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(完整版)新概念英語第四冊課文詳解(L1-25)(完整版)新概念英語第四冊課文詳解(L1-25)(完整版)新概念英語第四冊課文詳解(L1-25)Lesson1Findingfossilman第一課發(fā)現(xiàn)化石人byROBINPLACEfromFindingfossilman1—1。Wecanreadofthingsthathappened5,000yearsagointheNearEast,wherepeoplefirstlearnedtowrite。【譯文】我們能讀到五千年前近東發(fā)生之事,那里的人最先學會了書寫?!締卧~和短語】read:此處為不及物動詞,意為“讀到,獲悉”(tofindoutinformationfrombooks,newspapersetc。),后接of或about,例如:Hereadsaboutthewar.他讀到關(guān)于戰(zhàn)爭的消息。Didyoureadoftheiraccidentinthenewspapers?你在報上看到他們遭遇意外事故的消息了么?5,000years:五千年.另學習millennium,意為“一千年”,復(fù)數(shù)為millennia。5,000years即為5millennia。theNearEast:近東,指地中海東部沿岸地區(qū),包括亞洲西南部和非洲東北部,有時還包括巴爾干半島。1—2。Buttherearesomepartsoftheworldwhereevennowpeoplecannotwrite.【譯文】但時至今日世上某些地方的人還不會書寫.【單詞和短語】evennow:此處意為“甚至到現(xiàn)在”,例如:Evennowhewon'tbelieveme.他甚至到現(xiàn)在還不相信我。evennow另有兩解,一為“就在此刻”,例如:Perhapsevennowthetimehasarrived。也許正是此刻時機來到了。另一為“盡管這樣,雖然情況如此”(inspiteofwhathashappened),例如:Ihaveexplainedeverything,butevennowshedoesn’tunderstand.我什么都解釋了,但是盡管如此她還是不明白。1—3。Theonlywaythattheycanpreservetheirhistoryistorecountitassagas-legendshandeddownfromonegenerationofstory—tellerstoanother.【譯文】他們能夠保存歷史的唯一方法是將歷史當傳說講述,由講述人一代接一代地口授傳奇故事。【講解】torecountitas…another是動詞不定式短語,作表語,說明主語way的內(nèi)容,it指history。句中破折號引出同位語。handeddown…another是過去分詞短語,作legends的定語.another后省略了generationofstory—tellers?!締卧~和短語】preserve:保存,保留(tomakesth.continuewithoutchanging).例如:preserveanoldhouseasamuseum保存一幢老房子用作陳列館preservesb.’srighttodosth。保留某人對某事物的權(quán)利Fewofhisearlypoemsarepreserved.他早期的詩沒有幾首留存下來.recount:詳細敘述,描述,說明(totellsomeoneastoryordescribeaseriesofevents),例如:recountastorywithrealwit妙趣橫生地講故事Theexplorerrecountedhisadventuresinanumberofbooks。探險家在好幾本書中描述自己的冒險經(jīng)歷。saga:英雄傳奇(alongstoryabouteventsthathappenedovertheyears)handdown:把……傳下去(togiveorleavesth.topeoplewhowillliveafteryou),例如:Thiscustomishandeddownfromthepast.這個習慣是過去傳下來的.Thegoldwatchhasbeenhandeddowninhisfamily.那塊金表是他家祖?zhèn)鞯摹?—4.Theselegendsareusefulbecausetheycantellussomethingaboutmigrationsofpeoplewholivedlongago,butnonecouldwritedownwhattheydid?!咀g文】這些傳說有用,因為它們能告訴我們一些人遷徙之事.這些人生活在遠古,但沒人能記錄他們的所作所為?!局v解】none可指可數(shù)名詞,亦可指不可數(shù)名詞。指前者時動詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù),指后者時動詞用單數(shù).【單詞和短語】migration:遷徙,移居(whenlargenumbersofpeoplegotoliveinanotherareaorcountry,especiallyinordertofindwork),動詞形式為migrate,例如:migratetoanothercountry移居他國1-5.AnthropologistswonderedwheretheremoteancestorsofthePolynesianpeoplesnowlivinginthePacificIslandscamefrom.【譯文】人類學家過去不清楚如今生活在太平洋諸島的波利尼西亞各民族的遠祖來自何方.【講解】nowlivinginthePacificIslands是現(xiàn)在分詞短語,作peoples的定語.【單詞和短語】anthropologist:人類學家。anthropology意為“人類學”(thescientificstudyofpeople,theirsocieties,cultures,etc.)。相關(guān)詞匯有sociology(社會學)和ethnology(人種學,民族學)。remoteancestor:遠祖(someonerelatedtoyou,wholivedalongtimeago)。形容詞remote的常用意為“遙遠的,久遠的”(farfromtownsorotherplaceswherepeoplelive),例如:theremotestcornersoftheearth天涯海角acustomofremoteantiquity遠古遺風remote亦可作名詞,常用意為“遙控器”(remotecontroller)。people:people作“一國人民,民族”(thepeoplewhobelongtoaparticularcountry,race,orarea)解時為可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),復(fù)數(shù)為peoples或people。參照上下文,文中people譯為“民族”。另舉例如下:thepeoplesoftheworld世界各國人民ahardworkingpeople勤勞的民族theJewishpeople猶太民族Eachpeoplebuildsacultureadaptedtoitsparticularneeds。各民族都建立起一種適應(yīng)其獨特需要的文化。1—6。ThesagasofthesepeopleexplainthatsomeofthemcamefromIndonesiaabout2,000yearsago。【譯文】當?shù)厝说姆N種傳說向世人解釋了其中一些民族約在兩千年前遷自印度尼西亞.【單詞和短語】saga:傳說(alongstoryabouteventsthathappenovermanyyear)。1-7。Butthefirstpeoplewhowerelikeourselveslivedsolongagothateventheirsagas,iftheyhadany,areforgotten。【譯文】但是,和我們相似的原始人生活的年代太久遠了,因此有關(guān)他們的傳說,即使存在,如今也失傳了。1—8.Soarchaeologistshaveneitherhistorynorlegendstohelpthemtofindoutwherethefirst'modernmen'camefrom?!咀g文】于是,考古學家既無歷史記載,亦無口頭傳說來幫助他們弄清首批“現(xiàn)代人”來自何方?!締卧~和短語】legend:傳說(anold,well—knownstory,oftenaboutbravepeople,adventures,ormagicalevents).形容詞為legendary。1-9。Fortunately,however,ancientmenmadetoolsofstone,especiallyflint,becausethisiseasiertoshapethanotherkinds.【譯文】然而,幸運的是,遠古人用制作石器,特別是燧石器,因為燧石比其他石頭更易成形.【講解】otherkinds后面省略了ofstones?!締卧~和短語】flint:燧石(atypeofsmoothhardstonethatmakesasmallflamewhenyouhititwithsteel).1—10.Theymayalsohaveusedwoodandskins,butthesehaverottedaway.【譯文】他們也可能用過木頭和獸皮,但這兩類東西早已腐爛殆盡?!局v解】mayalsohaveused意為“可能使用過”,may+完成時結(jié)構(gòu)表示對過去情況的推測。these指woodandskins。【單詞和短語】rot:腐敗,腐爛(todecaybyagradualnaturalprocess,ortomakesomethingtodothis)。1-11。Stonedoesnotdecay,andsothetoolsoflongagohaveremainedwheneventhebonesofthemenwhomadethemhavedisappearedwithouttrace。【譯文】石頭不會腐爛。因此,雖然制造這些工具的人的骨頭早已蕩然無存,但遠古時代的石器卻保存至今?!局v解】wheneventhebones…trace相當于讓步從句,when意即“雖然,盡管”,又如:Wesometimesexpectgratitudewhenwearenotentitledtoit。有時雖然我們不值得感激,我們卻期望別人感激。Whilehehasahouseofhisown,hisbrotherlivesinaflat.盡管他有自己的房子,他弟弟卻住在公寓里。Lesson2Sparethatspider第二課不要傷害蜘蛛byT.H.GILLESPLEfromTheListener2-1.Why,youmaywonder,shouldspidersbeourfriends?【譯文】你可能會奇怪,蜘蛛怎是吾友?【講解】youmaywonder為插入語.2—2.Becausetheydestroysomanyinsects,andinsectsincludesomeofthegreatestenemiesofthehumanrace.【譯文】因為它們消滅了那么多昆蟲,包括一些屬于人類最大敵人的昆蟲.2—3。Insectswouldmakeitimpossibleforustoliveintheworld;theywoulddevourallourcropsandkillourflocksandherds,ifitwerenotfortheprotectionwegetfrominsect-eatinganimals?!咀g文】昆蟲可以使我們無法在地球上生存。如果不是食蟲動物的保護,則這些昆蟲會吞噬我們所有的莊稼,殺死我們成群的牛羊?!局v解】makeitimpossibleforustoliveintheworld中it是形式賓語,真正的賓語是forustoliveintheworld。insectswould和theywould中的would均表示與事實不符的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu).ifitwerenotfortheprotection…作前面兩個分句的非真實條件狀語從句,意即“要不是我們從食蟲那里得到保護的話……"。這里的were是虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)。weget…animals作protection的定語.2—4.Weowealottothebirdsandbeastswhoeatinsectsbutallofthemputtogetherkillonlyafractionofthenumberdestroyedbyspiders?!咀g文】我們受惠于食蟲的飛禽鳥獸,但把它們都算在一起,也只是捕殺了蜘蛛消滅的昆蟲數(shù)的一個零頭?!局v解】allofthem指birdsandbeasts,puttogetherkill相當于…themwhoareputtogetherkill.意即“它們?nèi)釉谝黄鹣麥纭?。thenumber指“被消滅的昆蟲數(shù)"?!締卧~和短語】owe:應(yīng)感激(toknowthatsomeone’shelphasbeenimportanttoyouinachievingsomething),例如:Weoweourparentsalot.我們得大大感激我們的父母.2-5。Moreover,unlikesomeoftheotherinsecteaters,spidersneverdotheleastharmtousorourbelongings.【譯文】此外,不同于其他一些食蟲動物,蜘蛛對人類及其財物絲毫無損?!締卧~和短語】belongings:所有物,財物,動產(chǎn);行李,例如:Heleftallhisbelongingstohisbrother。他把他的全部財物留給了他兄弟。Itdidn’ttakemelongtoarrangemybelongings;forIhadbroughtlittle.因為行裝帶得不多,我沒花多少時間就把東西整理好了。2—6.Spidersarenotinsects,asmanypeoplethink,norevennearlyrelatedtothem.【譯文】蜘蛛不像許多人認為的那樣屬于昆蟲,它們甚至與昆蟲毫無關(guān)系?!局v解】asmanypeoplethink是插入語,意即“蜘蛛不是像許多人認為的那樣是昆蟲”。翻譯這一插入語時,必須注意它在句中的位置。不論把它移至句首,譯為“正如許多人認為的那樣,蜘蛛不是昆蟲”,還是將它留在句末,譯為“蜘蛛不是昆蟲,如同許多人認為的那樣",兩種譯文都和原意相違.原句是說“許多人認為蜘蛛是昆蟲,而其實不是,他們的看法有誤",而前兩種譯文的意思則變?yōu)椤霸S多人的看法是正確的,他們認為蜘蛛不是昆蟲”。正確的譯法應(yīng)將asmanypeoplethink置于not(不像)之后、are(屬于)之前,譯為“蜘蛛不像許多人認為的那樣屬于昆蟲”。這句原文中的…asmanypeoplethink相當于asmanypeoplethinkspidersareinsects。norevennearly承前省略了arespiders,完整的句子應(yīng)是:norarethespidersevennearlyrelatedtothem。2-7。Onecantellthedifferencealmostataglance,foraspideralwayshaseightlegsandinsectnevermorethansix.【譯文】人們幾乎一眼就能看出二者的差異,因為蜘蛛總是8條腿,而昆蟲至多有6條腿.【單詞和短語】ataglance:2—8。Howmanyspidersareengagedinthisworkonourbehalf?【譯文】有多少蜘蛛正在為我們做這項工作呢?【單詞和短語】engaged:忙的;從事……的(busy);例如:Engagedinconversation,theydidnotseeme。他們談得正來勁,沒看見我.Heisengagedonthatbook。他正忙于寫那部書。onsb’sbehalf:為了某人的利益;為了某人(becauseoforforsomeone)。例如:Don’tbeuneasyonmybehalf.不要為我擔心.該詞組的另一含義是“代表某人(insteadofsomeone,orastheirrepresentative)”。例如:Youmaysignchequesonourbehalf.你可以代表我們在支票上簽字.2-9。OneauthorityonspidersmadeacensusofthespidersingrassfieldinthesouthofEngland,andheestimatedthatthereweremorethan2,250,000inoneacre;thatissomethinglike6,000,000spidersofdifferentkindsonafootballpitch.【譯文】某蜘蛛權(quán)威對英國南部某塊草坪上的蜘蛛數(shù)目統(tǒng)計了一次。他估計每英畝草坪里有超過225萬只蜘蛛,即相當于一個足球場上約有6百萬只種類各異的蜘蛛?!締卧~和短語】authority:學術(shù)權(quán)威,專家,泰斗(someonewhoknowsalotaboutasubjectandwhoseknowledgeandopinionsaregreatlyrespected)。某方面的authority需用介詞on,例如:anauthorityonpreventivemedicine預(yù)防醫(yī)學的權(quán)威somethinglike:接近,大約(closetobutnotexactlyalargeamount),例如:Heistosellthehouseforsomethinglike$150,000.他將以大約15萬美元的價錢出售這幢房子。census:統(tǒng)計數(shù)量(aprocessofcountingsomething)。2-10。Spidersarebusyforatleasthalftheyearinkillinginsects.【譯文】蜘蛛至少有半年在忙于吃蟲。【講解】half(形容詞)theyear是half(名詞)oftheyear的省略形式。2-11。Itisimpossibletomakemorethanthewildestguessathowmanytheykill,buttheyarehungrycreatures,notcontentwithonlythreemealsaday.【譯文】它們消滅了多少昆蟲,我們簡直無法猜測,它們是吃不飽的動物,不滿足于一日三餐?!局v解】it是形式主語,真正的主語是tomakemorethanthewildestguessathowmanytheykill.Itisimpossibleto…是重點句型,需熟練掌握。not前省略了andtheyare?!締卧~和短語】content:adj。滿意,滿足(happyandsatisfied).2—12.IthasbeenestimatedthattheweightofalltheinsectsdestroyedbyspidersinBritaininoneyearwouldbegreaterthanthetotalweightofallthehumanbeingsinthecountry.【譯文】據(jù)估計,在英國一年里被蜘蛛消滅的昆蟲的總重量超過該國人口的總重量?!局v解】it是形式主語,真正的主語是theweightofalltheinsectsdestroyed…inthecountry。Ithasbeenestimatedthat…是重點句型,需熟練掌握.Lesson3Matterhornman第三課馬特霍恩山區(qū)人byWALTERUNSWORTHfromMatterhornMan3—1.Modernalpiniststrytoclimbmountainsbyaroutewhichwillgivethemgoodsport,andthemoredifficultitis,themorehighlyitisregarded?!咀g文】現(xiàn)代登山運動員力圖沿著一條能從中得到鍛煉樂趣的路線登山.他們認為路線愈艱難則愈為人們所重視?!局v解】try后接動詞不定式,作makeanattempt解,譯為“力圖".byaroute中by意為“沿,經(jīng)”。it指aroute?!締卧~和短語】regard:看待,把……看作(tothinkaboutsomeoneorsomethinginaparticularway)。3-2.Inthepioneeringdays,however,thiswasnotthecaseatall.【譯文】然而在登山運動初創(chuàng)期全然并非如此.【講解】inthepioneeringdays指在初創(chuàng)時期,指登山運動的初創(chuàng)期?!締卧~和短語】pioneering:創(chuàng)新的,先驅(qū)的(introducingnewandbettermethodsorideasforthefirsttime)。例如:thepioneeringworkofNASAscientists(美國)國家航空和航天局科學家們所作的開創(chuàng)性工作3—3.Theearlyclimberswerelookingfortheeasiestwaytothetop,becausethesummitwastheprizetheysought,especiallyifithadneverbeenattainedbefore.【譯文】早期登山者所尋找的是通往山頂?shù)淖罘奖愕耐緩?,因為頂峰,尤其是仍未被人征服過的頂峰,才是他們尋求的目標?!局v解】tothetop是介詞短語,作way的定語,指“到達頂峰的路"。theysought是定語從句,作prize的定語,指“他們追求的目標”.ifithadneverbeenattainedbefore中的it指thesummit?!締卧~和短語】summit:山頂(thetopofamountain).summit另一常見含義為峰會(animportantmeetingorsetofmeetingsbetweentheleadersofseveralgovernments),例如:ThetwopresidentsagreedtoholdasummitintheApril。兩位總統(tǒng)同意在四月舉行峰會.3—4。Itistruethatduringtheirexplorationstheyoftenfaceddifficultiesanddangersofthemostperilousnature,equippedinamannerwithwouldmakeamodernclimbershudderatthethought,buttheydidnotgooutoftheirwaytocourtsuchexcitement.【譯文】的確,探險中他們經(jīng)常遇到性質(zhì)最為危險的艱難險阻,他們裝備之簡陋使現(xiàn)代登山者一想起來就膽戰(zhàn)心驚.但他們并非故意尋求這種刺激?!局v解】equippedinamanner…thought是過去分詞短語,作原因狀語,修飾faced。atthethought后省略了ofthemanner?!締卧~和短語】perilous:充滿危險的;瀕臨毀滅的(verydangerous),例如:aperilousrateofinflation危機四伏的通貨膨脹率perilous的名詞形式為peril.shudderat:對……感到驚恐(tothinkthatsomethingisverybadorunpleasant),例如:Heshuddersatthesightofasnake.他一見到蛇就膽顫心驚。gooutoftheirwaytodosomething:特地;不怕麻煩地(todosomethingwithmoreeffortthanisusualorexpected),例如:Shewentoutofherwaytohelpme。她不怕麻煩地來幫我。3—5。Theyhadasingleaim,asolitarygoal—thetop!【譯文】他們只有一個目的,唯一的目標—-頂峰!【講解】從語法角度分析,asolitarygoal和thetop均是asingleaim的同位語。從修辭角度看,作者以改變說法的方式達到加強語意的目的.這叫修正法(epanorthosis)。破折號引出被強調(diào)部分?!締卧~和短語】solitary:獨一無二的(usedtoemphasizethatthereisonlyoneofsomething),例如:asolitaryexception唯一的例外3-6.Itishardforustorealizenowadayshowdifficultitwasforthepioneers?!咀g文】如今我們很難理解登山先驅(qū)者昔日是多么艱苦?!局v解】it是形式主語,torealizenowadayshowdifficultitwasforthepioneers是真正的主語。請掌握Itishardforsb.todosomething。這個句型。【單詞和短語】pioneer:先驅(qū)(someonewhoisimportantintheearlydevelopmentofsomething,andwhoseworkorideasarelaterdevelopedbyotherpeople),例如:apioneerofphotography攝影術(shù)創(chuàng)始人apioneerinthedevelopmentofradar雷達研制的先驅(qū)3—7.ExceptforoneortwoplacessuchasZermattandChamonix,whichhadrapidlybecomepopular,Alpinevillagetendedtobeimpoverishedsettlementscutofffromcivilizationbythehighmountains。【譯文】除了澤曼特和夏蒙尼等一兩個迅速出名的地方外,阿爾卑斯山山區(qū)的小村由于高山隔絕了文明日漸成為貧窮的村落?!局v解】suchas可以分開,如suchplacesas…,這時as作關(guān)系代詞,as引出的從句是省略句。suchas不分開時其作用相當于like,表示舉例。因此可以把such…Chamonix視為修飾places的定語。cutofffromcivilizationbythehighmountains是過去分詞短語作定語,修飾settlements。【單詞和短語】exceptfor:除了……之外,例如:Iknownothingabouthimexceptforthefactthathelivesnextdoor.我除了知道他住在隔壁外,對他的其他情況一無所知。impoverish:使窮困,使赤貧(tomakesomeoneverypoor),形容詞為impoverished,名詞形式為impoverishment。3—8.Suchinnsastherewereweregenerallydirtyandflea-ridden;thefoodsimplylocalcheeseaccompaniedbybreadoftentwelvemonthsold,allwasheddownwithcoarsewine?!咀g文】當?shù)氐哪切┬÷灭^一般都骯臟且跳蚤猖獗。單調(diào)的食物是當?shù)厝槔遗湟猿3R逊帕艘荒曛玫拿姘?人們就著劣酒吞下這種食物.【講解】astherewere作定語從句修飾inns,as乃關(guān)系代詞。thefoodsimply…中food和simply中間,all與washed中間都省略了was.請注意,在幾個并列分句中,第一個分句中用了be,后面分句中的be可以省略,例如:Therearetworequisitesininterpretation:oneisaccuracyandtheother(is)expressiveness.口譯要求有二:準確和明晰。accompaniedbybreadoftentwelvemonthsold是過去分詞短語,作cheese的定語。oftentwelvemonthsold作定語,修飾bread.【單詞和短語】accompany:伴隨,和……一起發(fā)生(tohappenorexistatthesametimeassomethingelse),例如:feveraccompaniedwithdelirium伴有昏迷的發(fā)燒3—9.Oftenavalleyboastednoinnatall,andclimbersfoundshelterwherevertheycould—sometimeswiththelocalpriest(whowasusuallyaspoorashisparishioners),sometimeswithshepherdsorcheese-makers?!咀g文】山谷里常沒有小旅館,登山者只好隨遇而安—-或與當?shù)啬翈煟ㄋ麄兺ǔ:推浣虆^(qū)居民一樣窮)住在一起,或與牧羊人或制乳酪者住在一起。【講解】wherevertheycould作地點狀語,修飾found。could后省略了findshelter。sometimeswith兩詞之間省略了theyfoundshelter.foundshelterwith…與……住在一起,這里的破折號引出被強調(diào)的部分?!締卧~和短語】boast:以擁有……而自豪(ifaplace,object,ororganizationboastssomething,ithassomethingthatisverygood),例如:Afishingvillage30yearsago,itnowboasts150majorhotels。那地方30年前還是個漁村,現(xiàn)已為擁有150家大賓館而自豪。3—10.Invariablythebackgroundwasthesame:dirtandpoverty,andveryuncomfortable?!咀g文】這些山村的基調(diào)總是一樣的:骯且窮,極不舒適.【講解】same后的冒號引出同位語。dirtandpoverty,andveryuncomfortable作thesame的同位語.【單詞和短語】invariable:始終如一的,恒定不變的(alwayshappeninginthesameway,atthesametimeetc。),例如:It’smyinvariablehabittotakeanap.睡午覺是我的老習慣。invariably是invariable的副詞形式。3—11。Formenaccustomedtoeatingseven-coursedinnersandsleepingbetweenfinelinensheetsathome,thechangetotheAlpsmusthaveveryhardindeed.【譯文】對過慣了在家里一餐吃七道菜、睡亞麻細布床單的的人來說,到阿爾卑斯山所帶來的變化想來一定太難熬了。【講解】accustomedto…athome作定語修飾men。【單詞和短語】beaccustomedto(doing/do)something:習慣于做某事(tobefamiliarwithsomethingandacceptitasnormal),例如:Weareaccustomedtoworking/workhard。我們習慣于努力工作。Myeyessoongrewaccustomedtothedarkness。我的雙眼很快適應(yīng)了黑暗。course:(一)道(菜)(oneoftheseparatepartsofameal),例如:Thefirstcoursewassoup。第一道是湯。Lesson4Seeinghands第四課能看東西的手byERICDEMAUNYfromTheListener4-1。SeveralcaseshavebeenreportedinRussiarecentlyofpeoplewhocanreadanddetectcolourswiththeirfingers,andevenseethroughsoliddoorsandwalls.【譯文】俄羅斯最近報導(dǎo)了幾個事例,說有人能用手指看書和辨認顏色,甚至雙眼能透過厚實的門和墻看到東西。【講解】ofpeoplewhocan…walls作定語修飾cases,這部分較長,所以被移到謂語部分后,這樣句子就不會頭重腳輕.句中的of意為“關(guān)于”。【單詞和短語】detect:察覺,發(fā)覺(tonoticeordiscoversomething,especiallysomethingthatisnoteasytosee,hearetc.)。4—2。Onecaseconcernsaneleven—year-oldschoolgirl,VeraPetrova,whohasnormalvisionbutwhocanalsoperceivethingswithdifferentpartsofherskin,andthroughsolidwalls.【譯文】有一例涉及11歲學生維拉·彼托洛娃,她視力正常,但她還能用皮膚的不同部位辨認東西,甚至看穿堅實的墻壁。【講解】andthroughsolidwalls與withdifferentpartsofherskin并列作狀語,修飾perceive?!締卧~和短語】normal的反義詞為abnormal.perceive:感覺,感知(tonotice,see,orrecognizesomething)。4-3.Thisabilitywasfirstnoticedbyherfather.【譯文】她父親首先發(fā)現(xiàn)她具備這一能力.【講解】thisability指上句中perceivethingswithdifferentpartsofherskin,andthroughsolidwalls。4—4。Onedayshecameintohisofficeandhappenedtoputherhandsonthedoorofalockedsafe。【譯文】一天,維拉進入父親的辦公室,碰巧把雙手放在一個鎖著的保險柜的門上?!締卧~和短語】happenedtodosomething:碰巧做某事(ifyouhappentodosomething,youdoitbychance),例如:Ihappenedtolookinthatdirectionandcaughthimintheactofdoingit.我碰巧朝那個方向看,正好目睹他在做那事.safe:保險柜(astrongmetalboxorcupboardwithspeciallockswhereyoukeepmoneyandvaluablethings).4—5。Suddenlysheaskedherfatherwhyhekeptsomanyoldnewspaperslockedawaythere,andevendescribedthewaytheyweredoneupinbundles。【譯文】她突然問父親為什么把這么多的舊報紙鎖在柜子里,她甚至還描述了捆扎報紙的方式?!局v解】lockedawaythere作kept的賓語補足語。locksth.away意為“把某物鎖起來”。there指lockedsafe.theyweredoneupinbundles作定語修飾way,意為“報紙是怎樣捆著的”。they指newspaper。【單詞和短語】doup:捆,包(tofastensomething,ortobefastenedinaparticularway)。4—6。Vera'scurioustalentwasbroughttothenoticeofascientificresearchinstituteinthetownofUlyanovsk,nearwhereshelives,andinAprilshewasgivenaseriesoftestsbyaspecialcommissionoftheMinistryofHealthoftheRussianFederalRepublic。【譯文】維拉的特異功能引起了她家附近烏里揚諾夫斯克城某科研機構(gòu)的注意.4月,俄羅斯聯(lián)邦共和國衛(wèi)生部的一個特別委員會對她進行了一系列測試。【單詞和短語】bringsomethingtothenoticeofsomeone使某人注意某事institute:機構(gòu),組織(anorganizationthathasaparticularpurposesuchasscientificoreducationalwork)。4—7.Duringthesetestsshewasabletoreadanewspaperthroughanopaquescreenand,strangerstill,bymovingherelbowoverachild'sgameofLottoshewasabletodescribethefiguresandcoloursprintedonit;and,inanotherinstance,wearingstockingsandslippers,tomakeoutwithherfoottheoutlinesandcoloursofapicturehiddenunderacarpet.【譯文】在這些測試中,她能隔著不透明的屏幕讀報。更奇怪的是,她把肘部在兒童玩的“樂透"紙牌上移動便能說出印在紙牌的數(shù)字和顏色。還有一次,她穿著長筒襪子和拖鞋,能用腳識別出藏在地毯下面的一幅畫的輪廓和顏色.【講解】bymoving…Lotto作方式狀語,修飾wasabletodescribe.printedonit是過去分詞短語,修飾figuresandcolours,it指Lotto.wearingstockingsandslippers作時間狀語,修飾tomakeout。wearing前省略了Whenshewas.tomakeout…to前省略了shewasable。theoutlinesandcolours…carpet作makeout的賓語。hiddenunderacarpet作pictures的定語.【單詞和短語】opaque:不透明的(bedifficulttoseethroughandoftenthick),反義詞為transparent。makeout:看出;辨認出;聽出(tobejustabletoseeorhearsomething),例如:makeoutafigureinthedarkness在黑暗中辨認出一個人影4—8.Otherexperimentsshowedthatherkneesandshouldershadasimilarsensitivity.【譯文】其他實驗表明她的雙膝和雙肩均有類似的感覺能力?!締卧~和短語】sensitivity的形容詞形式為sensitive。4-9。DuringallthesetestsVerawasblindfold;and,indeed,exceptwhenblindfoldshelackedtheabilitytoperceivethingswithherskin.【譯文】在所有這些實驗中,維拉的雙眼都是蒙著的。事實上,如果不蒙上雙眼,她的皮膚就不再具有識別物體的能力?!局v解】exceptwhenblindfold中whenblindfold前省略了shewas。某些時間狀語從句中,如果謂語動詞是be,主語又與主句的主語一致或是it,就常??梢园褟木渲械闹髡Z及be省略。又如:MichaelJacksonwasfondofsingingwhen(hewas)yetachild.邁克·杰克遜從小就喜歡唱歌。IgotacquaintedwithhimwhileIwasonavisittoNewYork.我在訪問紐約期間與他結(jié)識。4-10。Itwasalsofoundthatalthoughshecouldperceivethingswithherfingersthisabilityceasedthemomentherhandswerewet.【譯文】人們同時還發(fā)現(xiàn),盡管她能用手指識別東西,但她的雙手一弄濕這種功能即刻消失?!局v解】themomentherhandswerewet是時間狀語從句,意為“她的雙手一濕”?!締卧~和短語】ceased:停止(tostopdoingsomethingorstophappening),例如:Themusicceasedsuddenly。音樂戛然而止.ceasingtalking停止談話themoment(that):一……就……(assoonas),例如:Shecalledhermotherthemoment(that)shereachedthehotel。她一到旅館就給她母親打了電話。Lesson5Youth第五課青年byFIELDENHUGHESfromOutoftheAir,TheListener5-1。Peoplearealwaystalkingabout’theproblemofyouth’.【譯文】人們總是在談?wù)摗扒嗄陠栴}”.5—2.Ifthereisone-whichItakeleavetodoubt—thenitisolderpeoplewhocreateit,nottheyoungthemselves.【譯文】假如確有這個問題的話——我冒昧對此表示懷疑——那么這個問題是由老年人而非青年人臆造的?!局v解】ifthereisone中的one指aproblemofyouth。whichItakeleavetodoubt系插入語。theyoung意為“年輕人”。the+形容詞表示具有某種性質(zhì)的一類人。【單詞和短語】takeleavetodosth.:冒昧做某事,擅自做某事.5—3。Letusgetdowntofundamentalsandagreethattheyoungareafterallhumanbeings—peoplejustliketheirelders.【譯文】讓我們來認真研究一些基本事實:承認青年和他們的長輩一樣終究也是人?!局v解】peoplejustliketheirelders作theyoung的同位語,對其進一步解說?!締卧~和短語】fundamentals:基本原則(或原理),根本法則(或規(guī)律);基礎(chǔ)。例如:masterthefundamentalsofatrade掌握某行業(yè)的基本規(guī)律5—4。Thereisonlyonedifferencebetweenanoldmanandayoungone:theyoungmanhasagloriousfuturebeforehimandtheoldonehasasplendidfuturebehindhim:andmaybethatiswheretherubis?!咀g文】老年人和年輕人只有一個區(qū)別:青年人有光輝燦爛的前景,而老年人的輝煌已成為過去.問題的癥結(jié)恐怕就在于此?!局v解】ayoungone中one替代man以避免重復(fù)。關(guān)于句中的兩個冒號,前一個介紹difference的同位語,后一個引出說明性內(nèi)容?!締卧~和短語】therub:困難,障礙.例如:There’stherub。難就難在這兒。We’dliketotravel,buttherubisthatwehavenomoney.我們喜歡旅行,問題是沒有錢。5-5。WhenIwasateenager,IfeltthatIwasjustyounganduncertain—thatIwasanewboyinahugeschool,andIwouldhavebeenverypleasedtoberegardedassomethingsointerestingasaproblem.【譯文】我十幾歲時,總覺得自己年輕,懵懵懂懂—-我感到我就像一所大學校里的新生,假如我當時真的極為有趣地被人看作是個問題,我真會感到非常得意。【講解】thatIwasanew…problem作felt的賓語,破折號表示引出被強調(diào)的部分。請注意句中的暗喻(metaphor)修辭手法,作者把社會比作ahugeschool,把自己比作anewboy。Iwouldhavebeenverypleased是表示與過于事實不符的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)。toberegardedas…aproblem相當于ifanyoneregardedmeas…aproblem,表示條件,作原因狀語,修飾pleased。漢語的條件句一般位于主句之前,所以這里的toberegardedas…aproblem譯成漢語時應(yīng)前移.sointerestingasaproblem作something的定語.【單詞和短語】uncertain的名詞形式是uncertainty。5-6。Foronething,beingaproblemgivesyouacertainidentity,andthatisoneofthethingstheyoungarebusilyengagedinseeking.【譯文】因為這至少使我具有某種個性,這正是年輕人孜孜以求的事情之一.【講解】that指beingaproblemgivesyouacertainidentity?!締卧~和短語】identity:個性,特性(thequalitiesandattitudesthatapersonorgroupofpeoplehave,thatmakethemdifferentfromotherpeople),例如:Theplannersdecidedtoenlargethefourvillagesandpreservetheirdistinctidentities.設(shè)計者們決定擴大這4個村莊并保留它們各自的特色。Thestruggleofpeopleinthatareatomaintaintheirownidentitiesiscontinuing。那地區(qū)人民維護自身獨特性的斗爭仍在繼續(xù).5-7.Ifindyoungpeopleexciting.【譯文】我覺得年輕人令人振奮。5-8.Theyhaveanairoffreedom,andtheyhavenotadrearycommitmenttomeanambitionsorloveofcomfort?!咀g文】他們無拘無束,不枯燥地沉湎于卑鄙的名利和物質(zhì)享受.【單詞和短語】dreary:枯燥無味的;單調(diào)的;令人生厭的(dullandmakingyoufeelsadorbored),例如:adrearymeeting枯燥的會議mean:卑鄙的(cruelandnotkind),例如:ameanmotive卑鄙的動機Itismeantospreadgossipaboutothers.散布有關(guān)他人的流言蜚語是卑鄙的。5—9。Theyarenotanxioussocialclimbers,andtheyhavenodevotiontomaterialthings。【譯文】他們不是社會上那些急切向上爬的人,也不一味追求物質(zhì)享受?!締卧~和短語】devotion:專心,熱心,專心(theloyaltythatyoushowtowardsaperson,jobetc,especiallybyworkinghard),例如:sb?!痵devotionoftimeandmoneytotheproject某人對這一項目所花費的時間和金錢Twodevotionshavefilledherlife.她的生活被兩樣他所專注的事情占據(jù)了。5-10.Allthisseemstometolinkthemwithlife,andtheoriginsofthings。【譯文】在我看來,所有這些使他們與生命以及萬物的起源聯(lián)系在了一起?!局v解】allthisseemstometolink…中tome乃插入語。link…with…意為“把……同……聯(lián)系起來”.them指年輕人?!締卧~和短語】origin:起源;來源;由來,起因(theplaceorsituationinwhichsomethingbeginstoexist),例如:theoriginoftheuniverse宇宙的起源awordofLatinorigin源自拉丁語的詞語5-11.It’sasiftheywere,insomesense,cosmicbeingsinviolentandlovelycontrastwithussuburbancreatures?!咀g文】從某種意義上講,他們似乎是超凡脫俗之人,同我們這些見識短淺的俗物形成鮮明而有趣的對照?!局v解】asiftheywere…suburbancreatures是表語從句,were是虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)。inviolentandlovelycontrastwith作定語修飾cosmicbeings。suburbancreatures作us的同位語,注意這里作者用creatures(生物)指人,即“以種代類”,屬提喻(synecdoche)修辭手法.【單詞和短語】suburban:有郊區(qū)(人)特點的;〈貶〉平淡乏味的;古板的(boringandtypicalofpeoplewholiveinthesuburbs),例如:asuburbanlifestyle郊區(qū)生活方式5—12。AllthatisinmymindwhenImeetayoungperson.【譯文】每逢遇到年輕人,我就想到這些。【講解】allthatisinmymind中allthat指上文提到的事。ayoungperson中的a表示類別,意即“年輕人",不是指某個年輕人。5-13。Hemaybeconceited,ill—mannered,presumptuousorfatuous,butIdonotturnforprotectiontodrearyclichésaboutrespectofelders—asifmereagewereareasonforrespect.【譯文】年輕人也許狂妄自負,舉止無理,傲慢放肆,愚昧無知,但我決不求助于要尊重長者云云的陳詞濫調(diào)來為維護自己的尊嚴,似乎唯有年長才是受人尊敬的理由.【講解】he乃承ayoungperson而選用。toturnto…for…為……求助于……。forprotection作turn的目的狀語,位置提前是為了使句子更加緊湊。drearyclichésaboutrespectofelders作to的賓語。aboutrespectofelders作clichés的定語。forelders作respect的定語.句中的破折號引出被強調(diào)的部分?!締卧~和短語】conceited:自負的,自高自大的,驕傲自滿的(someonewhoisconceitedthinkstheyareveryclever,skillful,beautifuletc),名詞形式為conceit。presumptuous:專橫的,自行其是的,傲慢的,冒昧的,放肆的(doingsth.thatyouhavenorighttodoandthatseemsrude),例如:Itwouldbepresumptuousforanybodytooffersuchaview.任何人提出這種觀點都是放肆的。fatuous:愚笨的,昏庸的,蠢的(verysillyorstupid),名詞形式為fatuity,例如:fatuoustalk昏話Televisioncommercialsseemmorefatuousthanever.電視廣告節(jié)目似乎比以往任何時候更沒意思了。5-14。Iacceptthatweareequals,andIwillarguewithhim,asanequal,ifIthinkheiswrong?!咀g文】我篤信我們是平等的。如果我認為他們錯了,我就以平等的身份和他們爭個明白。【單詞和短語】equal:同等的人(someonewhoisasimportant,intelligentetcasyouare,orwhohasthesamerightsandopportunitiesasyoudo),例如:Mixwithyourequalsorbetters.與同你相仿或更好的人交往.Lesson6Thesportingspirit第六課體育精神byGEORGEORWELLfromThesportingspirit6—1。IamalwaysamazedwhenIhearpeoplesayingthatsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenations,andthatifonlythecommonpeoplesofthewouldcouldmeetoneanotheratfootballorcricket,theywouldhavenoinclinationtomeetonthebattlefield.【譯文】當人們說體育可創(chuàng)造兩國的友誼,還說各國民眾若在足球場或板球場上交鋒就不愿在戰(zhàn)場上殘殺的時候,我總是驚愕不已。【講解】thatifonly…cricket作saying的賓語從句.其中的if從句是非真實條件從句。couldmeet和wouldhave是表示與現(xiàn)實事實不符的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu).ifonly意為“只要",引導(dǎo)非真實或真實條件句。【單詞和短語】amazed:十分驚奇的,吃驚的;顯示出驚奇的(verysurprised),動詞形式為amaze,名詞形式為amazement,例如:Iwasamazedatthenews.我聽到這消息大為驚詫。IamamazedthathehasneverreadTheLordoftheRings。他從未讀過《指環(huán)王》,我對此大為驚奇。goodwill:善意,友善;友好,親善(kindfeelingstowardsorbetweenpeopleandawillingnesstobehelpful),例如,PrincessDiana’sheartisfullofgoodwilltoallmen.戴安娜王妃的心里對所有人都充滿善意。inclination:(性格上的)傾向;意向;愛好,癖好(afeelingthatmakesyouwanttodosth。),動詞形式為incline,形容詞形式為inclined,例如,Myinclinationistoagree.我傾向于同意。haveaninclinationforsports愛好體育followone’sowninclinations隨心所欲6-2。Evenifonedidn’tknowfromconcreteexamples(the1936OlympicGames,forinstance)thatinternationalsportingcontestsleadtoorgiesofhatred,onecoulddeduceiffromgeneralprinciples.【譯文】人們即使不能從具體的事例(如1936年奧運會)了解到國際運動比賽會導(dǎo)致極度仇恨,也能從常理中推出結(jié)論?!局v解】thatinternationalsportingcontestsleadtoorgiesofhatred作know的賓語。one泛指人,可譯為“人們”。it指international…h(huán)atred?!締卧~和短語】concrete:具體的;確實的(definiteandspecific),例如,aconcreteproposal/example具體的建議/例子Moneyisconcreteandwealthisabstract.錢是具體的,財富是抽象的。concrete的反義詞是abstract.concrete亦可做名詞,常見意為“大理石”。orgy:無節(jié)制行為(anorgyofsth。usedemphasizethatpeoplesuddenlydoalotofaparticularactivity),例如:anall—nightorgyofreading徹夜的盡情閱讀anorgyoflootingandburning大肆搶劫并縱火的暴行hatred:仇恨;敵意;憎惡(anangryfeelingofextremedislikeforsb。orsth.),例如:have/nurseaferocioushatredof/forsb.對某人懷有深仇大恨utterone'shatredagainsttheenemy說出對敵人的憎恨deduce:演繹;推論;推斷(tousetheknowledgeandinformationyouhaveinordertounderstandsthorformanopinionaboutit),例如:Fromhisconversation,shededucedthathehadalargefamily。她從他的談話中推斷出他家里人口多。deduce聯(lián)想到deduction(演繹法)、induce(歸納)和induction(歸納法).6—3。Nearlyallthesportspractisednowadaysarecompetitive?!咀g文】現(xiàn)在開展的各種體育項目幾乎都具競爭性?!局v解】practisednowadays是過去分詞短語,作定語,修飾sports?!締卧~和短語】competitive的動詞形式為compete,名詞形式為compet
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