensuchaperformance.我從來沒看過這樣的表演.2>Nowherewillyoufindtheanswertothisquestion.你在哪兒都不會(huì)找到這個(gè)問題的答案.3>Notuntilthechildfellasleepdidthemotherleavetheroom.媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開房間.注意：當(dāng)Notuntil引出主從復(fù)合句,主句倒裝,從句不倒裝.注意：如否定詞不在句首不倒裝.例如：1>Ihaveneverseensuchaperformance.我從來沒看過這樣的表演.2>Themotherdidn'tleavetheroomuntilthechildfellasleep.媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開房間.2.帶有否定意義的詞放在句首,語序需要部分倒裝.常見的詞語有：not,never,seldom,scarcely,barely,little,atnotime,notonly,notonce,underoncondition,hardly…when,nosooner…than…等.例如：1>Notonlydidherefusethegift,healsoseverelycriticizedthesender.他不僅拒收了禮品,還狠狠批評(píng)了送禮的人.2>Hardlyhadshegoneoutwhenastudentcametovisither.她剛要出門時(shí)有個(gè)學(xué)生來找她.3>Nosoonerhadshegoneoutthanastudentcametovisither.她剛要走時(shí)一個(gè)學(xué)生來看她.注意：只有當(dāng)Notonly…butalso連接兩個(gè)分句時(shí),才在第一個(gè)分句用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu).如果置于句首的Notonly…butalso僅連接兩個(gè)并列詞語,不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu).例如：NotonlyyoubutalsoIamfondofmusic.我和你都喜歡音樂.3.表示"也"、"也不"的so,neither,nor放在句首時(shí),句子作部分倒裝.例如：1>TomcanspeakFrench.SocanJack.Tom能說法語,我也能.2>Ifyouwon'tgo,neitherwillI.如果你不去,我也不去.注意：當(dāng)so引出的句子用以對(duì)上文內(nèi)容加以證實(shí)或肯定時(shí),不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu).意為"的確如此".例如：1>TomaskedmetogotoplayfootballandsoIdid.Tom讓我去踢足球,我去了.2>It'sraininghard.Soitis.雨下得很大.的確很大.4.only放在句首,強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語〔副詞,介詞短語或狀語從句等,全句語序要部分倒裝.例如：Onlyinthisway,canyoulearnEnglishwell.你只有用這種方法才能學(xué)好英語.Onlyafterbeingaskedthreetimesdidhecometothemeeting.他被請(qǐng)了三次才來開會(huì).注意：如果句子為主從復(fù)合句,則主句倒裝,從句不倒裝Onlywhenheisseriouslyill,doesheeverstayinbed.他只有病得非常嚴(yán)重時(shí)才會(huì)臥床休息.三as,though引導(dǎo)的倒裝句as/though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須將表語或狀語提前〔形容詞,副詞,分詞,實(shí)義動(dòng)詞提前.此時(shí)應(yīng)注意：1>句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞；2>句首是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,其他助動(dòng)詞放在主語后.如果實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有賓語和狀語,隨實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起放在主語之前.例如：Tryhardashewill,heneverseemsabletodotheworksatisfactorily.盡管他愿意努力工作,但是他好像從來都不能令他的工作満意.注意:讓步狀語從句中,有though,although時(shí),后面的主句不能有but,但是though和yet可連用.四其他部分倒裝1.so…that句型中的so位于句首時(shí),需倒裝.例如：Sofrightenedwashethathedidnotdaretomoveaninch.他害怕得動(dòng)都不敢動(dòng).2.在某些表示祝愿的句型中,例如：Mayyouallbehappy.望大家開心愉快.3.在虛擬語氣條件句中從句謂語動(dòng)詞有were,had,should等詞,可將if省略,把were,had,should移到主語之前,采取部分倒裝.例如：WereIyou,Iwouldtryitagain.如果我是你,我就再試一次.第五章"It"用法及其句型和固定搭配"It"用法及其句型和固定搭配,是高中英語語法的重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn),又是近幾年高考的熱點(diǎn),因此應(yīng)給予充分的重視,現(xiàn)將it用法歸納如下：一、It用作實(shí)詞表達(dá)以下概念:指代前文提到的事物,前文中的this,that；替代前文中的內(nèi)容；指代一位性別不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但談話雙方都知道的那件事；指代時(shí)間、天氣、氣候、距離等自然現(xiàn)象……二、It用作形式主語替代作主語的從句、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞,而把真正作主語的從句、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞置于句尾.It作形式主語的常見句型：1.代作主語的動(dòng)詞不定式,其句型為<1>Itbeadj.<forsb.>todosth.此處adj.通常為描述事件的形容詞：easy,difficult,hard,necessary,unnecessary,possible,impossible,likely,unlikely,right,wrong,important,unimportant,legal,illegal,well-mannered,ill-mannered,polite,impolite,clear,obvious,certain,suitable,proper,fit,useful,useless,dangerous…例Itisillegal<forateenager>todriveacarwithoutalicense.<2>Itbeadj.ofsb.todosth.此處adj.通常為描述人的形容詞：kind,unkind,nice,rude,cruel,considerate,thoughtful,thoughtless,careful,careless,silly,foolish,stupid,clever,wise,crazy.例It'skindofyoutohelpmewiththeproblem.<3>It替代作主語的動(dòng)名詞的常見句型It'snogood/usedoing…It's<well>worthdoing…It's<well>worthone'swhiledoing/todo…It's<well>worthwhiledoing/todo例It'snousecryingoverspiltmilk.2.It替代作主語的從句常見句型<1>Itis+noun+從句例Itisnosecretthatthepresidentwantstohaveasecondtermatoffice.<2>Itisadj.+clauseIt'ssurprisingthat…<should>………竟然……It'sapity/shamethat…<should>………竟然……例It'simportantthatyoushouldapologizetoherforyourrudeness.<=It'sofmuchimportancethatyoushouldapologizetoherforyourrudeness.><3>Itverbsb.+clause=Itisv-ing+clauseIt+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze/bother/concern/frighten/please/angersb.that…例Itworriedmethatshedrovesofast.<=Itwasworryingthatshedrovesofast.><4>Itverb<tosb.>that…=sb/sthverbtodo<verb=appear,seem,comeabout,emerge,follow,chance,happen,occur,transpire,turnout,workout>例It<so>happened/chancedthattheywereout.<=Theyhappened/chancedtobeout.><5>Itisv-edthat…=sb/sthistodo<verb=say,report,think,believe,hope,expect,agree,accept,decide,determine,intend,plan,understand,know例Itissaidthatthecouplehavegottendivorced.<=Thecouplearesaidtohavegottendivorced.><6>Itisv-edthat…<should>…<verb=demand,request,require,order,suggest,advise,recommend例Itissuggestedthattheyshouldbeginwiththethirdquestion.三、It作主語的句型1.Ittakessb.…todo…<=sbtakes…todo…>某人用多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間做某事例Ittookthemenaweektomendourroof.<=Thementookaweektomendourroof.>2.It's<just><un>likesb.todo…〔不像某人做某事的風(fēng)格例Itwas<just>likehimtothinkofhelpingus.3.It's<about/high>timethat…should/v-ed…是該做某事的時(shí)候了例It's<about/high>timethatweshouldtakeaction.4.It'sthex-thtime<that>…h(huán)avev-ed…第幾次做某事了例It'sthethirdtimethathehasfailedthedrivingtest.5.Itis/hasbeen…since…continuousv-ed<延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞>某動(dòng)作已有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間不發(fā)生了例It's10yearsthathelivedhere6.Itwas<not>…before…過<不>了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間某動(dòng)作發(fā)生了例Itwasnotlongbeforetheyarrived.四、It作形式賓語用來替代作賓語的從句、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞,而把真正作賓語的從句、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞置于句尾.It作形式賓語的常見句型：1.verb+it+adj./noun<for/of>todo/clause<verb=think,believe,suppose,consider,feel,make,keep…>例Ithinkithardforyoutodothetaskonyourown./Ithinkithardthatyou'lldothetaskonyourown.2.verb+it+adj./noun<one's>doing<adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile><noun=nouse/nogood/worthone'swhile/awasteoftime/money/energy/words><verb=think,believe,suppose,consider,feel,make,keep…>例I'llmakeitworthyourwhiletellingmeabouthissecret.3.verb+it+important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essentialthat…<should>…verb+it+ofmuch/great/no/littleimportancethat…<should>…<verb=think,believe,suppose,consider,feel,make,keep…>例Ithinkitimportantthatyou<should>attendtheconference.4.verb+it+as+noun/adj.+clause<verb=accept,regard,take,see,view>例Thelecturertakesitasencouragingwhensomanystudentsattendhislecture.5.v.+it+prep.+that…oweittosb.that…把…歸功于…leaveittosbthat…把…留給某人去做takeitforgrantedthat…想當(dāng)然keepitinmindthat…例Don'tbothertoarrangeanything.Justleaveittometosortout.6.It用在不能直接跟賓語從句的動(dòng)詞后面,尤其是表示好惡的動(dòng)詞后,enjoy,like,love,dislike,resent,hate,don'tmind,befondof,feellike,seeto賓語從句緊跟it之后例IhateityoucanswimsowellandIcan't.7.It用在不能直接跟賓語從句的介詞后面,賓語從句緊跟it之后〔exceptthat例外例I'mforitthatyouwillfollowtheiradvice.五、強(qiáng)調(diào)句型Itis/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that<who>…強(qiáng)調(diào)句型用來強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語動(dòng)詞以外的任何句子成分.當(dāng)被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是人時(shí)也可以用who.在使用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型時(shí)需注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1.請(qǐng)注意強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的特殊疑問句例Whenwasitthathechangedhismindtotakepartintheactivity？2.在強(qiáng)調(diào)原因狀語從句時(shí),只能強(qiáng)調(diào)由because所引導(dǎo)的從句例Itwasbecausehewasillthathedidn'tcometoschoolyesterday.3.在強(qiáng)調(diào)not…until結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)必須把not與until一起放到被強(qiáng)調(diào)的位置上例ItwasnotuntilshetookoffherdarkglassesthatIrealizedshewasmybrother.4.注意強(qiáng)調(diào)句型與定語從句的區(qū)別例Itwasat7o'clockthathecamehereyesterday.<強(qiáng)調(diào)句型>Itwas7o'clockwhenhecamehereyesterday.<定語從句>六、It常用的固定搭配1.makeit<1>.在口語當(dāng)中相當(dāng)于succeed,表示：成功、做到、說定、趕上、及時(shí)到達(dá)例It'shardtomakeittothetopinshowbusiness.<2>.在口語中相當(dāng)于fixthedatefor,表示"約定好時(shí)間"例—Shallwemeetnextweek?—OK.WejustmakeitnextSaturday.2.asitis<1>.相當(dāng)于infact,inreality表示"事實(shí)上,實(shí)際情況是……"例Wehadplanedtofinishthetasktoday,butasitisweprobablywon'tfinishituntilnextweek.<2>.相當(dāng)于方式狀語從句,表示"照原樣"例Leavethetableasitis.3.asitwere相當(dāng)于asonemightsay,thatistosay,表示"也就是說,可以說,換句話說"例Heis,asitwere,amodernSherlockHolmes.4.ifitweren'tfor…/ifithadn'tbeenfor…用來引導(dǎo)虛擬語氣,相當(dāng)于without,orbutfor,表示"如果不是……,要不是……"例Ifitweren'tforTom,Iwouldn'tbealivetoday.5.that'sit<1>.相當(dāng)于That'sall.That'ssomuch.表示"至此為止,沒有別的了"例Youcanhaveonemoresweet,andthat'sit.<2>.相當(dāng)于That'sright.表示"對(duì)啦"例—Iguessthekeytotheproblemisthechoice"A"—That'sit.6.catchit在口語中,相當(dāng)于bepunished/scoldedfordoingsth.wrong.表示"因做錯(cuò)事而挨罵,受責(zé)備,受批評(píng),受懲罰"例We'llreallycatchitformourteacherifwe'relateforclassagain.7.haveit<1>.相當(dāng)于say,insist表示"說,主張,表明,硬說"例Rumourhasitthattheyaregettingdivorced.<2>.相當(dāng)于gettoknowsomething,表示"了解,知道,獲悉"例IhaditfromJohnthatshewasgoingabroad.8.havewhatittakes在口語中,相當(dāng)于bewellqualifiedfor,表示"具有成功的條件"例Youcantakeitfrommethatyourdaughterhaswhatittakestobeastar.9.soitseems/appears.10.Keepatit!<Don'tgiveup!>相當(dāng)于goon,表示"繼續(xù)做,不放棄"例Myteacheraskedmetokeepatit.11.Goit!<Goon!>拼命干,莽撞12.Nowyouhavedoneit!<Youhavedonesth.wrong.>13.Nowyou'llcatchit!<You'llbepunished.>14.Asithappened,…在口語中,相當(dāng)于it'sapitythat…,表示"真不湊巧,真遺憾"例Asithappened,theywereout.15.Asitturnedout,…在口語中,相當(dāng)于itwasfoundtobeintheend,表示"最后被證明是"例Asitturnedout,hisstatementwasfalse.16.Suchasitis<theyare>在口語中,相當(dāng)于althoughitmaynotbeworthmuch,表示"雖然沒有多大價(jià)值"例Youcanborrowmyexamnotebook,suchasitis.17.Takeit/thingseasy.相當(dāng)于Don'tworryordon'thurry.用來勸告別人,表示"不要慌,別擔(dān)心,存住氣"例Takeiteasy!Hewilldoitwell.18.Takeitfromme.在口語中,相當(dāng)于believemewhatIsay.表示"請(qǐng)相信我的話,我敢擔(dān)保"例Youcantakeitfrommethathewillmakeitthistime.19.Forwhatitisworth…在口語中,相當(dāng)于althoughI'mnotsureit'sofvalue,表示"不管其價(jià)值如何"例HereisthearticleIpromiseyou,forwhatit'sworth.20.Worthit在口語中,相當(dāng)于useful,表示"有好處,值得做"例Don'thesitateaboutit!It'sworthit.21.Believeitornot.表示"信不信由你"例Believeitornot,TomisgettingmarriedtoMarynextSunday.22.Takeitorleaveit.v.要么接受要么放棄例Thatismylastoffer.Youcantakeitorleaveit.23.Italldepends/thatalldepends在口語中,相當(dāng)于ithasn'tbeendecidedyet,表示"那得看情況,還沒有定下來"例—Areyougoingtothecountrysideforholiday?—It/Thatalldepends.24.It'suptosb.在口語中,相當(dāng)于it'sdecidedbysb.表示"由……決定,由……負(fù)責(zé),取決于……"例—Shallwegooutfordinner?—It'suptoyou.第六章主謂一致主謂一致,指人稱和數(shù)方面的一致關(guān)系.如:Heisgoingabroad.Theyareplayingfootball.可分為:語法一致,內(nèi)容一致,就近一致.<一>語法一致原則:即主語為單數(shù),謂語用單數(shù),主語為復(fù)數(shù),謂語也用復(fù)數(shù).以下為注意事項(xiàng):1.單數(shù)主語即使后面帶有with,alongwith,togetherwith,like<象>,but<除了>,except,besides,aswellas,nolessthan,ratherthan<而不是>,including,inadditionto引導(dǎo)的短語,謂語動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù).如:Airaswellaswaterismatter.空氣和水都是物質(zhì).Nooneexcepttwoservantswaslateforthedinner.除了兩個(gè)仆人外,沒有一個(gè)人遲來用餐.2.用and連接的并列主語,如果主語是同一個(gè)人,同一事,同一概念,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),否則用復(fù)數(shù).如:Thepoetandwriterhascome.那位詩人兼作家來了.<一個(gè)人>Ahammerandasawareusefultools.錘子和鋸都是有用的工具.<兩樣物>用and連接的成對(duì)名詞習(xí)慣上被看成是一個(gè)整體,如:breadandbutter<黃油抹面包>,knifeandfork<刀叉>等作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).3.不定式<短語>,動(dòng)名詞<短語>,或從句作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).如:Servingthepeopleismygreathappiness.為人民服務(wù)是我最大的幸福.Whenwe’llgooutforanoutinghasbeendecided.我們什么時(shí)候出去郊游已決定了.4.用連接的并列主語被each,every或no修飾時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).Everyboyandeverygirllikestogoswimming.每個(gè)男孩和每個(gè)女孩都喜歡去游泳.Noteacherandnostudentwasabsentfromthemeeting.沒有老師也沒有學(xué)生開會(huì)缺席.Eachmanand<each>womanisaskedtohelp.每個(gè)男人和每個(gè)女人都被請(qǐng)去幫忙.5.eachof+復(fù)數(shù)代詞,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).復(fù)數(shù)代詞+each,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).如:Eachofushassomethingtosay.我們每個(gè)人