四級(jí)卷二真題答案

Directions：Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteaexpressyourDirections：Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteaexpressyourthankstooneofyourschoolteachersuponenteringcollege.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.聽力SectionDirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Contrarytopopularbelief,olderpeoplegenerallydonotwanttolivewiththeirchildren.Moreover,mostadultchildren (26)everybitasmuchcareandsupporttotheiragingparentsaswasthecaseinthe"goodolddays",androostolderpeopledonotfeel About80%ofpeople65yearsandolderhavelivingchildren,andaboutofthemhave (28)contactwiththeirchildren.About75%ofelderlytonursinghomeslivewithin30minutesofatleastoneofwhodon'tHowever, contactwithchildrendoesnotguaranteeinoldage.Infact,someresearchhasfoundthatpeoplewhoaremostinvolvedwiththeirfamilieshavethelowestspirits.Thisresearchmaybe however,asillhealthoftenmakesolderpeoplemore (31)andincreasescontactwithfamilynotjustfamilyinvolvement,Increasingly,relationships,ratherthanmembers.Soitismorelikelythatpoorhavebeguntolookatthefrequencyofqualitybetweentheelderlyandandvaluesandagreetheirchildren.Ifparentsandchildrensharechildrearingpracticesandreligious (33)theyarelikelytoenjoyeachother'scompany.Disagreementsonsuchmatterscan (34)causeproblems.parentsareangeredbytheirdaughter'sdivorce,dislikehernewhusband,disapprovechildrearingpracticesandreligious (33)theyarelikelytoenjoyeachother'scompany.Disagreementsonsuchmatterscan (34)causeproblems.parentsareangeredbytheirdaughter'sdivorce,dislikehernewhusband,disapprovearenothowsheisraising SectionDirections:thissection,aregoingtoreadapassagewithstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheetCouldFoodShortagesBringDown[A]FormanyyearsIhavestudiedglobalagricultural,environmentalandeconomictrendsofthosetrendsandtheofgovernmentsandsocieties.andtheirinteractions.ThecombinedeffectstensionstheygeneratepointtotheI,too,haveresistedtheideathatshortagescouldbringdownnotonlyindividualgovernmentsbutalsoourglobal[B]Icannolongerignorethatrisk.Ourcontinuingfailuretodealtheenvironmentaldeclinesthatareunderminingtheworldfoodeconomyforcesmetoconcludethatsuchacollapseispossible.[C]Asdemandforfoodrisesfasterthansuppliesaregrowing,theresultingtheenvironmentaldeclinesthatareunderminingtheworldfoodeconomyforcesmetoconcludethatsuchacollapseispossible.[C]Asdemandforfoodrisesfasterthansuppliesaregrowing,theresultingfood-priceinflationputsseverestressonthegovernmentsofmanycountries.Unabletobuygrainorgrowtheirown,hungrypeopletaketothestreets.Indeed,evenbeforethesteepclimbingrainpricesin2008,thenumberoffailingstateswasexpanding.Ifthefoodsituationcontinuesincreasingrate.Inthewassuperpowerworsen,entirenationswillbreakdownatancenturythemainthreattointernationalsecuritytodayitisfailingstates.[D]Statesfailwhennationalsecurity,foodsecurityandcare.Whengovernmentslosegovernmentssocialnolongerprovidesuchaseducationandcontrolonpower,lawandorderbegindisintegrate.Afterworkersarenolongerinternationalpoint,countriescanbecomesodangerousthatfoodsafeandtheirprogramsarehalted.Failingstatesareofbecausetheyareasourceofterrorists,drugs,weaponsandrefugees(threateningpoliticalstability[E]Thesurgeinworldgrainpricesin2007and2008—andthethreatposetofoodincreasessecurity——hasadifferent,moretroublingqualitythanthepast.Duringthesecondofthe20thcentury,grainpricesroseseveraltimes.In1972,forinstance,theSoviets.Irecognizingpoorharvestearly,quietlycorneredtheworldwheatmarket.priceselsewheremorethandoubled,pullingriceandcompricesButthisandotherpriceshockswereevent-driven——droughtaupwithSovietUnion,crop-shrinkingheatintheU.S.CornBelt.Andtherisesshort-lived:pricestypicallyreturnedtonormalwiththenextgrainpricesistrend-driven,inthetrendsthemselves.On[F]Incontrast,recentsurgeinitunlikelytoreversewithoutademandside,thosetrendsincludetheongoingadditionofmorethan70millionpeopleayear,agrowingnumberofpeoplewantingtomoveupthefoodchainconsumehighlygrain-intensivemeatproducts,andthemassivediversionproductionofbio-riseamonglow-incomeconsumers,thepotentialforishuge.Butthatpotentialpalesbesidethenever-U.S.grainto[G]Asincomesgraindemandforcrop-basedfuels.Afourthofthisyear'sU.S.grainharvestwillgotofuelcars.[H]Whataboutsupply?Thethreeenvironmentaltrends——theshortagefreshwater,withthelossoftopsoilandtherisingtemperatures——aremakinghardtoexpandtheworld'sgrainsupplyfastenoughtokeepupfreshwater,withthelossoftopsoilandtherisingtemperatures——aremakinghardtoexpandtheworld'sgrainsupplyfastenoughtokeepupOfallthosetrends,however,thespreadofwatershortagesposesthemostimmediatethreat.Thebiggestchallengehereisirrigation,consumes70%theworld'sfreshwater.Millionsofirrigationwellsincountriesarenowpumpingwateroutofcanrefillthem.Theresultisfallinghalftheworld'speople,includingIndiaandtheundergroundsourcesfasterthanwatertables(地下水位)incountrieswiththreebiggrainproducers——China,[I]Astableshavefallenirrigationwellshavegonedry,wheatcrop,theworld'slargest,hasdeclinedby8%sinceitpeakedat1997.ButwatershortagesareevenmoreworryinginmilliontonsMillionsofirrigationwellshavesignificantlyloweredwatertablesineverytheworld'sfoodsecurityfallstopieces,individualactingintheirownself-interestactuallyworseningthetroublesofwheat-exportingcountriessuchasRussiaexports,inhopesofincreasinglocalThebeganin2007,whenandArgentinalimitedorbannedfoodsuppliesandtherebybringingdowndomesticfoodprices.Vietnamitsexportsforseveralmonthsforthesamereason.Suchmovesmaythefearsofthosepanicin[K]Inlivingintheexportingcountries,buttheyarecreatingcountriesthatmustrelyonwhatisthenleftforexport.tothoserestrictions,grain-importingcountriesaretonaildownlong-termtradeagreementsthatwouldlockupfutureFood-importanxietyisevenleadingtoneweffortsbytobuyorleasefarmlandinothercountries.Inspitemeasures,soaringfoodpricesandspreadinghungerarebeginningtobreakdownthesocialofsuchmany[L]Sincethecurrentworldfoodshortageistrend-driven,theenvironmentaltrendsthatcauseitmustbereversed.Wemustcutcarbonemissionsby80%fromtheir2006levelsby2020,stabilizetheworld'spopulationateightbillionby2040,completelyremovepoverty,andrestoreforestsandsoils.Thereisnothingnewaboutthefourobjectives.Indeed,wehavemadesubstantialprogressinsomepartsoftheworldonatleastoneofthese——thedistributionoffamily-planningservicesandtheassociatedshifttosmaller[M]Formanyinthedevelopmentcommunity,thefourobjectiveswereseenpositive,promotingdevelopmentaslongastheydidnotcosttoomuch.sawthemaspoliticallycorrectpositive,promotingdevelopmentaslongastheydidnotcosttoomuch.sawthemaspoliticallycorrectandmorallyappropriate.Nowamoresignificantmotivationpresentsitself:meetingthesegoalsmaytopreventthecollapseofourcivilization.Yetthecostweandforsavingcivilizationwouldamounttolessthan$200billionayear,1/6ofglobalmilitaryspending.Ineffect,ourplanisthenewsecurity36.Themorethatmoreandsteepclimbingrainpricespartlyresultsfromthefactpeoplewanttoconsumemeatproducts.breakingdowninmanycountriesbecauseoffoodorderthansuperpowerconflict,countriesunabletocopewithconstitutethemainthreattoworldoftheworldhaveseensuccessfulimplementationofThehascometoagreethatfoodshortagescouldultimatelyleadthecollapseofworld41.Increasingwatershortagesprovetobethebiggestobstantetoboostingworld'sgrainThecostforsavingourcivilizationwouldbeworld'scurrentmilitaryspending.Tolowerdomesticfoodprices,somecountriesEnvironmentalproblemsmustbesolvedtoconsiderablylessthanlimitedorstoppedtheirthecurrentglobal45.Aquarterofthisyear'sAmericangrainharvestwillbeusedtoproducefuelforSectionPassageQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingDecliningmentalfunctionisoftenseenasaproblemofoldcertainaspectsofbrainfunctionactuallybegintheirdeclineinyoungadulthood,anewstudysuggests.Thestudy,whichfollowedmorethan2,000healthyof18and60,foundthatcertainmentalfunctions—includingabstractreasoning,mentalspeedandpuzzle-solving—betweentheagesmeasuresoftodullasasageDipsinmemory,meanwhile,generallybecameapparentaroundageOntheotherhand,indicatorsofaperson’saccumulatedknowledge—likeperformanceontestsofasageDipsinmemory,meanwhile,generallybecameapparentaroundageOntheotherhand,indicatorsofaperson’saccumulatedknowledge—likeperformanceontestsofvocabularyandgeneralknowledge—keptimprovingage,accordingtofindingspublishedinthejournalTheresultsdonotmeanthatyoungadultsneedNeurobiologystartworryingtheirmemories.Mostpeople’smindsfunctionatahighlevelevenintheirlateryears,accordingtoresearcherTimothySalthouse."Thesepatternssuggestthatsometypesofmentalflexibilityrelativelyearlyinadulthood,butthattheamountofknowledgeonehas,one’stheeffectivenessofintegratingitwiththroughoutallofadulthoodifthereareThestudyincludedhealthy,nodispases,"Salthousesaidinaadultswhotookstandardtestsmemory,reasoningandperceptionattheoutsetandatsomepointoverthenextsevenyears.ThetestsaredesignedtodetectsubtlechangesinmentalandinvolvesolvingPuzzles,recallingwordsanddetailsfromstories,andidentifyingpatternsincollectionsoflettersandsymbols.Ingeneral,Salthouseandhiscolleaguesfound,certainaspectscognitiongenerallystartedtodeclineinthelate20sThefindingsshedlightonnormalage-relatedchangesinunderstandingtheprocessofdementia(癡呆),accordingtowhichcouldaid“Byfollowingindividualsovertime,”Salthousesaid,"wegaininsightandmaypossiblydiscoverwaystoslowtheratecognitionTheresearchersarecurrentlyanalyzing,thestudyparticipants'healthlifestyletoseewhichfactorsmightinfluenceage-relatedcognitive46.Whatisthecommonviewofmentalvariesfrompersontoperson.graduallyexpandswithage.weakensinone’slateryears.indicatesone’shealth47.Whatdoesthenewfindaboutmentalfunctions?leadtotheirdecline.ageof20formosttophysical'andmentaldiseasesreachapeak47.Whatdoesthenewfindaboutmentalfunctions?leadtotheirdecline.ageof20formosttophysical'andmentaldiseasesreachapeakatthearecloselyofthembegintodeclinewhenpeoplearestill48.WhatdoesTimothySalthousesayaboutpeople'smindsinmostTheytendtodeclineinpeople’slaterTheirflexibilitydeterminesone’sTheyfunctionquitewelleveninoldTheirfunctioningisstillapuzzletobe49.Althoughpeople’smindsmayfunctionlessflexiblyastheyage, bebetteratsolvingpuzzlesmemorizethingswithmoreeasehavegreaterfacilityinabstractputwhattheyhavelearntintomoreeffective50.AccordingtoSalthouse,theirstudymayhelp A.findwaystoslow6.findwaystoboostourmentaldeclineprocessofmentalC.understandD.understandrelationbetweenphysicalandmentalPassageQuestionsto55arebasedonthefollowingThemostimportantthinginthenewslastweekwastherisingdiscussioninNashvilleabouttheeducationalneedsofchildren.Theshorthand(簡寫useforthisis"pre-K"—meaninginstructionbeforekindergarten—andtheideaistoprepare4-year-oldsandevenyoungerkidstobereadytosucceedtheirK-Butgetscomplicated.Theconcepthasforms,andscholarsandtheidealprogram.ago,hasservedmorepolicymakersargueabouttheshape,scopeandcostThefederalHead30millionUniversity'sStartprogram,launched50ItwasbasedonconceptsdevelopedatCollegebySusanGray,thelegendarypioneerinchildhoodeducationAnewPeabodystudyoftheTennesseeVoluntaryPre-Kprogramreportspre-Kworks,butthegainsarenotsustainedthroughthethirdgrade.Itseemstomethishighlightsqualityissuesinelementaryschoolsmorethanpre-K,andindicateslonger-termsuccessmustconnectpre-Kwithalltheotherissues,relatedtoeducatingachild.Pre-Kiscontroversial.Somecriticspre-Kworks,butthegainsarenotsustainedthroughthethirdgrade.Itseemstomethishighlightsqualityissuesinelementaryschoolsmorethanpre-K,andindicateslonger-termsuccessmustconnectpre-Kwithalltheotherissues,relatedtoeducatingachild.Pre-Kiscontroversial.Somecriticssayitisaluxuryandshouldn'tfreetofamiliesabletopay.Pre-Kadvocatesinsistitisprovenandofthechild'sschooling.Ileantowardsucceedifintegratedwiththerestlatterview.Thisis,inanycase,theconversationtobehavingnowasMeganBarrytakesoffice.Shewasthefirstcandidatetospeakoutforpre-Kprogramming.Theimportantthingisforallofustokeepinmindlonger,biggertheevidenceisonthesideofpre-KthatearlygovernmenthasnotyetfoundisthepoliticalwilltorealgoalandtheTheweight(干預(yù))worksthatunderstandingintofullpracticewithasequenceofsmartschoolingprovidesearlypurpose,ourschools