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Unit1CulturalHeritageDiscoveringUsefulStructuresHeritageisourlegacy(遺產(chǎn))fromthepast,whatwelivewithtoday,andwhatwepassontofuturegenerations.WorldHeritageCentre1.GuidestudentstoknowhowtouseTheAttributiveClause.2.Designspecificsituationsforstudentstomakesmallconversitions.Note1:定語從句:當(dāng)我們把一個句子用來做________去修飾一個_____________時,這個句子就稱為定語從句。Note2:被定語從句限定的詞叫做_________,引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫做___________,分別是_______________和___________。定語名詞或者代詞先行詞引導(dǎo)詞關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系副詞Review由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)引導(dǎo),從句和主句就產(chǎn)生了關(guān)系,融合成了一個主從復(fù)合句定語從句的位置:InductionDiscussbrieflywithapartnerthemajorfunctionsofthem.Thenmakeashortsummaryinatableormindmap.通常在先行詞后。定語名詞或代詞定語從句本質(zhì):一個句子作,緊緊跟在所修飾
(先行詞)的后面定語從句如何和主句連接在一起?關(guān)系詞通常有下列三個作用:(1)引導(dǎo)定語從句;(2)代替先行詞;(3)在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個成分。
Revision定語從句定語:相當(dāng)于形容詞,修飾
。
名詞或代詞構(gòu)成:名詞或代詞+
+從句關(guān)系詞分類:限制性:
;
非限制性:
;說明正在談?wù)摰娜?、物或事給出額外的補充信息關(guān)系代詞:
:指人,作主語或賓語;
:指人,作賓語;
:指事、物,作主語或賓語;
:指人或事、物,作主語或賓語;
:與所修飾的名詞為所屬關(guān)系,作定語;
:作地點狀語;
:作時間狀語;
:作原因狀語;whowhomwhichthatwhosewherewhenwhy關(guān)系副詞:特殊:as關(guān)系詞(先行詞)介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定從=介詞+which關(guān)系代詞可指代從句中的成分whowhomwhichthatwhose人主語、賓語人賓語物主語、賓語人、物主語、賓語人、物定語關(guān)系副詞相當(dāng)于被代替的先行詞在從句中作成分wherewhenwhyin,at等介詞+which表示地點的名詞at,in,on,during等介詞+which地點狀語表示時間的名詞時間狀語for+whichreason原因狀語①Doyouknowtheman____________istalkingwithyourmother?②Thisistheperson____________youshouldthankforhelpingyourson.③Thegirl____________graduatedfromCambridgeUniversityiscalledAmanda.④Ilikethosebooks____________topicsareabouthistory.⑤Anystudent____________familyistoopoortogotoschoolcangethelpfromthegovernment.⑥Look,herearesomepeople______________Iwantyoutomeet.whowho/whomwhowhosewhosewho/whom/thatExercises7.Theirchildisatthestage________shecansayindividualwordsbutnotfullsentences.(2019年天津高考改)8.Asthesmallestchildofhisfamily,Alexisalwayslongingforthetime________heshouldbeabletobeindependent.9.Studentsshouldinvolvethemselvesincommunityactivities________theycangainexperienceforgrowth.10.Thereason________heresignedisknowntous.wherewhenwherewhythat和which在指物的情況下一般都可以互換,但在下列情況下,一般用that而不用which。Doyouhaveanything
thatyouwanttosayaboutthepainting?(1)先行詞為不定代詞all,much,little,something,everything,nothing,none等,that來把which踹。Thisistheonlythingthatwecandonow.ThisisoneofthemostexcitingmoviethatIhaveeverseen.(2)先行詞被特定纏,that搶先把位占。(3)當(dāng)先行詞有序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時當(dāng)先行詞被theonly,thevery,thesame,theright等修飾時,關(guān)系代詞用that而不用which只用that不用which的情況1.先行詞是不定代詞all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none等或者先行詞被不定代詞所修飾時。Doyouhaveanythingthatyouwanttosayaboutthepainting?關(guān)于那幅畫你有什么要說的嗎?2.先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或theonly,thevery(恰恰,正好),thelast,all,no,few,little,any等修飾時。ThisisoneofthemostexcitingmoviethatIhaveeverseen.這是我見過的最激動人心的電影之一。Thisistheonlythingthatwecandonow.這是我們現(xiàn)在唯一能做的事情。3.先行詞既有人又有物時。Thescientistandhisachievementsthatyoutoldmeaboutareadmiredbyusall.你告訴我的那位科學(xué)家和他所取得的成就為我們所有人所欽佩。4.當(dāng)先行詞在主句中作表語,而關(guān)系代詞也作表語時。Beijingisnolongerthecitythatitusedtobe.北京不再是過去的那座城市了。5.當(dāng)主句的主語是疑問詞who或which時。Whoisthepersonthatisstandinginfrontofthetemple?站在寺廟門口的那個人是誰?(4)當(dāng)先行詞既指人,又指物時。Thescientistandhisachievementsthatyoutoldmeaboutareadmiredbyusall.(5)當(dāng)主句是以which,who,what開頭的特殊疑問句時,關(guān)系代詞用that而不用which。Whoisthepersonthatisstandingthere?小試牛刀1.Theboyandthedog
areinthepictureareverylovely.
2.
Sheistheonlyperson
knowthetruth.3.
Inspiteofall
hasbeensaid,quitealotofpeoplearestilluncertainaboutthepricesofhousinginChina.
4.Itisthetallestbuilding
Daminghasseeneversincehecamehere.thatthatthatthatWhatisculturalheritage(site)?UserestrictiveclausestodescribeitCulturalheritageisthelegacythat/whichwaspasseddowntothepresentandfuturegenerationsfromthepast.CulturalheritagerepresentshistoricalandculturalvaluesofacountrythathavebeenhandeddownfromgenerationtogenerationforthousandsofyearsCulturalheritagesiteisalsoatouristattractionwherevisitorscanenjoyuniqueviewsandexperiencelocalhistoryandculture.Culturalheritageneedsprotectionfromlotsofpeople
whoincludeexperts,scientists,engineers,volunteersandordinarypeople.Culturalheritageremindsusofatimewhenhumanscanachieveattheirfinest.TaketheAswanDamasanexampleandrole-playaconversationbetweenatouristandguide.Pleasetrytouserestrictiveclausestodescribetheplaceandpeopleingreaterdetails.Application(makeaconversation)TheAswanDam?location:adamacross()
?function:controlandbring...andsupply...intheareatohelp
()?haveaproblem:waterfromthedamwouldlikelydamage...anddestroyculturalrelics
wereanimportantpartof
()?findasolution:turnto
forhelpin1959.Thetemplesandother
weretakendown...,andthenmovedandputbacktogetheragaininaplace
theyweresafefromthewater?thousandsof
tookpartintheproject.?Theprojecttookover
yearstocompleteanditwassuccessful.?learntheinspiration:Notonlyhadthecountriesfoundapathtothefuture
didnotrunoverthe...theNileeconomicdevelopmentthat/which
Egypt’sculturalheritagetheUN
culturalsites
wherethat/whichengineersandworkers201.Whatistheyoungestage
apersoncanbeemployed?2.Iwillneverforgettheday
hepassedaway.3.Heistheman
shewenttoEurope.4.Imadealistofthemembers
Ihadreceivedreplies.
Preposition+RelativePronounatwhichonwhichfromwhomwithwhom當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語時,就出現(xiàn)了“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句。作介詞賓語的關(guān)系代詞通常用which或whom,
不能用that?!敖樵~+which”引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾指物的先行詞,“介詞+whom”引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾指人的先行詞。介詞+關(guān)系代詞Heisthemaninwhomyoucanbelieve.1.看定語從句中動詞或形容詞與介詞的搭配。Hegavemesomebookswith
whichIamnotveryfamiliar.2.看介詞與先行詞搭配。Thisisourclassroominwhichthereisateacher’sdesk.The
farmonwhichmyfatherworksisfarfromthetown.3.根據(jù)句意而定。Thesoldier,withoutwhomIwouldn'thavesuvivedtheearthquake,retiredlastweek.如何判斷介詞介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句時,如先行詞是物,關(guān)系代詞只能為which.介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句時,如先行詞是人,關(guān)系代詞只能為whom.Ⅰ.用“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”填空1.The
teacher______________I
learnt
most
was
Mrs
Zhu.from
whom2.This
is
the
house___________Lu
Xun
once
lived.in
which3.He
will
never
forget
the
day____________he
came
to
Shanghai.on
which4.Thereason___________IcamehereisthatIwantedtogetyourhelp.for
which5.The
fellow____________I
spoke
made
no
answer.to
whom6.This
is
the
shop___________my
daughter
works.in
which7.The
pencil_____________he
wrote
was
broken.with
which8.She
has
three
children,
all____________are
at
school.of
whom9.The
policeman____________the
thief
was
caught
is
an
old
man.by
whom10.I
was
surprised
at
the
way___________he
treated
the
old
man.in
whichThisisthebookforwhichIpaid10yuan.Thegirlwithwhomyouworkishisgirlfriend.ThisisthebusinessforwhichIwasresponsible.介詞的選擇
Ⅰ
1.與從句中的謂語動詞或形容詞搭配Preposition+
RelativePronoun1.Idon’tlikethewayinwhich/thathespeaks.2.Thebikeonwhichheoftenridesneedsrepairing.3.Idon’tlikethewayinwhichhespeaks.介詞的選擇
Ⅱ2.與先行詞搭配Preposition+
RelativePronoun
介詞+關(guān)系代詞分析下列例句:Themanto
whomheistalkingismyfather.Thisisthepenwith
whichIwrotetheletter.注意:“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句時,介詞的賓語只能用which(指物)和whom(指人)。即:介詞+which/whom/whose1.介詞的選擇依據(jù):①取決于從句中v/adj短語搭配
Thisisthebook_____whichIaminterestedThisisthebook_____whichIpaidtenyuan
②取決于先行詞(air,tree,building
)
Everyoneneedsair,_____whichwecouldn’tlive③取決于句意表達(dá)
Thisistheboy,_____whomIwenttoschool.inforwithoutwith注意:有一些含介詞的動詞短語不可拆開,如lookafter,lookfor等不能把介詞移至whih或whom之前。2.復(fù)合介詞①ontopof/infrontof/atthebackof…which/whom+v+s
(完全倒裝)
Thisisthemountain,ontopofwhich
standsatree.②名詞/分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)/不定代詞/the+adj比較級/the+adj最高級+one+of
+which/whomTherearefivejudges,allofwhomagreeyouarethebestone.
區(qū)別:Therearefivejudges,andallofthemagreeyouarethebestone.Idon’tliketheway
in
which/that/不填hespeaks.2.與先行詞搭配介詞的選擇
Ⅱ注意:way(方式)為先行詞,且關(guān)系詞在從句中作狀語時,定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞用inwhich或that或省略。Preposition+
RelativePronoun1.Thecleverboymadeaholeinthewall,throughwhichwecouldseewhatwashappeninginsidethehouse.2.Villagersheredependonthefishingindustry,withoutwhichtherewon’tbemuchwork.介詞的選擇
Ⅲ3.看句意看前看后看意思Preposition+
RelativePronounActivity1:Discovering1.Hewasasinger
withwhommanyteenagersarefamiliar.3.Theshow,atwhichweplayedourfirsthits,wasinAmerican.2.Heisagreatmusician,fromwhomwecanlearnalot.4.Healwayshelpedme,forwhichIwasverygrateful.5.Itwasaprison
fromwhichnoonecouldescape.Whatdotheyhaveincommon?Finding1:prep.+________
2:先行詞指物時,用
3:先行詞指人時,用which或whomwhichwhomActivity2:DiscoveringHowdowechoosethepreposition?1.Ihavenopenfriendto
whomIcanwrite.2.Ihavenopenwith
whichIcanwritetomyfriend.3.Canyouexplainthewordabout
whichIamnotsure
sothatIcanuseitinmyletter?4.CanIwritetoafriendwithwhomIamnotveryfamiliar?Finding:關(guān)于介詞的選擇,根據(jù)從句中動詞或形容詞的________來確定。搭配3.當(dāng)抽象地點名詞:stage,point,situation,case,system,position,occasion,activity,job作先行詞,且定語從句中缺狀語時,用where引導(dǎo)Theyhavereachedthepointwheretheyhavetoworkharder.
OccasionsarerarewhenIcanspendadaywithmydaughter.4.當(dāng)theway
作先行詞,表示方式、方法,且定語從句中缺方式狀語時,定語從句用that/inwhich/省略引導(dǎo)
Idon’tliketheway_________________hetreatsme.that/inwhich/省略
定語從句的主謂一致關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句中的謂語動詞要與先行詞在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。Anyonewho________togocangetaticketintheoffice.Thosewho_______interestedintheexhibitioncansigntheirnameshere.Tomisoneoftheboyswho_______lateforschool.Tomistheonlyoneoftheboyswho_______lateforschool.wantsareareis
定語從句中that的省略that引導(dǎo)定語從句,且在從句中充當(dāng)賓語時,可以省去thatIknowtheperson(that)youaretalkingto
Isthistheschool
youstudiedtenyearsago?
I’llneverforgettheday
Ifirstmether.
Thereason
shewasabsentwasthatshemissedthetrain.①“介詞+which”有時可與相應(yīng)的關(guān)系副詞互換inwhich/whereonwhich/whenforwhich/whyPreposition+
RelativePronounThisisthebook
I’mmostinterestedin.②介詞可后置,這時關(guān)系代詞可省略。Thisisthewatchwhich/thatIamlookingfor.Thebabieswhomthenursesarelookingafterareveryhealthy.③含有介詞的動詞短語一般不拆開使用,如:lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等(which)Preposition+
RelativePronounSummary1.prep.+which/whom2.prep.的選擇根據(jù)從句中動詞或形容詞的搭配來確定。根據(jù)和先行詞邏輯關(guān)系或句意來確定。部分和整體的所屬關(guān)系,尤其有數(shù)量關(guān)系時,介詞常用“of”。部分“prep+which”的結(jié)構(gòu)可和關(guān)系副詞替換1.Heisthemanwhomyoucanrely.2.Thenaughtyboymadeaholeinthewall
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