XXXX春季環(huán)境化學(xué)全英文-1-introduction-S

EnvironmentalChemistry1(fromenvironmentalprotectionlawofPRC)Environmentisaspatialunityofallmaterials,situations,andlivingcreatures,includinghumansandtheirbehavior,whichinfluencesthecontinuanceoflifeandwelfareofhumansandotherlivingcreatures.EnvironmentincludesAtmosphereWaterSoilMineForestgrassland.WildanimalwildplantaquaticlifescenicspotsandhistoricalsitesearthquakeSanatoriumsanctuaryresidenceandsoon.2Whyweneedtostudyenvironmentalchemistry?UnderstandingourlivingenvironmentsUnderstandingourlivingsituationHowhumanactivitieschangetheenvironmentsProtectingourenvironmentUsingourchemicalknowledgetobenefitourenvironment3Environmentalproblem:Refertotheenvironmentalcompositionandconditionaroundusfallunfavorablyintohumanbeing’sexistinganddevelopingundertheactionofhumanbeingandmanufacturing.PrimaryenvironmentalproblemNaturalenvironmentSecondaryenvironmentalproblemHumanactivities4PrimaryenvironmentalproblemEarthquakeVolcanoLandslidemud-rockflowTypoonDroughtnaturalglobechemicalabnormity,etc.5SecondaryenvironmentalproblemGlobalenvironmentalproblemsGlobalwarmingandclimatechangeStratosphericozonedepletionAcidrainBiodiversitydepletionRainforestdepletionWaterresourcesdepletionDispersionofhazardouswasterDesertificationOceanpollutionRadioactivewastedisposal6CoursecontentsChapter1 IntroductionChapter2 EnergyChapter3 AtmosphericenvironmentchemistryChapter4 WaterenvironmentandwaterpollutionChapter5 SoilenvironmentalchemistryChapter6Greenchemistry7ReferencesEnvironmentalChemistry,Stanley.MCRCPressLLC,20007thed.,JohnWright,Routledge,TaylorandFrancisGroup）EnvironmentalChemistry,JorgeG.Ibanez,MargaritaHemandez-Esparza,CarmenDoria-Serrano,ArturoFregoso-InfanteApplicationsofEnvironmentalChemistry-APracticalGuideforEnvironmentalProfessionals,EugeneR.Weiner,Ph.D.UnderstandingOurEnvironment-AnIntroductiontoEnvironmentalChemistryandPollution,EditedbyRoyM.Harrison

ENVIRONMENTALORGANICCHEMISTRY,ReneP.Schwarzenbach,PhilipM.Gschwend,DieterM.ImbodenUnderstandingEnvironmentalPollution,MarquitaK.Hill

IntroductiontoEnvironmentalAnalysis,RogerReeve《環(huán)境化學(xué)導(dǎo)論》（第二版）王麟生 樂美卿張?zhí)幹A東師范大學(xué)出版社《環(huán)境化學(xué)》（第二版）（翻譯版）ThomasG.SpiroWilliamM.Stigliani,清華大學(xué)出版社《環(huán)境化學(xué)》，董德明等，北京大學(xué)出版社，20108LecturesEvaluation Homework&Essay Exam closedbooktest openbooktestContactinformation：Sakaisite

9Chapter1:Introduction

Environmentalscienceandchemistry

1.1Introductionofenvironmentalchemistry

1.2Environmentalprotectionorganizations

1.3Pollutanteventsintheworld

1.4ChemicalPollutionsofenvironment

1.5Ecosystemandsubstantialcycles101.1Introductionofenvironmentalchemistry1.1.1ConceptsEnvironmentalscience：asthestudyoftheearth,air,water,andlivingenvironments,andtheeffectsoftechnologythereon.Itcoversthebroadestfieldsofthecomplexinteractionsthatoccuramongtheterrestrial,atmospheric,aquatic,living,andanthropologicalenvironments.Itincludesallthedisciplines,suchaschemistry,biology,ecology,sociology,andgovernment,thataffectordescribetheseinteractions.Environmentalchemistry

thestudyofthesources,reactions,transport,effects,andfatesofchemicalspeciesinwater,soil,air,andlivingenvironments,andtheeffectsoftechnologythereon.111.1.2Comparationofchemistryandenvironmentalchemistry121.2.EnvironmentalprotectorganizationsWMO(WorldMeteorologicalOrganization)41,AvenueGiuseppeMotta,Geneva,SwitzerlandWorldClimateProgramme;WCP1980IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange;IPCCWHO(WorldHealthOrganization)AirpollutantsmonitoringGlobalEnvironmentMonitoringsystem;GEMS13UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme（UNEP)KenyaGlobalEnvironmentMonitoringSystem:GEMS)InternationalReferralSystemforSourcesofenvironmentalinformation;InternationalReferralSystemforSourcesofEnvironmentalInformation;IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange;IPCCOceansandCoastalAreas/ProgrammeActivityCenter;OCA/PACDesertificationControl/ProgrammeAcivityCenter;DC/PACGlobalResourceInformationDatabase;GRIDUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganizationManandBiosphereProgramme;MAB IntergovernmentalOceanographicCouncil;IOCInternationalUnionforConservationofNatureandNaturalResources)(NOG)14InternationalInstituteofAppliedSystemsAnalysisBIO(BiosphereDynamicsProject)TAP(TransboundaryAirPollution)WAT(WaterResourcesProject)MON(EnvironmentalMonitoringProject)CLI(ClimateChangeProject)。InternationalCouncilofScientificUnions)

ScientificCommitteeonProblemsoftheEnvironment;SCOPEWorldClimateProgramme;WCPInternationalGeosphere-BiosphereProgramme;IGBPFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsInternationalUnionfortheConservationofNatureandNaturalResourcesWorldWideFundforNature

GreenpeaceInternational自然之友(greenbookforenvironment)15（1）BelgianMaasvalleyevents: December1930,theBelgianMaasvalleyindustrialzone,theindustrialemissionsofharmfulemissionsanddustcausedbythecombinedeffectsonthehumanbody,nearly60deathsaweek,thepublic,heartdisease,tuberculosispatientsincreasedmortality.1.3Pollutanteventsintheworld16（2）Donorasmogincident1948年10月26-31日，美國賓夕法尼亞州多諾拉鎮(zhèn)SO2煙霧污染，占全鎮(zhèn)總?cè)丝?3%的5911人中毒，17人死亡17(3)LosAngelessmogincidents:40vehicleemissionsintheLosAngelesunderultravioletexposurefromphotochemicalsmog,causingrednessoftheeyesofmanypeople,pharyngitis,respiratorydiseasesandthedeteriorationofthinkingdisorders,pulmonaryedema.18(4)Londonsmogevents:5-8December1952,Londonsootbecauseofthewinterpollutioncausedbycoalsmoke,leadingtofourdaysmorethan4,000peopledead,8,000peopleinFebruaryandlaterdied.(Cleanairact)

19（5）Japan4Cityemissionevents: 1961,theJapanesecityof4smeltingandindustrialfueloilbecausetheexhaust,aseriouspollutionoftheatmosphere,causingresidentsgatheradditionalrespiratorydiseases,especiallyasthmamorbiditysignificantlyincrease,formingaprominentenvironmentalproblems.（6）JapaneseAichihuskoilevents: March1963,theCompanyinthevicinityofJapan,duetotheproductionHuskoilmismanagement,causingPCBspollutantsintoHuskoil,peopleeatthiscontaminatedoil,causing13,000peoplepoisoning,hundredsofthousandsofchickensdiedofseriouspollutionincidents

(polychlorinatedbiphenyls,PCBs)20（7）Japanesewaterbigdiseaseevents:1953--1968,JapanKumamotoMinamataBayCountywater,becauseitwastheconsumptionofmercurypollutionintheGulfofsewage,ConcentrationsofmercuryandMethylmercuryoffishandshrimpandshellfish,andotheraquatic,causingnearly10,000peopletothecentralnervoussystemdiseases,including283patientsMethylmercurypoisoning60peoplewerekilled.

（8）TheskeletalstructureofJapanToyamaevents:1955--1977years,peoplelivinginJapanToyama,becausedrinkingtheriverandcadmiumconsumptionofriceandotherthingscontainingcadmiumcausedskeletalstructure,where258patients,ofwhomover207personswerekilled.

21TenenvironmentaleventsNorthAmericandeadlakeevent(SO2,acidrain)AmocoCadizoiltankereventsMexicoGulfblowoutCubatao"DeathValley"eventThewestforestdiebackdiseaseeventsIndiaBhopalenvironmentalpollutionevents(Methylisocyanate,甲氨基甲酸萘酯,Methylcarbamicacidnaphthylester)TheChernobylnuclearleakageeventTheRhinepollutionincident(Sandozchemicalcompany,S,P,Hg,pesticides,fire-extinguishingchemicalsagents)AthensStateofemergencyeventsTheGulfWaroilpollutionincident221.4ChemicalPollutionsofenvironment1.4.1WasteandenvironmentalpollutionWaste

unwantedmaterialthatisproduced,inthemain,byhumanactivitiesItisdescribedasbeinguseless,oftenhazardousandofnoeconomicorothervalue.Howitisdiscardedoftenmakeswasteasourceofpollution23Environmentalpollutionthedischargeofanymaterial(e.g.oil,asbestos,NOx)orenergyintothebiospherewhichmaycauseacute(short-term)orchronic(long-term)damagetotheEarth’secologicalbalance,orwhichlowersthequalityoflifeandevencausesdeath.Pollutantsmaycausedamagewhichisimmediateandeasilyidenti?able,ordamageofaninsidiousnature,whichisonlydetectableoveralongperiodoftime.24251.4.2ThepropertiesofchemicalpollutantsinenvironmentalchemistryVerylowcontentsintheenvironment

tracelevel10-6～10-9g/g, ultra-tracelevel:10-9～10-12g/gexistinabroadextentconstantlymigrateandtransformontheinterfacesofsolid-liquid,gas-solid,liquid-gasWithmanydifferentchemicalforms

261.4.3ThescreeningofEnvironmentaltoxicsHowtochoosetherepresentativetoxiccompounds?RepresentativeLargedischargeamountEndangerhumanhealthandecologicalbalance

271.4.4MainchemicaltoxicsHeavymetalsHg，Pb，As，Cd，Cretc.Organicchemicalsorgano-chlorinepesticidepolycyclicaromatichydrocarbon

polychlorobiphenylChlorobenzene

NitrosaminesorganicmercuryOrganotin281.4.5BlacklistoftoxicchemicalsfromEuropeanCommunity1、organichalideandthechemicalscanformorganichalideintheenvironment2、organophosphorouscompounds3、organotincompound4、chemicalswithcarcinogenicactivityinwaterenvironment5、mercuryandmercuriccompounds6、cadmiumandcadmiumcompounds7、persistentoilandhydrocarbonfrompetroleum

8、persistentsubstanceswhichhinderwaterqualitybyfloating,suspendingorsubsidising29The16mosttoxicchemicalsacetonecyanohydrin

Acrylonitriledisodiumhydrogenarsenatebenzeneleadtetraethyl

cadmiumcompoundCyanide

DDT，3-Epichlorohydrin-1,2acetyliminohydrazinehydrate

SilvanolThiol

ethylparathionmercuriccompound

silvercompound

301.4.6PrioritycontrolledtoxicchemicalsinChina

StrongtoxicityCarcinogenicityTeratogensisMutagenicity311.4.7MeasuringToxicityLD50&LC50LD:lethaldoseLC:lethalconcentrationLD50thedoseofachemicalatwhich50%ofagroupofanimals(usuallyratsormice)arekilled(injecting)LC50theconcentrationinairorwaterofthechemicalwhichkills50%oftestanimals.Unit：milligramsofchemicalperkilogrampartspermillion(ppm)32331.5 Ecosystemandsubstantialcycles1.5.1ECOLOGYANDTHEBIOSPHERETheBiosphere:thepartoftheenvironmentconsistingoforganismsandlivingbiologicalmaterial.Virtuallyallofthebiosphereiscontainedbythegeosphereandhydrosphereintheverythinlayerwheretheseenvironmentalspheresinterfacewiththeatmosphere.Thebiospherestronglyinfluences,andinturnisstronglyinfluencedby,theotherpartsoftheenvironment.Ecology：thesciencethatdealswiththerelationshipsbetweenlivingorganismswiththeirphysicalenvironmentandwitheachother.Approachedfromtheenvironmentandthedemandsitplacesontheorganismsinitorganismsandhowtheyadapttotheirenvironmentalconditions.Anecosystemconsistsofanassemblyofmutuallyinteractingorganismsandtheirenvironmentinwhichmaterialsareinterchangedinalargelycyclicalmanner.341.5.2

MATTERANDCYCLESOFMATTERCyclesofmatteroftenbasedonelementalcyclesThemovementofaspecifickindofmatterbetweentwoparticularreservoirsmaybereversibleorirreversible.Biogeochemicalcyclesdescribethecirculationofmatter,particularlyplantandanimalnutrients,throughecosystems.Aspartofthecarboncycle,atmosphericcarboninCO2isfixedasbiomassThereverseofthesekindsofprocessesismineralization,inwhichbiologicallyboundelementsarereturnedtoinorganicstates.Biogeochemicalcyclespoweredbysolarenergy35361.5.3

CarbonCycleThiscycleshowsthatcarbonmaybepresentasgaseousatmosphericCO2,constitutingarelativelysmallbuthighlysignificantportionofglobalcarbon.SomeofthecarbonisdissolvedinsurfacewaterandgroundwaterasHCO3-ormolecularCO2(aq).37381.5.4

TheNitrogenCyclenitrogenoccursprominentlyinallthespheresoftheenvironment.Theatmosphereis78%elementalnitrogen,N2,byvolumeandcomprisesaninexhaustiblereservoirofthisessentialelement.Nitrogen,thoughconstitutingmuchlessofbiomassthancarbonoroxygen,isanessentialconstituentofproteins.

3940411.5.5PhosphoruscycleThephosphoruscycle,iscrucialbecausephosphorusisusuallythelimitingnutrientinecosystems.Therearenocommonstablegaseousformsofphosphorus,sothephosphoruscycleisendogenic.Inthegeosphere,phosphorusisheldlargelyinpoorlysolubleminerals,suchashydroxyapatiteacalciumsalt,depositsofwhichconstitutethemajorreservoirofenvironmentalphosphate.