自考0522英語國家概況基礎(chǔ)班練習(xí)題全(十三)

（答案解析）

一、綜合題。

1.Whatarethemainargumentsforrepublicanism?

2.Whatarethetwowaysofdealingwiththerepublicissue?

3.Whatchangeshavetakenplaceinwomenysroleinsocietysince1960s?

4.WhatistheWhiteAustraliapolicy?Whywasitreplacedinthelate1960s?

5.Whatisthelandrightsmovement?

6.WhatarethecharacteristicsofAustralia'spartysystem?

7.WhatistheruleoftheSenate?

8.WhatistheroleoftheGovernor-General?

9.Whatisconstitutionalconvention?

10.WhatarethetwoprinciplestheAustralianConstitutionisbasedon?Arethey

bothclearlydefinedintheConstitution?

11.WhatisthebasicstructureofAustraliangovernment?Howisitdifferentfrom

thatofBritainandtheU.S.?

12.WhatarethemajorproblemsassociatedwiththeAustralianEconomy?

13.WhatarethefactorsthathaveaffectedAustralia'stradingpatternsand

internationaleconomicrelations?

14.WhyhasAustralianserviceindustrybeengrowingsofastinrecentyears?

15.Whataretheeventsathomeandabroadthathavecheckedthegrowthof

Australianagriculture?

16.WhatarethefeaturesofAustralianmanufacturingindustry?

答案部分

一、綜合題。

1.

【正確答案】Themainargumentsforrepublicanismareasfollows:1)AnAustralian

headofstateisessentialforAustralia'sself-respectandtheachievementof

fullindependence.2)BecomingarepublicisconsistentwithAustralia's

egalitariananddemocratictradition.3)Becomingarepublicwillhelp

Australia'simageinAsia.

2.

【止］確答案】Therearetwowaysofdealingwiththerepublicissue.Thosewho

wanttotakeaslittleactionaspossibletoturnAustraliaintoarepublicare

calledminimalists(最低綱領(lǐng)派).TheyonlywanttohavetheQueenreplacedby

someversionofapresident,eitherappointedorelected.Thiswillmerelyinvolve

goingthroughtheConstitutionandstrikingoutGovernor-Generalandwritingin

President.AbandoningthemonarchofGreatBritainasAustralia'sheadofstate

willmarkthefinalstageinthecessationofcolonialties,andwi11havesymbolic

significanceparticularlyforthoseAustralianswhodonottracetheirancestry

backtoEngland.ThosewhowanttochangetheConstitutioninotherwaysarecalled

maximalists(最高綱領(lǐng)派).TheywanttofurtherthanreplacingtheQueenwith

apresident.TheywanttoreformtheConstitutionsothataBillofRightscould

bewrittenintoit.

3.

【正確答案】Inthepast50yearstherehavebeensomegreatsignificantchanges

inwomen'sroleinAustraliansociety.DuringWorldWarII,womentookoverthe

jobsleftvacantbymenwhowereengagedinthewareffort.Butafterthewar

womenwereexpectedtovacatethesejobsandgobacktotheir“place”inthe

home.Whatpeoplewantedwastohavealifepatternbywhichwifestayedathome

andcaredforthechiIdrenandthehusbandwentouttoearnenoughmoneytosupport

hisfamily.Butinthelate1960sthispatternhasbeguntochange.Sincethen

morewomenhavejoinedtheworkforce,leavingtheirchildreninthecareof

others.Womenhavealsotakenonjobsgenerallyconsideredtobeonlysuitedfor

men.Nolongerisawoman'sroleseenasonlybeinginthehome.

4.

【正確答案】WhentheAustraliancoloniesjoinedtogetherasaCommonwealthin

1901the“WhiteAustralia”policywasacornerstoneofthenewnation's

policies.Thispolicywasfollowedbyal1majorpoliticalpartiesandledto

restrictiveimmigrationlaws.Theselawswerebasedonthefollowingbeliefs.

1)ImmigrationmuststrengthenthelargelyBritishnatureofAustralia's

population.2)Thepopulationshouldremain“white”.Inotherwords,only

Europeans,especiallyBritishandIrish,wereallowedtomigratetoAustralia.

WhentheysettledinAustralia,al1migrantsshouldassimilatethemselvesinto

whitesociety.

Bythe1960ssuchbeliefswerebeginningtochange.Thefollowingarethemain

reasonswhytheuWhiteAustralia“policywasreplaced.1)Inmostyearsafter

1945Australiawasunabletorecruitasmanymigrants,especiallythosewith

much-neededskills,asitwanted.Australiahadtolooktoawiderrangeof

countriesforimmigration.2)Humanitarianconcerns,andinternational

pressures,haveencouragedrecentAustraliangovernmenttoacceptsubstantial

numbersofrefugees.3)Publicopinionshasbecomemoretolerantofnon-European

immigration.Publicopinionalsoshowsagreaterunderstandingofthefactthat

Australia'seconomyandsecurityarelinkedtoAsia,especiallySoutheastern

Asia.ThishasledtoagrowingappreciationthatAustraliamustliveinharmony

withthepeoplesofAsiaandcannotdothiswhilepursuingracistpoliciessuch

astheWhiteAustraliapolicy.

5.

【正確答案】Atthebeginningofthe1970samovementtogainrecognitionof

AboriginallandrightswaslaunchedbytheAboriginalAustralians.Bythe1970s

thedemandforlandrightshadbecomeapoliticalissue.SomeAustralians

campaignedintheinterestsoftheAborigines.

6.

【」E確答案】AlthoughathirdpartynamedCountryPartywasformedin1920,it

changeitsnametoNationalandalwaysoperatedinsomekindofalliancewith

theLiberalParty.SowecansaythatAustraliahasatwo-and-ahalfpartysystem

oftheAustralianLaborPartyononesideandtheLiberalandNationalparties

ontheother.

7.

確答案】TheSenateinAustraliaisanelectedhouse.Thatis,senatorsare

electeddirectlybyvoters.IntheBritishParliamentmembershipoftheHouse

ofLordsisbytitlewhichmaybeinheritedorgrantedbythemonarch.TheSenate

inAustraliahasfunctionedasahouseofreviewwhenthelegislationisexamined

andamendmentssuggested.Ithasalsosetupacommitteesystemtoreviewpolicy

onarangeofmatters.ThishasbecomeaveryimportantfunctionoftheSenate.

SincetheAustraliansystemisafederalone,theSenateisgivenafurther

function—torepresenttheStates.

8.

【正確答案】InAustraliatheQueenisrepresentedbytheGovernor-General,who

isappointedbytheQueenunderadvicefromthePrimeMinisterofAustralia.Under

theConstitutiontheGovernor-Generalexercisestheexecutivepowerofthe

CommonwealthofAustralia,andotherpowersandfunctionsconferredbythe

Constitution.Theyincludeappointingtimesfortheholdingofsessionsof

Parliament,theproroguing(休會(huì))ofParliament,andthedissolutionof

parliament.TheGovernor-GeneralassentsintheQueen'snametoproposedlaws

passedbybothHouses.OntheadviceofthePrimeMinistertheGovernor-General

choosesandsummonsExecutiveCouncillors,appointsMinistersofStateandis

commander-in-chiefofthedefenseforces.

9.

【正確答案】Aconstitutionalconventionisacodeofpoliticalbehaviorwhich

comesintoexistenceandsurvivesbecauseofitsvalueinfacilitatingthe

governmentofthecountry.Inotherwords,withoutconventionsthefunctioning

ofgovernmentwouldbeatrisk.

10.

【」E確答案】TheAustralianConstitutionisbasedontheprinciplesoffederalism

andtheprincipleofresponsiblegovernment.

IntheAustralianConstitutionfederalismisclearlystatedbutthebasicrules

ofresponsiblegovernmentarenot.TheConstitutionhasseparatesections

coveringthepowersandresponsibilitiesofboththeGovernor-Generalandthe

SenatewhichfunctionstoprotecttherightsoftheStates.ButtheConstitution

mentionsneitherPrimeMinisternorCabinet.

11.

【lE確答案】ThebasicstructureofAustraliangovernmentisbasedonboththe

BritishandAmericanmodels.TherearealsosomesignificantAustralian

variations.

UnlikeBritain,AustraliahasawrittenConstitution.TheAustralian

Constitutionisbasedontheprinciplesoffederalismandtheprincipleof

responsiblegovernment.Federalismisasystemofgovernmentinwhichpolitical

functionsaredividedconstitutionallybetweentwotiersofgovernment.This

divisionofpowercreatestwospheresofjurisdiction,thecenterandregional

governments,inthecaseofAustralia,theCommonwealthandtheStates.Eachof

themisentitledtoexerciseitsallottedpowersindependentlyoftheother.In

thisrespecttheAustraliansystemofgovernmentisbasedontheAmericanmodel.

Responsiblegovernmentisasystemofgovernmentinwhichexecutiveauthority

isvestedinaministrywhosemembersinAustrallamustbeMembersofPariiament.

AllministersareresponsibletoParliamentfortheaffairsoftheirown

departments.InthisrespecttheAustraliansystemofgovernmentisbasedonthe

Britishmodel,oftenreferredtoasthe^Westministersystem.

12.

【正確答案】Therearethreemajorstructuralproblemsintheeconomy.1)

Over-relianceofcommodityexports.Australia'seconomicprosperitywasvery

largelybuiltonexportsofprimarycommoditiessuchaswool,foodstuffsandmeat,

mineralssuchasgoldand,morerecently,coalandironore.2)Failuretoshare

intheexpansionofinternationaltrade.SincetheendofWorldWarIIinthe

majortradingnations,domesticgrowthandtheexpansionofinternationaltrade

havebeencloselyrelated.Unfortunately,thesedevelopmentsseemtohavepassed

Australiaby.ThemajorreasonisthatAustraliaistooheavilydependenton

commodityexports.Itsshareinworldtradehasdeclinedsignificantly.3)The

declineofmanufacturingindustriesandtheeffectsoftariffs.Following

Federationin1901,Australianpolicytowardsmanufacturingindustrieswasto

protectthemfromforeigncompetitionbytheuseoftariffsandothercontrols

onimportedgoods.Thisled,ineffect,toalesscompetitivemanufacturing

industryinAustralia.

13.

【正確答案】ThefactorsthathaveaffectedAustralia'stradingpatternsand

internationaleconomicrelationsincludethefollowing:1)Thedismantlingofthe

CommonwealthPreference(特惠),wherebyCommonwealthcountriesgaveeach

others?productsreducedtariffrates;2)ThecreationoftheEuropeanCommunity,

whichproducedimpedimenttotradewithEuropeancountries.3)TheriseofJapan

asaneconomicpower.4)TheemergenceofotherAsiancountriesasmanufacturers

andexporters.5)Theoil-priceshocksthe1870s.

14.

【正確答案】Australia'sservicesectoristhefastest-growingsectorof

industry.Ithasbeengrowinginimportanceinrecentdecades.Thisisdueto

higherlivingstandardsandgreaterdemandformoreandbettertransportand

housing,andtheexpansionbygovernmentsofeducational,healthandwelfare

services.Withinthesectorasawholethemostdramaticincreasehasbeenin

informationindustries.InternationaleducationservicesprovidedbyAustralia

arealsogrowingstrongly.Australiahasbecomethepreferreddestinationfor

studentsfromAsiaandissecondtotheU.S.andBritainforstudentsfromother

EastAsiancountries.

15.

【」E確答案】AfterWorldWarII,increasingpressureswasplacedonAustralian

agriculturebyeventsathomeandabroad.Athome,duringthe1950sand1960s,

therewasincreasingprotectionofdomesticmanufacturingindustries.This

adverselyaffectedthecompetitivenessofAustralianagriculture.Australia's

lossofpreferentialaccesstotheBritishmarketwhenBritainjoinedtheEuropean

EconomicCommunityin1973wasamajorblowtoanumberofAustralia'srural

industries.Duringthe1970sand1980s,increasedprotectionofagriculturein

developedcountriesliketheU.S.AandJapanmadeitmoredifficultforAustralian

agriculturetocompeteonworldmarkets.

16.

【lE確答案】InaworldcontextAustralianmanufacturingisunique.Itsfeatures

includethefollowing:1)inefficiency.Australia,slimitedlocalmarket,its

geographicalisolationandhighlevelsoftariffprotectionarethefactorsthat

affecttheefficiencyofAustralianmanufacturing.2)Concentration.Though

moderatelysized,Australianindustriesareinownershiptermshighly

concentrated.Thereareabout14largenationalmonopoliesinAustralia.They

existinparticularlyimportantindustries.3)Foreigninvestment.Australian

manufacturingreliesheavilyonforeigninvestment.

考試前注意事項(xiàng)

考前準(zhǔn)備:

一、欲善其事，必先利其器。準(zhǔn)備好考試用品，最好用黑色鋼筆或中性筆，

因?yàn)橛械脑嚲聿蛔層锰m色筆，要是怕黑色筆答題一團(tuán)黑，也可以帶圓珠筆備用，

注意看清楚不懂的問老師，英語考試鉛筆要修好，同時(shí)備橡皮?；瘜W(xué)備個(gè)不帶記

憶功能的計(jì)算器。

二.調(diào)整心態(tài)，沉著應(yīng)考

當(dāng)考生來到考場后，往往會(huì)造成考生感到有些緊張。在這種情況下，考生可

進(jìn)行簡單的放松訓(xùn)練，如做幾次深呼吸，然后暗示自己：“我的狀態(tài)不錯(cuò)，應(yīng)該

取得好成績。”在考前幾分鐘應(yīng)該自己安靜獨(dú)處，不要再和別人討論知識(shí)上的問

題，以免破壞自己胸有成竹的感覺。

1、強(qiáng)化自信

不管你現(xiàn)在是成績拔尖，還是跟別人有一定差距，千萬別忘了每天都帶

著信心起床。不論個(gè)人情況怎樣，每人都有自己的優(yōu)勢(shì)和不足。有的同學(xué)基礎(chǔ)孔

實(shí)根底深，不論考試如何變，都能游刃有余；有的同學(xué)思維靈活敏捷，有一定的

創(chuàng)新思維，理解能力強(qiáng)，對(duì)考創(chuàng)新的活題尤為適應(yīng)；有的同學(xué)閱讀面廣，視野開

拓，心理素質(zhì)好，抗挫能力強(qiáng)，善于超水平發(fā)揮。不管怎樣，在高考前夕，對(duì)于

自己的缺點(diǎn)和不足不要過多自我責(zé)備，要多看、多想、多憶自己的長處和潛力，

激發(fā)自信心。

每一個(gè)有杰出成就的人，在其生活和事業(yè)的旅途中，無不以堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的自信

為先導(dǎo)。希爾頓是世界酒店大王，現(xiàn)在他的酒店分支機(jī)構(gòu)遍布世界各地，但他起

家時(shí)僅有200美金。是什么使他獲得成功呢？希爾頓回答說：只有兩個(gè)字，那就

是‘'自信"?？梢?，信心孕育著成功，信心能使你創(chuàng)造奇跡。拿破侖說：“在

我的學(xué)典里沒有不可能這一字眼?！闭沁@種自信激發(fā)了他無比的智慧與潛能，

使他成為橫掃歐洲的一代名將。

在現(xiàn)實(shí)中，自信不一定能讓你成功的話，那么丟失信心就一定會(huì)導(dǎo)致失

敗。很多成績優(yōu)秀在同學(xué)在高考中失利，他們不是輸在知識(shí)能力上，而是敗在信

心上。

2、優(yōu)化情緒

心理學(xué)認(rèn)為，人的學(xué)習(xí)生活中，情緒扮演著十分重要的角色，它象染色

劑，使人的學(xué)習(xí)生活染上各種各樣的色彩。有這樣一個(gè)故事，有個(gè)老婆婆非常疼

愛她的兩個(gè)女兒，這兩個(gè)女兒均為小販，一個(gè)賣雨傘，一個(gè)賣布鞋，這個(gè)婆婆晴

天擔(dān)心大女兒的傘賣不出去，整天哭泣，雨天又擔(dān)心小女兒的布鞋賣不出去，又

整天淚流。街鄰叫她哭婆婆。后來一位先生開啟她說：“我為你感到高興。晴天

您的大女兒的傘賣得好，雨天小女兒的鞋賣得俏?！逼牌怕牶?，臉色馬上轉(zhuǎn)陰為

晴，由哭到笑，街鄰又叫她笑婆婆?？奁牌抛?yōu)樾ζ牌诺墓适抡f明：同一件事，

看問題的角度不同，情緒就不同，結(jié)果就兩樣。變換角度看問題，情緒自然調(diào)整

過來了。在迎考復(fù)習(xí)和高考中，要學(xué)會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)移情緒，將自己的情緒調(diào)整到最佳狀態(tài)。

在情緒緊張的時(shí)候，聽聽輕音樂，哼哼小調(diào)，或伸伸手-，彎彎腰，搖搖脖子，扭

扭屁股；或漫步戶外，看看云霞，聽聽蛙聲；或與同學(xué)聊聊天，講講趣事，幽默

幽默。考場上可做做深呼吸、望望窗外。

3、自我減壓

臨考前降低心理預(yù)期目標(biāo)，以平常心對(duì)待考試，充分發(fā)揮了自己的水平

就是勝利。以怎樣的心態(tài)對(duì)待復(fù)習(xí)與考試，對(duì)進(jìn)入最佳狀態(tài)關(guān)系很大。若把復(fù)習(xí)

與考試看成一種挑戰(zhàn)，會(huì)激發(fā)自己很快進(jìn)入狀態(tài)；把它看成一種鍛煉，會(huì)以平和

的心態(tài)投入；把它看成一次機(jī)會(huì)，會(huì)以積極的心態(tài)迎接。

4、自我質(zhì)辯

自我質(zhì)辯是心態(tài)自我調(diào)整的良方之一。比如，有“離中考越近，便越擔(dān)

心自己能力”的憂慮的同學(xué)，不妨進(jìn)行如下自我質(zhì)辯：自問：這種擔(dān)心必要嗎？

自答：毫無必要，平時(shí)自己一向?qū)W習(xí)認(rèn)真，雖不十分優(yōu)秀，但只要認(rèn)真做好考前

準(zhǔn)備，正常發(fā)揮，這次考試完全可以考好，根本不必為這無端的擔(dān)心而苦惱。又

問：這種擔(dān)心有利嗎？自答：沒有，它有百害無一利，它松懈人的斗志，轉(zhuǎn)移人

注意目標(biāo)，若不及早排除，到考后將悔之晚矣。再問：我該怎么辦呢？自答：最

要緊的是對(duì)考試充滿自信，要有條不紊的地組織復(fù)習(xí)，扎扎實(shí)實(shí)地做好考前準(zhǔn)備。

通過這樣自我質(zhì)辯，心中的擔(dān)憂也就化解了。

5、積極暗示

積極暗示能強(qiáng)化自己的信心，消除煩惱。消極暗示會(huì)降低人的信心，徒

增憂心?？忌诳记熬鸵鶕?jù)自己的情況，進(jìn)行積極暗示，自我打氣?！拔倚校?/p>

我一定行”?！拔覞摿Υ蟆??！拔疫M(jìn)步大”?！拔蚁矚g挑戰(zhàn)”。如遇到自己實(shí)在

解不出的題難題也不要憂心忡忡。從狐貍吃葡萄的故事中我們可以得到啟迪，狐

貍吃不到葡萄就說葡萄是酸的，這并不是“自欺欺人”，而是“聰明過人”之

處。面對(duì)一顆自己確實(shí)吃不到的葡萄，與其在架下上竄下跳白費(fèi)力，還不如說這

顆葡萄是酸的，另找甜的——自己熟悉的、力所能及的，以長補(bǔ)短，同樣可以成

功。通過良好的自我暗示，可以驅(qū)散憂郁，克服怯懦，恢復(fù)自信，激發(fā)興奮點(diǎn)，

把自己的心態(tài)、情緒，調(diào)整到最佳狀態(tài)。

6、潛心每一步

集中注意力關(guān)注如何扎扎實(shí)實(shí)地走好每一步。瓦倫達(dá)是美國著名的鋼索

雜技演員，人在離地幾十米的高空走鋼索，沒任何安全保護(hù)措施，險(xiǎn)象可想而知。

但瓦倫達(dá)毫不畏懼，每戰(zhàn)必勝。有人問他成功的決竅，他說：“我走鋼索時(shí)，從

不想到目的地，只想走鋼索這一件事，專心致志走好每一步，不管得失。”后來

心理學(xué)把這種專注于做自己的事，不為其他雜念所動(dòng)的心理現(xiàn)象稱為“瓦倫達(dá)心

態(tài)”?？忌氆@得成功，就應(yīng)有這種瓦倫達(dá)心態(tài)。不要無端地給自己預(yù)設(shè)困難，

讓自己還沒開始就先怯場了。六月的考試只是一次比較大一點(diǎn)的檢測(cè)而已。

7、正常作息

考前保證充足睡眠，蓄精養(yǎng)銳去迎接考試是非常必要的。挑燈夜戰(zhàn)，以

犧牲睡眠時(shí)間去進(jìn)行題海戰(zhàn)術(shù)是得不償失時(shí)。殊不知題目浩如煙海，你再做一年、

兩年也做不完。頭天睡眠不足，第二天大腦就處于半休眠狀態(tài)，思維就處于抑