合同法中英對(duì)照

合同法中英對(duì)照一、引言Introduction合同法是一種法律工具，用于管理和約束商業(yè)和個(gè)人之間的協(xié)議和交易。這項(xiàng)法律確保了合同雙方的權(quán)益和義務(wù)得到保護(hù)，并提供了爭(zhēng)議解決的程序。在全球化的時(shí)代，中英合同法對(duì)比非常重要，因?yàn)橹杏蓢?guó)都是全球最重要的商業(yè)中心之一。二、定義和適用范圍DefinitionsandApplicability2.1合同Contract根據(jù)合同法，合同是雙方當(dāng)事人通過(guò)雙方的意思表示，建立、變更或者終止民事權(quán)利和義務(wù)關(guān)系的協(xié)議。AccordingtotheContractLaw,acontractisanagreementbetweentwopartiesthatestablishes,modifies,orterminatescivilrightsandobligationsthroughmutualexpressionsofintent.2.2當(dāng)事人Parties在合同法中，當(dāng)事人是指訂立、履行和行使合同權(quán)利和義務(wù)的自然人、法人或者其他組織。Inthecontractlaw,partiesrefertonaturalpersons,legalpersons,orotherorganizationsthatestablish,perform,andexercisecontractualrightsandobligations.2.3適用范圍Applicability合同法適用于在中華人民共和國(guó)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)訂立、履行、變更和解除的合同。Thecontractlawisapplicabletocontractsconcluded,performed,modified,andterminatedwithintheterritoryofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.三、合同的成立EstablishmentofContract3.1成立要素ElementsofEstablishment按照合同法第八條的規(guī)定，合同的成立需要以下要素：協(xié)議要素：當(dāng)事人對(duì)合同的意思表示一致；客體要素：合同的目的和內(nèi)容合法、真實(shí)、明確；形式要素：按照法定的形式進(jìn)行特殊的合同。AccordingtoArticle8ofthecontractlaw,theestablishmentofacontractrequiresthefollowingelements:Agreementelement:Consensusoftheparties’expressionsofintentregardingthecontract;Subjectmatterelement:Legitimate,true,andclearpurposeandcontentofthecontract;Formelement:Specialcontractsthatneedtobeintheprescribedform.3.2合同的無(wú)效InvalidityofContract根據(jù)合同法第十九條至第四十五條的規(guī)定，合同可能因?yàn)橐韵略虮徽J(rèn)定為無(wú)效：違反強(qiáng)制性規(guī)定；無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)合同目的；失敗的意思表示；病態(tài)的交易；手段不當(dāng)。AccordingtoArticles19to45ofthecontractlaw,acontractmaybeconsideredinvalidforthefollowingreasons:Violationofmandatoryprovisions;Impossibilitytoachievethepurposeofthecontract;Flureofexpressionofintent;Abnormaltransaction;Impropermeans.3.3合同的生效和成立時(shí)間EffectivenessandTimeofEstablishment根據(jù)合同法第十六條的規(guī)定，雙方當(dāng)事人的意思表示同時(shí)到達(dá)時(shí)，合同即為成立；如果意思表示的到達(dá)時(shí)間不能確定，可以根據(jù)交易習(xí)慣來(lái)認(rèn)定合同的成立時(shí)間。AccordingtoArticle16ofthecontractlaw,whentheexpressionsofintentofthepartiesarriveatthesametime,thecontractisestablished;ifthearrivaltimeoftheexpressionsofintentcannotbedetermined,thetimeofestablishmentofthecontractcanbedeterminedbasedontradingcustoms.四、合同的履行PerformanceofContract4.1履行義務(wù)ObligationofPerformance根據(jù)合同法第十二條，當(dāng)事人應(yīng)當(dāng)按照合同的約定履行自己的義務(wù)。AccordingtoArticle12ofthecontractlaw,thepartiesshallperformtheirobligationsinaccordancewiththecontract.4.2履行的方式ModeofPerformance根據(jù)合同法第二十二條的規(guī)定，履行合同可以采用以下方式：交付貨物或者轉(zhuǎn)移非貨幣財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)利；支付貨幣；作出特定的行為；不作為。AccordingtoArticle22ofthecontractlaw,theperformanceofacontractcanbeachievedthroughthefollowingmethods:Deliveryofgoodsortransferofnon-monetarypropertyrights;Paymentofmoney;Specificactions;Non-action.4.3履行期限TimeLimitforPerformance根據(jù)合同法第五十二條的規(guī)定，當(dāng)事人應(yīng)當(dāng)在約定的期限內(nèi)履行合同；如果沒(méi)有約定期限，應(yīng)當(dāng)在合理的期限內(nèi)履行。AccordingtoArticle52ofthecontractlaw,thepartiesshallperformthecontractwithintheagreedtimelimit;ifthereisnoagreedtimelimit,theyshallperformwithinareasonabletimelimit.五、合同的變更和解除ModificationandTerminationofContract5.1變更Modification根據(jù)合同法第四十五條的規(guī)定，合同的變更需要經(jīng)過(guò)各方協(xié)商一致，并且按照法定的程序進(jìn)行。AccordingtoArticle45ofthecontractlaw,themodificationofacontractrequirestheconsensusofthepartiesandmustbecarriedoutinaccordancewiththestatutoryprocedures.5.2解除Termination根據(jù)合同法第七十五條的規(guī)定，合同可以根據(jù)以下情況解除：合同當(dāng)事人協(xié)商一致；一方當(dāng)事人通知另一方解除合同；合同約定的條件發(fā)生。AccordingtoArticle75ofthecontractlaw,acontractmaybeterminatedunderthefollowingcircumstances:Consensusofthepartiestothecontract;Onepartynotifiestheotherpartyoftermination;Fulfillmentofcontractualconditions.六、爭(zhēng)議解決DisputeResolution6.1調(diào)解Mediation根據(jù)合同法第八十六條至第九十二條的規(guī)定，當(dāng)事人可以通過(guò)調(diào)解解決合同爭(zhēng)議。AccordingtoArticles86to92ofthecontractlaw,thepartiesmayresolvecontractdisputesthroughmediation.6.2仲裁Arbitration根據(jù)合同法第二百七十一條的規(guī)定，當(dāng)事人可以約定將合同爭(zhēng)議提交仲裁。AccordingtoArticle271ofthecontractlaw,thepartiesmayagreetosubmitcontractdisputestoarbitration.6.3訴訟Litigation根據(jù)合同法第二百七十二條的規(guī)定，當(dāng)事人可以向人民法院提起訴訟解決合同爭(zhēng)議。AccordingtoArticle272ofthecontractlaw,thepartiesmayfilealawsuitwithth