考研英語真題閱讀理解精讀

（歷年真題）1

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（歷年真題）3

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1997年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試題（歷年建題）5

1997年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試題

Text1

Itwas3:45inthemorningwhenthevotewasfinallytaken.Aftersixmonthsof

arguingandfinal16hoursofhotparliamentarydebates,Australia'sNorthernTerritory

becamethefirstlegalauthorityintheworldtoallowdoctorstotakethelivesof

incurablyillpatientswhowishtodie.Themeasurepassedbytheconvincingvoteof

15to10.AlmostimmediatelywordflashedontheInternetandwaspickedup,halfa

worldaway,byJohnHofsess,executivedirectoroftheRighttoDieSocietyof

Canada.Hesentitonviathegroup'son-lineservice,DeathNET.SaysHofsess:"We

postedbulletinsalldaylong,becauseofcoursethisisn9tjustsomethingthathappened

inAustralia.It'sworldhistory.”

Thefullimportmaytakeawhiletosinkin.TheNTRightsoftheTerminallyIII

lawhasleftphysiciansandcitizensaliketryingtodealwithitsmoralandpractical

implications.Somehavebreathedsighsofrelief,others,includingchurches,rightto

lifegroupsandtheAustralianMedicalAssociation,bitterlyattackedthebillandthe

6考研英語真題

hasteofitspassage.Butthetideisunlikelytoturnback.InAustralia—wherean

agingpopulation,lifeextendingtechnologyandchangingcommunityattitudeshave

allplayedtheirpart-otherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodeal

witheuthanasia.IntheUSandCanada,wheretherighttodiemovementisgathering

strength,observersarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling.

UnderthenewNorthernTerritorylaw,anadultpatientcanrequestdeath—

probablybyadeadlyinjectionorpill--toputanendtosuffering.Thepatientmustbe

diagnosedasterminallyillbytwodoctors.Aftera“coolingoff'periodofsevendays,

thepatientcansignacertificateofrequest.After48hoursthewishfordeathcanbe

met.ForLloydNickson,a54yearoldDarwinresidentsufferingfromlungcancer,the

NTRightsofTerminallyIIIlawmeanshecangetonwithlivingwithoutthehaunting

fearofhissuffering:aterrifyingdeathfromhisbreathingcondition.t4Fmnotafraidof

dyingfromaspiritualpointofview,butwhatIwasafraidofwashowI'dgo,because

I'vewatchedpeopledieinthehospitalfightingforoxygenandclawingattheir

masksJhesays.

1997年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試題（歷年建題）7

Text2

AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendly,

courteous,andhelpfulmostAmericansweretothem.Tobefair,thisobservationis

alsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadians,andshouldbestbeconsideredNorth

American.Thereare,ofcourse,exceptions.Smallmindedofficials,rudewaiters,and

ill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmade

sofrequentlythatitdeservescomment.

Foralongperiodoftimeandinmanypartsofthecountry,atravelerwasa

welcomebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommon

problemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersand

travelerswerewelcomesourcesofdiversion,andbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld.

Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.

Someonetravelingalone,ifhungry,injured,orill,oftenhadnowheretoturnexceptto

thenearestcabinorsettlement.Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerely

acharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylife:

ifyoudidn'ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhim,therewasnooneelsewho

would.Andsomeday,remember,youmightbeinthesamesituation.

Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelpingthe

8考研英語真題

wearytraveler.Yet,theoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongin

theUS,especiallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails.

wasjusttravelingthrough,gottalkingwiththisAmerican,andprettysoonheinvited

mehomefordinner-amazing."SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSare

notuncommon,butarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.Thecasualfriendlinessof

manyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificial,butas

theresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition.

Asistrueofanydevelopedsociety,inAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignals,

assumptions,andconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.And,ofcourse,

speakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialand

culturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailto“translate“culturalmeaningsproperlyoften

drawwrongconclusions.Forexample,whenanAmericanusestheword“friend,“the

culturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthe

visitor'slanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabusto

distinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.Yet,beingfriendly

isavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsand

strangers.

1997年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試題（歷年建題）9

Text3

Technically,anysubstanceotherthanfoodthataltersourbodilyormental

functioningisadrug.Manypeoplemistakenlybelievethetermdrugrefersonlyto

somesortofmedicineoranillegalchemicaltakenbydrugaddicts.Theydon'trealize

thatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs.Thisiswhythe

moreneutraltermsubstanceisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists.The

phrase“substanceabuse“isoftenusedinsteadof“drugabuse“tomakeclearthat

substancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfullymisusedasheroinand

cocaine.

Weliveasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstances(drugs)is

pervasive:anaspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobesociable,coffeetoget

goinginthemorning,acigaretteforthenerves.Whendothesesociallyacceptable

andapparentlyconstructiveusesofasubstancebecomemisuses?Firstofall,most

substancestakeninexcesswillproducenegativeeffectssuchaspoisoningorintense

10考研英語真題

perceptualdistortions.Repeateduseofasubstancecanalsoleadtophysicaladdiction

orsubstancedependence.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerance,with

moreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbythe

appearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued.

Drugs(substances)thataffectthecentralnervoussystemandalterperception,

mood,andbehaviorareknownaspsychoactivesubstances.Psychoactivesubstances

arecommonlygroupedaccordingtowhethertheyarestimulants,depressants,or

hallucinogens.Stimulantsinitiallyspeeduporactivatethecentralnervoussystem,

whereasdepressantsslowitdown.Hallucinogenshavetheirprimaryeffecton

perception,distortingandalteringitinavarietyofwaysincludingproducing

hallucinations.Thesearethesubstancesoftencalledpsychedelic(fromtheGreek

wordmeaning“mind-manifesting")becausetheyseemedtoradicallyalterone'sstate

ofconsciousness.

1997年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試題（歷年亂題）11

Text4

Nocompanylikestobetolditiscontributingtothemoraldeclineofanation.4tIs

thiswhatyouintendedtoaccomplishwithyourcareers?”SenatorRobertDoleasked

TimeWarnerexecutiveslastweek."Youhavesoldyoursouls,butmustyoucorrupt

ournationandthreatenourchildrenaswell?”AtTimeWarner,however,such

questionsaresimplythelatestmanifestationofthesoulsearchingthathasinvolved

thecompanyeversincethecompanywasbomin1990.It'saself-examinationthat

has,atvarioustimes,involvedissuesofresponsibility,creativefreedomandthe

corporatebottomline.

AtthecoreofthisdebateischairmanGeraldLevin,56,whotookoverforthe

lateSteveRossin1992.Onthefinancialfront,Levinisunderpressuretoraisethe

stockpriceandreducethecompany'smountainousdebt,whichwillincreaseto17.3

billionaftertwonewcabledealsclose.Hehaspromisedtoselloffsomeofthe

propertyandrestructurethecompany,butinvestorsarewaitingimpatiently.

Theflapoverrapisnotmakinglifeanyeasierforhim.Levinhasconsistently

defendedthecompany'srapmusiconthegroundsofexpression.In1992,whenTime

WarnerwasunderfireforreleasingIceT'sviolentrapsongCopKiller,Levin

describedrapasalawfulexpressionofstreetculture,whichdeservesanoutlet."The

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testofanydemocraticsociety,hewroteinaWallStreetJournalcolumn,"liesnotin

howwellitcancontrolexpressionbutinwhetheritgivesfreedomofthoughtand

expressionthewidestpossiblelatitude,howeverdisputableorirritatingtheresults

maysometimesbe.Wewon'tretreatinthefaceofanythreats.^^

Levinwouldnotcommentonthedebatelastweek,butthereweresignsthatthe

chairmanwasbackingoffhishardlinestand,atleasttosomeextent.Duringthe

discussionofrocksingingversesatlastmonth'sstockholders9meeting,Levin

assertedthat"musicisnotthecauseofsociety'sills“andevencitedhisson,ateacher

intheBronx,NewYork,whousesraptocommunicatewithstudents.Buthetalkedas

wellaboutthe"balancedstruggle^^betweencreativefreedomandsocialresponsibility,

andheannouncedthatthecompanywouldlaunchadrivetodevelopstandardsfor

distributionandlabelingofpotentiallyobjectionablemusic.

The15memberTimeWarnerboardisgenerallysupportiveofLevinandhis

corporatestrategy.Butinsiderssayseveralofthemhaveshowntheirconcernsinthis

matter.t4Someofushaveknownformany,manyyearsthatthefreedomsunderthe

FirstAmendmentarenottotallyunlimited,5,saysLuce."Ithinkitisperhapsthecase

thatsomepeopleassociatedwiththecompanyhaveonlyrecentlycometorealize

this.”

1997年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試題（歷年章題）13

Text5

Muchofthelanguageusedtodescribemonetarypolicy,suchas"steeringthe

economytoasoftlanding"or"atouchonthebrakes,“makesitsoundlikeaprecise

science.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.Thelinkbetweeninterestratesand

inflationisuncertain.Andtherearelong,variablelagsbeforepolicychangeshaveany

effectontheeconomy.Hencetheanalogythatlikenstheconductofmonetarypolicy

todrivingacarwithablackenedwindscreen,acrackedrearviewmirrorandafaulty

steeringwheel.

Givenallthesedisadvantages,centralbankersseemtohavehadmuchtoboast

aboutoflate.Averageinflationinthebigsevenindustrialeconomiesfelltoamere

2.3%lastyear,closetoitslowestlevelin30years,beforerisingslightlyto2.5%this

July.Thisisalongwaybelowthedouble-digitrateswhichmanycountries

experiencedinthe1970sandearly1980s.

Itisalsolessthanmostforecastershadpredicated.Inlate1994thepanelof

economistswhichTheEconomistpollseachmonthsaidthatAmerica'sinflationrate

14考研英語真題

wouldaverage3.5%in1995.Infact,itfellto2.6%inAugust,andexpectedto

averageonlyabout3%fortheyearasawhole.InBritainandJapaninflationis

runninghalfapercentagepointbelowtheratepredictedattheendoflastyear.Thisis

noflashinthepan;overthepastcoupleofyears,inflationhasbeenconsistentlylower

thanexpectedinBritainandAmerica.

Economistshavebeenparticularlysurprisedbyfavorableinflationfiguresin

BritainandtheUnitedStates,sinceconventionalmeasuressuggestthatboth

economies,andespeciallyAmerica's,havelittleproductiveslack.America'scapacity

utilization,forexample,hithistoricallyhighlevelsearlierthisyear,anditsjoblessrate

(5.6%inAugust)hasfallenbellowmostestimatesofthenaturalrateof

unemployment—theratebelowwhichinflationhastakenoffinthepast.

Whyhasinflationprovedsomild?Themostthrillingexplanationis,

unfortunately,alittledefective.Someeconomistsarguethatpowerfulstructural

changesintheworldhaveup-endedtheoldeconomicmodelsthatwerebasedupon

thehistoricallinkbetweengrowthandinflation.

1998年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試題（歷年真題）15

1998年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試題

Text1

Fewcreationsofbigtechnologycapturetheimaginationlikegiantdams.Perhaps

itishumankind'slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakesthe

idealofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinating.Buttobefascinatedis

also,sometimes,tobeblind.Severalgiantdamprojectsthreatentodomoreharmthan

good.

Thelessonfromdamsisthatbigisnotalwaysbeautiful.Itdoesn'thelpthat

buildingabig,powerfuldamhasbecomeasymbolofachievementfornationsand

peoplestrivingtoassertthemselves.Egypt'sleadershipintheArabworldwas

cementedbytheAswanHighDam.Turkey'sbidforFirstWorldstatusincludesthe

giantAtaturkDam.

Butbigdamstendnottoworkasintended.TheAswanDam,forexample,

stoppedtheNilefloodingbutdeprivedEgyptofthefertilesiltthatfloodsleft-allin

returnforagiantreservoirofdiseasewhichisnowsofullofsiltthatitbarely

16考研英語真題

generateselectricity.

Andyet,themythofcontrollingthewaterspersists.Thisweek,intheheartof

civilizedEurope,SlovaksandHungariansstoppedjustshortofsendinginthetroops

intheircontentionoveradamontheDanube.Thehugecomplexwillprobablyhave

alltheusualproblemsofbigdams.ButSlovakiaisbiddingforindependencefromthe

Czechs,andnowneedsadamtoproveitself.

Meanwhile,inIndia,theWorldBankhasgiventhego-aheadtotheevenmore

wrong-headedNarmadaDam.Andthebankhasdonethiseventhoughitsadvisors

saythedamwillcausehardshipforthepowerlessandenvironmentaldestruction.The

benefitsareforthepowerful,buttheyarefarfromguaranteed.

Proper,scientificstudyoftheimpactsofdamsandofthecostandbenefitsof

controllingwatercanhelptoresolvetheseconflicts.Hydroelectricpowerandflood

controlandirrigationarepossiblewithoutbuildingmonsterdams.Butwhenyouare

dealingwithmyths,itishardtobeeitherproper,orscientific.Itistimethattheworld

learnedthelessonsofAswan.Youdon'tneedadamtobesaved.

1998年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試題（歷年亂題）17

Text2

Well,nogainwithoutpain,theysay.Butwhataboutpainwithoutgain?

EverywhereyougoinAmerica,youheartalesofcorporaterevival.Whatisharderto

establishiswhethertheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmenassumetheyare

presidingoverisforreal.

Theofficialstatisticsaremildlydiscouraging.Theyshowthat,ifyoulump

manufacturingandservicestogether,productivityhasgrownonaverageby1.2%

since1987.Thatissomewhatfasterthantheaverageduringthepreviousdecade.And

since1991,productivityhasincreasedbyabout2%ayear,whichismorethantwice

the1978-1987average.Thetroubleisthatpartoftherecentaccelerationisduetothe

usualreboundthatoccursatthispointinabusinesscycle,andsoisnotconclusive

evidenceofarevivalintheunderlyingtrend.Thereis,asRobertRubin,thetreasury

secretary,says,a"disjunction“betweenthemassofbusinessanecdotethatpointstoa

leapinproductivityandthepicturereflectedbythestatistics.

Someofthiscanbeeasilyexplained.Newwaysoforganizingtheworkplace—

allthatre-engineeringanddownsizing-areonlyonecontributiontotheoverall

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productivityofaneconomy,whichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjoint

investmentinequipmentandmachinery,newtechnology,andinvestmentineducation

andtraining.Moreover,mostofthechangesthatcompaniesmakeareintendedto

keepthemprofitable,andthisneednotalwaysmeanincreasingproductivity:

switchingtonewmarketsorimprovingqualitycanmatterjustasmuch.

Twootherexplanationsaremorespeculative.First,someofthebusiness

restructuringofrecentyearsmayhavebeenineptlydone.Second,evenifitwaswell

done,itmayhavespreadmuchlesswidelythanpeoplesuppose.

LeonardSchlesinger,aHarvardacademicandformerchiefexecutiveofAuBong

Pain,arapidlygrowingchainofbakerycafes,saysthatmuch“re-engineering”has

beencrude.Inmanycases,hebelieves,thelossofrevenuehasbeengreaterthanthe

reductionsincost.Hiscolleague,MichaelBeer,saysthatfartoomanycompanies

haveappliedre-engineeringinamechanisticfashion,choppingoutcostswithout

givingsufficientthoughttolongtermprofitability.BBDO'sAlRosenshineisblunter.

Hedismissesalotoftheworkofre-engineeringconsultantsasmererubbish-"the

worstsortofambulancecashing.^^

1998年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試題(歷年真題)19

Text3

Sciencehaslonghadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.Think

ofGallileo\17thcenturytrialforhisrebellingbeliefbeforetheCatholicChurchor

poetWilliamBlake'sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaac

Newton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthehumanitieshas,ifanything,deepenedin

thiscentury.

Untilrecently,thescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordto

ignoreitscritics-butnolonger.Asfundingforsciencehasdeclined,scientistshave

attacked“antiscience”inseveralbooks,notablyHigherSuperstition,byPaulR.Gross,

abiologistattheUniversityofVirginia,andNormanLevitt,amathematicianat

RutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorld,byCarlSaganofCornell

University.

Defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas“The

FlightfromScienceandReason,heldinNewYorkCityin1995,and"Scienceinthe

Ageof(Mis)information,whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo.

Antiscienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.GrossandLevitt

findfaultprimarilywithsociologists,philosophersandotheracademicswhohave

questionedscience'sobjectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelievein

ghosts,creationismandotherphenomenathatcontradictthescientificworldview.

20考研英語真題

Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeen

attachedtomanyothergroupsaswell,fromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheelimination

ofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocated

decreasedfundingforbasicresearch.

FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomber,whosemanifesto,

publishedin1995,scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapre-technologicalutopia.

Butsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolled

industrialgrowthareantiscience,asanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMay

seemedtosuggest.

Theenvironmentalists,inevitably,respondtosuchcritics.Thetrueenemiesof

science,arguesPaulEhrlichofStanfordUniversity,apioneerofenvironmental

studies,arethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarming,thedepletion

oftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth.

Indeed,someobserversfearthattheantiscienceepithetisindangerofbecoming

meaningless."Theterm'antiscience'canlumptogethertoomany,quitedifferent

things,“notesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993work

ScienceandAnti-Science,"Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendto

annoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened.”

1998年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試題（歷年真題）21

Text4

Emergingfromthe1980censusisthepictureofanationdevelopingmoreand

moreregionalcompetition,aspopulationgrowthintheNortheastandMidwest

reachesanearstandstill.

Thisdevelopment-anditsstrongimplicationsforUSpoliticsandeconomyin

yearsahead-hasenthronedtheSouthasAmerica'smostdenselypopulatedregion

forthefirsttimeinthehistoryofthenation'sheadcounting.

Altogether,theUSpopulationroseinthe1970sby23.2millionpeople—

numericallythethirdlargestgrowtheverrecordedinasingledecade.Evenso,that

gainaddsuptoonly11.4percent,lowestinAmericanannualrecordsexceptforthe

Depressionyears.

AmericanshavebeenmigratingsouthandwestinlargernumbersinceWorld

WarII,andthepatternstillprevails.

Threesun-beltstates—Florida,TexasandCalifornia—togetherhadnearly10

millionmorepeoplein1980thanadecadeearlier.Amonglargecities,SanDiego

movedfrom14thto8thandSanAntoniofrom15thto10th—withClevelandand

Washington.D.C.droppingoutofthetop10.

Notallthatshiftcanbeattributedtothemovementoutofthesnowbelt,census

officialssay,Nonstopwavesofimmigrantsplayedarole,too--andsodidbigger

cropsofbabiesasyesterday's"babyboom^^generationreacheditschildbearingyears.

Moreover,demographersseethecontinuingshiftsouthandwestasjoinedbya

relatedbutnewerphenomenon:Moreandmore,Americansapparentlyarelookingnot

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justforplaceswithmorejobsbutwithfewerpeople,too.Someinstances—

■Regionally,theRockyMountainstatesreportedthemostrapidgrowthrate—

37.1percentsince1970inavastareawithonly5percentoftheUSpopulation.

■Amongstates,NevadaandArizonagrewfastestofall:63.5and53.1percent

respectively.ExceptforFloridaandTexas,thetop10inrateofgrowthiscomposedof

Westernstateswith7.5millionpeople—about9persquaremile.

Theflightfromovercrowdednessaffectsthemigrationfromsnowbelttomore

bearableclimates.

Nowheredo1980censusstatisticsdramatizemoretheAmericansearchfor

spaciouslivingthanintheFarWest.There,Californiaadded3.7milliontoits

populationinthe1970s,morethananyotherstate.

Inthatdecade,however,largenumbersalsomigratedfromCalifornia,mostlyto

otherpartsoftheWest.Oftentheychose—andstillarechoosing—somewhatcolder

climatessuchasOregon,IdahoandAlaskainordertoescapesmog,crimeandother

plaguesofurbanizationintheGoldenState.

Asaresult,California'sgrowthratedroppedduringthe1970s,to18.5percent--

littlemorethantwothirdsthe1960s'growthfigureandconsiderablybelowthatof

otherWesternstates.

1998年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試題（歷年章題）23

Text5

Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanic

activityknowntogeologistsashotspots.Unlikemostoftheworld'svolcanoes,they

arenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingplatesthatmakeupthe

earth'ssurface;onthecontrary,manyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofaplate.Most

ofthehotspotsmoveonlyslowly,andinsomecasesthemovementoftheplatespast

themhaslefttrailsofdeadvolcanoes.Thehotspotsandtheirvolcanictrailsare

milestonesthatmarkthepassageoftheplates.

Thattheplatesaremovingisnowbeyonddispute.AfricaandSouthAmerica,for

example,aremovingawayfromeachotherasnewmaterialisinjectedintothesea

floorbetweenthem.Thecomplementarycoastlinesandcertaingeologicalfeatures

thatseemtospantheoceanareremindersofwherethetwocontinentswereonce

joined.Therelativemotionoftheplatescarryingthesecontinentshasbeen

constructedindetail,butthemotionofoneplatewithrespecttoanothercannot

readilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth'sinterior.Itisnotpossible

24考研英語真題

todeterminewhetherbothcontinentsaremovinginoppositedirectionsorwhether

onecontinentisstationaryandtheotherisdriftingawayfromit.Hotspots,anchored

inthedeeperlayersoftheearth,providethemeasuringinstrumentsneededtoresolve

thequestion.Fromananalysisofthehot-spot