儀表等級飛行員理論培訓(xùn)stage2-116REGSPART91,NTSB

INSTRUMENTRATING

14CFR14CFRPart91NTSBPart830114CFR91.3

ResponsibilityandAuthorityofPilotinCommandDirectlyResponsibleandhasthefinalauthorityastotheoperationofanaircraftMaydeviatefromaruleofthisparttotheextentrequiredtomeetanemergencySendawrittenreportofthatdeviationtoanduponrequestoftheAdministrator214CFR91.21PortableElectronicDevicesNotallowedtobeoperatedwhileanaircraftisunderIFRNotincludedinthelistis:PortablevoicerecordersHearingaidsHeartpacemakersElectricshaversAnyotherdevicetheoperatorhasdeterminedwillnotcauseinterferencewithnavigationorcommunicationsystemsoftheaircraft314CFR91.103PreflightAction:NWKRAFT(a)ForaflightunderIFR,pilotshouldknow:N-Notams(allavailableinfoconcerningflight)W-weatherreportsandforecastsK-knowntrafficdelaysR–runwaylengthsA-alternativesavailableF-fuelrequirementsT–TakeOff/LandingDistanceinfo,Section(b)414CFR91.109FlightInstruction;SimulatedInstrumentFlightandCertainFlightTestsSection(b)NopersonmayoperateanaircraftinsimulatedinstrumentflightunlessSafetypilot=privatepilotratedinaircraft(Category/Class)SafetypilothasadequatevisionforwardandsideFullyfunctioningdualcontrols514CFR91.113Right-of-WayRules:ExceptWaterOperationsWhetherIFR(weatherconditionspermitting)orVFR,pilotincommandisstillresponsiblefor“seeingandavoiding”Whenyoucanseeoutsideyoumustlookoutside-evenonIFRflightplan!(Thisiswhyyouneedasafetypilotforsimulatedinstrumentflight)614CFR91.121AltimeterSettingsBelow18,000’MSLSettoastationalongroutewithin100nmATCperiodicallyadvisespilotsofcurrentaltimetersettingAtorabove18,000’MSL29.92“FlightLevels”LowestusableflightlevelsdeterminedbyatmosphericpressuretoavoidoverlapofMSL&pressurealtitudeifcurrentaltimetersettingislowerthan29.92(seetablein91.121)714CFR91.123CompliancewithATCClearancesandInstructionsDeviationfromclearancesemergencyexistsamendedclearanceobtainedresultantdangerimminentPrioritybyATCinanemergencyreportwithin48hourstomanagerofparticularATCfacilityifrequested814CFR91.131OperationsinClassBAirspaceSection(c)CommunicationsandnavigationequipmentrequirementsForIFRoperation,aircraftmustbeequippedwithanoperableVORorTACANreceiverForalloperations,anoperable2wayradioSection(d)Transponderrequirement914CFR91.135OperationsinClassAAirspaceMusthaveIFRclearance2wayradioTransponderATCcanapprovecontinuationwithfailedtransponder1014CFR91.167FuelRequirementsforFlightinIFRConditions:tofirstairportofintendedlandingtoalternateairport(ifrequired)45minutesatnormalcruisingspeedAlternateisNOTneededwhen:firstairporthasIAPAND1-2-3ruleforecastwx+/-1hourETAAtleast2,000’ceilingAtleast3SMvisibility1114CFR91.169IFRFlightPlan:InformationRequiredSection(c)IFRalternateairportstandardminimums600’ceiling/2smforprecision800’ceiling/2smfornonprecisionatETAatalternateforecastWXmustallowdescentfromMEAtoairportunderbasicVFR(checkVFRminimumsforallairspaceyouwilltransit!)WITHIAPNOIAP:1214CFR91.171VOREquipmentCheckforIFROperationsWithinpreceding30daysVOTGround/FlightCheckpointAirwaycheckDualsystemPlaceAmountofbearingerrorDateSignatureMustberecordedinaircraftlogorotherrecord1314CFR91.173ATCClearanceandFlightPlanRequiredNopersonmayoperateanaircraftincontrolledairspaceunderIFRunlessthatpersonhasFiledanIFRflightplan,ANDReceivedanappropriateATCclearance1414CFR91.175TakeoffandLandingUnderIFRSection(a)useStandardInstrumentApproachProcedure(SIAP)inPart97Section(b)AuthorizedDHorMDA-DecisionHeight-MinimumDescentAltitude1514CFR91.175Section(c)OperationBelowDHorMDAAtleastoneoffollowingvisualreferences:Runway,markings,lightsThreshold,markings,lightsTouchdownzone,markings,lightsREILVisualApproachSlopeIndicatorTheapproachlightsystem,exceptthatthepilotmaynotdescendbelow100feetabovethetouchdownzoneelevationusingtheapproachlightsasareferenceunlesstheredterminatingbarsortheredsiderowbarsarealsodistinctlyvisibleandidentifiable.1614CFR91.175Section(d)FlightVisibility(seepart1.1definition)-Flightvisibilitymeanstheaverageforwardhorizontaldistance,fromthecockpitofanaircraftinflight,atwhichprominentunlightedobjectsmaybeseenandidentifiedbydayandprominentlightedobjectsmaybeseenandidentifiedbynight.1714CFR91.175Section(e)MissedApproach-ifrequirementsof(c)notmet:-Flightvisibilityatleastpublishedminimums-Aircraftinpositiontomakenormallanding-RunwayEnvironmentinsight1814CFR91.175Section(f)CivilairportTakeoffminimums-Donotapplytopart91(notforhire) -only121,125,129,135(commercialoperations)-2enginesorless-1SM-morethan2engines-?SMSection(g)MilitaryAirportsSection(h)RVR&visibility-notmathematicallyequivalent,uselegalchart!1914CFR91.175Section(i)Unpublishedroutesandradarvectoringforapproaches-Don’tdescenduntilestablishedonPUBLISHEDroutesegmentSection(j)Procedureturnlimitations-NOPT,RadarVectors,timedapproachfromholdingfixSection(k)ILSComponentsSubstitutionsforILSpartsandpiecesCompassLocatormaysubstituteforOuterorMiddleMarkerbeacon,(howeversubstitutionnotnecessaryforinoperativeMM-minimumsdonotchange)2014CFR91.177MinimumAltitudesforIFROperationsApplicableminimumsMountainous(2000’AGL/4nm)Other(1000’AGL/4nm)MEA/MOCA/22nmClimbtohigherminimumimmediately,orMCAdesignated(we’llcoverthisinmoredetailinEnrouteoperations)2114CFR91.179IFRCruisingAltitudeorFlightLevelIncontrolledairspaceassignedbyATCInuncontrolledairspaceEast/Odd West/Even(don’tadd500ftforIFR)AboveFL290 4000’intervals2214CFR91.181CourseToBeFlownIFRcontrolledairspaceonFederalairwaysstayoncenterlineonanyotherroutealongdirectcoursebetweennavaidsorfixesStillallowsformaneuveringandclearingturns2314CFR91.183IFRRadioCommunicationsMandatoryreports

UnforecastweatherconditionsSafetyofflight

Altitudeandtimepassingeachcompulsoryreportingpointorifinradarcontactrequestedreportingpoints(we’llcoverthisinmoredetailinEnrouteoperations)

2414CFR91.185IFROperations:Two-WayRadioFailureVMC:ContinueVFR&landassoonaspracticableIMCRoute–Assigned-RadarVector-Expect-asFiledinFlightPlanAltitude

–Highestof:Minimum-Expect-AssignedLeaveclearancelimitatEFCTimeorETAifnoEFC(we’llcoverthisinmoredetailinEmergencyprocedures)2514CFR91.187OperationsunderIFRinControlledAirspace:Reportanymalfunctionsof:NavigationalequipmentApproachequipmentCommunicationequipmentContentofreport…whoyouare–whatbroke-howitaffectsyourIFRcapability-assistanceneeded?(we’llcoverthisinmoredetailinEmergencyprocedures)

26“GRABCARDD”91.205(d)&(e)GeneratororalternatorRadios:Two-wayCommunicationANDnavigationequipmentappropriatetofacilitiesusedAltimeter(adjustable)Ball(slip&skid)ClockAttitudeIndicatorRateofturnindicatorDirectionalgyroDMEat&aboveFL2402714CFR91.211

SupplementalOxygenrequired

:(1)Atcabinpressurealtitudesabove12,500feet(MSL)uptoandincluding14,000feet(MSL)forthatpartoftheflightmorethan30minutes(2)Atcabinpressurealtitudesabove

14,000feet(MSL)requiredminimumflightcrewduringtheentireflighttimeatthosealtitudes(3)Atcabinpressurealtitudesabove

15,000feet(MSL)eachoccupantoftheaircraftmustbeprovidedwithsupplementaloxygen.2814CFR91.215Transponderrequired:

Allaircraft.InClassA,ClassB,andClassCairspaceareas;

Allaircraft.Inallairspacewithin30nauticalmilesofaprimaryclassBairportfromthesurfaceupwardto10,000feetMSL;AllaircraftinallairspaceabovetheceilingandwithinthelateralboundariesofaClassBorClassCairspaceareadesignatedforanairportupwardto10,000feetMSL;andInallairspaceofthe48contiguousstatesandtheDistrictofColumbiaatandabove10,000feetMSL,excludingtheairspaceatandbelow2,500feetabovethesurface

ATCauthorizeddeviations:

Foroperationofanaircraftthatisnotequippedwithatransponder,therequestmustbemadeatleastonehourbeforetheproposedoperation.29Equipmenttests&inspectionsrequiredforIFR:91.171;91.207;91.405;91.411;91.413…

AirworthinessDirectives(recurring/one-time)VOR(preceding30days)Inspections(Annual/100hourifforhire)Altimeter(preceding24calendarmonthsTransponder(preceding24calendarmonths)ELT(preceding12calendarmonths)Staticsystem(preceding24calendarmo.)3014CFR97

STANDARDINSTRUMENTAPPROACHPROCEDURES97.3Symbols&termsusedinproceduresYou’lllearnthesewhenwestudyapproachesSubpartC:TERPS“USStandardsforTerminalInstrumentProcedures”31NTSBPart830.1ApplicabilityPart830containsrulesconcernin