cause effect 因果英語寫作課件

EnglishComposition2Academicscauseeffect因果英語寫作Chapter10

Cause-and-EffectinParagraphsWeek11--Week12For2013CohortUnit10

Cause-and-EffectinParagraphsWeek11--Week12For2013Cohortcauseeffect因果英語寫作TeachingObjectives1Familiarizethestudentswithcause-and-effectformatinargumentativewriting2Familiarizethestudentswithtransitionwordsaboutcause-and-effect3Emphasizingthereasonsthatleadtothecurrentcondition4Emphasizingtheinfluencesoreffectsresultingfromanevent5Assignmentcauseeffect因果英語寫作INTRODUCTION

Inourdailyconversation,questionswithwhyareoftenaskedandanswered.Thisshowsthatcausalanalysisisverycommon.Similarly,itisalsofrequentlyusedinwriting.Let’slookatthefollowingexample:causeeffect因果英語寫作Questions:whyarereasonsoftenaskedandanswered?Why?Warm-upActivitiesThefollowingareexamples:causeeffect因果英語寫作Whatisthecauseofairpollution?Whataretheeffectsofsmoking?causeeffect因果英語寫作ExhaustgasfromcarsUncontrolledfactorygassesBurningoflowqualitycoalAirpollutionThecauseofairpollution:causeeffect因果英語寫作Smoking

Doharmtopeople’shealth

OftencausefiresWastemoneyTheeffectsofsmoking:causeeffect因果英語寫作Cause&EffectTellreaderswhysomethinghappenedTellreaderstheresultsofsomethingCause

Effectcauseeffect因果英語寫作TheCause/EffectEssayThecause/effectessayexplainswhyorhowsomeeventhappened,andwhatresultedfromtheevent.Thisessayisastudyoftherelationshipbetweentwoormoreeventsorexperiences.Theessaycoulddiscussbothcausesandeffects,oritcouldsimplyaddressoneortheother.Acauseessayusuallydiscussesthereasonswhysomethinghappened.Aneffectessay

discusseswhathappensafteraspecificeventorcircumstance.

causeeffect因果英語寫作Theapplicationofcause-and-effectinanessayCause-and-EffectEssayataGlanceRUBRICStandardsforWritingAsuccessfulcause-and-effectessayshouldclearlystatethecause-and-effectrelationshipbeingexaminedprovideanynecessarybackgroundinformationmaketherelationshipbetweencausesandeffectscleararrangedetailslogicallyandincludetransitionstoshowrelationshipsbetweeneffectsandcausessummarizethecause-and-effectrelationshipintheconclusionIntroducethesubjectIntroductionBodyDescribethecauseanditseffects*causeeffecteffecteffectSummaryConclusion*ormaypresentaneffectandthenanalyzethecausescauseeffect因果英語寫作Outline:CausewithMultipleEffects

IntroductionGeneralstatement(past&presentcondition)Thesisstatement______________________________________BodyParagraph2(Causes/Effect)Cause1_____________________________________________Effect1A_____________________________________________Example(supportinginformation)__________________________Effect1B_____________________________________________Example(supportinginformation)__________________________Paragraph3(Causes/Effect)Cause2_____________________________________________Effect2A_____________________________________________Example(supportinginformation)__________________________Effect2B_____________________________________________Example(supportinginformation)__________________________Paragraph4(Causes/Effect)Cause3_____________________________________________Effect3A_____________________________________________Example(supportinginformation)__________________________Effect3B_____________________________________________Example(supportinginformation)__________________________ConclusionRe-statethethesisstatement_____________________________Summary____________________________________________causeeffect因果英語寫作Example:HighCollegetuitionCauseGovernmentaidstouniversitiesaredecreasing.Universitiesarerecruitingfamousprofessorswithhighsalary.Universitiesareinvestinginnewbuildingsandfacilities.EffectStudentshavetotakepart-timejobsandthereforecannotfullyconcentrateonstudies.Studentsareinheavydebtsrightaftergraduation.Somestudentsareforcedtodropout.causeeffect因果英語寫作ACauseEssay-OutlineIntroductoryparagraphThesis:Severalfactorsleadtotherisingofcollegetuition.Bodyparagraph1C1:Governmentaidstouniversitiesaredecreasing.C2:Universitiesarerecruitingfamousprofessorswithhighsalary.C3:Universitiesareinvestinginnewbuildingsandfacilities.Conclusionparagraph

Consequently,theabovecausesleadtotherisingofcollegetuition.causeeffect因果英語寫作AnEffectEssay-OutlineIntroductoryparagraph:Thesis:Therisingcollegetuitioncausesseveralproblemsforstudents.Bodyparagraph1E1:Studentshavetotakepart-timejobsandthereforecannotfullyconcentrateonstudies.E2:Studentsareinheavydebtsrightaftergraduation.E3:Somestudentsareforcedtodropout.Conclusionparagraph

Therefore,thesefactorsleadtotherisingofcollegetuition.causeeffect因果英語寫作ThetextasanexamplePeerPressure

SinceIattendcollege,Ifeelmoreandmorepeerpressure.WhileIusedtobeatopstudentinseniorhighschool,andwasalwayspraisedbyteachersandenviedbypeers,nowIfindtherearealotoftalentedpeersincollegeandIamtemporarilyandrelativelypoorinacademicperformance.Therefore,IfeelthatIhavechangedfromaherotoazero.

Cause&EffectRelationcauseeffect因果英語寫作Cause&EffectRelation

Topic:peerpressureCause

usedtobeatopstudentinseniorhighschool,praisedbyteachers,enviedbypeers;alotoftalentedpeersincollege,poorinacademicperformanceEffect

fromaherotoazerocauseeffect因果英語寫作Cause&EffectRelationcauseeffect因果英語寫作Topic: MylearningexperienceinjuniormiddleschoolCause

Ihadakindandpatientteacherwhooftenpraisedallofthestudents.Effect

Becauseofthispositivemethod,IeagerlyansweredallthequestionsIcould,neverworryingmuchaboutmakingmistakes.Iwasatthetopofmyclassfortwoyears.Cause&EffectRelationcauseeffect因果英語寫作Cause&EffectRelationcauseeffect因果英語寫作Positiveeffects(influence/impact):improve/benefit/advantage/merit/help/contributeto/dogoodto/helpful/beconduciveto

Negativeeffects:

affect/hinder/prevent/damage/ruin/destroy/doharmto/be

harmfulto/bedetrimentalto

Cause&EffectRelationcauseeffect因果英語寫作Outline1:(Ifwedevelopintheside-by-sidepattern,wehavetokeepalltheeffects,whethernegativeorpositive,atthesameorder,justliketheorganisationbelow.)1.Thecause: Iwentbacktocollegeaftertenyearsofbeingahousewife.2.Negativeeffects:a.Myhusbandfeelsworried;b.Mychildrenhavelesscarefromtheirmotherthanbefore;c.Idonothaveenoughtimetotakecareofthefamily.3.Positiveeffects:a.Myhusbandislearningtolookafterhischildren;b.Mychildrenarelearningtobemoreindependent;c.Iamlearningalotandbecomingmoreintelligent.Cause&EffectRelationcauseeffect因果英語寫作Outline2:(Ifwedevelopthecontrollingideainthepoint-by-pointmethod,wepairthesameobject(person)withbothpositiveandnegativeeffects.)1.Thecause:Iwentbacktocollegeaftertenyearsofbeingahousewife.2.Theeffectsonmyhusband:Myhusbandfeelsworried,butheislearningtolookafterhischildren.3.TheeffectsonmychildrenThoughmychildrenhavelesscarefromtheirmotherthanbefore,theyarelearningtobemoreindependent.4.TheeffectsonmyselfIdonothaveenoughtimetotakecareofthefamily.However,Iamlearningalotandbecomingmoreintelligent.Cause&EffectRelationcauseeffect因果英語寫作TopicSentence--Itshouldtellwhattobediscussedintheparagraph;--Itshouldalsoindicatewhetherthefocusoftheparagraphisonthecauseortheeffect.IfyoustaywithTomforaday,youwillknowwhyheisgainingweight.

(cause)2.AlthoughtheAmericanCivilWarturnedmanybrothersandsistersintoenemies,itsolvedsomebigpoliticalandeconomicproblemsofthecountry.

(effect)3.Alackofessentialvitaminscanresultinseriousillness.

(effect)4.TherearethreereasonswhyIwanttostayinasmalltown.

(cause)causeeffect因果英語寫作Studythefollowinginformation.Intheblankbeforeeachsentence,writeCifitisastatementofCAUSEorEifitisastatementofEFFECT.1.Topic:MusicintheUnitedStates___1)Popularmusicshowedadefinitechangeinthe1950s—amovementawayfromthebigbandsoundthathadappealedtothosegrowingupinthe1920s,1930s,and1940s.___2)TeenagersbecamemoreaffluentandthushadthemoneytobuyrecordsbyperformerslikeElvisPresleyandRayCharles.___3)Theblackpopulationfinallyhadthemoneyinthe1950stosupportthesingersandmusicianstheyhadpreferredforyears.___4)Alargeproportionoftheadultwhitepopulationthathadbeenpoorduringthedepressionbegantorebelagainstthesophisticatedlyricsandsoundsofthebigbandmusicians.___5)Thenewaffluenceofgroupsofpeoplewhohadpreviouslyhadlittlemoneytospendonentertainmentpavedthewayfortheemergenceofgospel,blues,androckmusic.Practicecauseeffect因果英語寫作

effects(results)Thereforesoasaresult,consequentlyaccordinglybecauseofthisThus.henceforthisreasonresultin

causes(reasons)duetobecauseofowingtoasaresultofonaccountofforonthegroundofThroughBecausesinceasonthegroundthatSentenceconnectorscauseeffect因果英語寫作SentenceconnectorsChildrenwatchtoomuchtelevision;

asaresult,consequently,therefore,becauseofthis,hence,theylosecreativity.(cause)(effect)causeeffect因果英語寫作SentenceconnectorsChildrenareSOinterestedintelevisionTHATwatchSOmuchtelevisionTHATwatchSO

manytelevisionprogramsTHATwatchSUCHalotoftelevisionTHATareSUCHavidTVwatchersTHATtheylosecreativity.(cause)(effect)causeeffect因果英語寫作WatchingtoomuchtelevisionToomuchtelevisionisthereasonforisresponsibleforleadstocontributestoresultsincauseslossofcreativeability.(cause)(effect)Sentenceconnectorscauseeffect因果英語寫作SentenceconnectorsChildrenlosecreativeabilitysincebecausebecauseofthefactthattheywatchsomuchtelevision.(effect)(cause)causeeffect因果英語寫作SentenceconnectorsLossofcreativity

resultsfromfollowsfromisduetoisaresultofisaconsequenceofwatchingtoomuchtelevision.toomuchtelevision.(effect)(cause)causeeffect因果英語寫作1.Lotsofcreativeabilityresultsfromwatchingtoomuchtelevision.(therefore)

Childrenwatchtoomuchtelevisiontherefore,theylosecreativeability.(so/such…that)

Childrenwatchsomuchtelevisionthattheylosecreativeability.Practicecauseeffect因果英語寫作2.ToomuchTVcauseschildrentowithdrawfromreal-lifeexperiences.(isaconsequenceof)_______________________________________________(becauseofthefactthat)

_______________________________________________3.Childrendevelopalowtoleranceforthefrustrationoflearning;hencetheyarediscouragedbyanyactivitythatdoesnotgivetheminstantgratification.(so/such…that)_______________________________________________(causesomeoneto)

_______________________________________________Practicecauseeffect因果英語寫作4.Anotherresultoftelevisionviolenceisthatchildrenhavecometoregarditasaneverydaything.(becauseofthis)______________________________________________(so/such…that)______________________________________________5.Becauseofwatchingtoomuchtelevision,childrenexpecteveryproblemtoberesolvedin30or60minutes.(resultfrom)______________________________________________(because)

______________________________________________Practicecauseeffect因果英語寫作6.Childrencannotunderstandstorieswithoutvisualillustrationsbecausetheycannotformpicturesintheirminds.(consequently)_____________________________________________(isdueto)_____________________________________________Practicecauseeffect因果英語寫作Howtowriteaparagraphbycause-effectThetopicsentenceofacause-effectparagraphshouldindicatethefocusoftheparagraph:causesoreffects.Ifthetopicsentencestatesacause,mostprobably,theparagraphwillfocusoneffects;thus,thesupportingsentencesoftheparagrapharetopredicttheeffects.Otherwise,ifthetopicsentencestatesaneffect,mostprobably,theparagraphwillfocusonthecausesoftheeffect;thenthesupportingsentencesoftheparagraphistoexaminethecauses.Theconcludingsentenceusuallysummarizesthecausesexaminedinthedevelopment,orrestatesthetopicsentence,orsuggestswhatmeasuresshouldbetakenbasedonthecausesoreffects,orpredictswhatisgoingtohappeninthefuture,orraisesarelatedquestionaftertheanalysisofthecausesoreffects.causeeffect因果英語寫作

Accordingtoofficialstatistics,morethan10,000peopleinthecountrywerekilledincaraccidentslastyear.Theincreasingrateofcaraccidentscanbeattributedtothreegeneralcauses.Mechanicalproblemsofcars,suchasfaultybrakes,baldtires,andflattires,contributetothehighrateofcaraccidents.Environmentalproblems,suchasblindcorners,narrowstreets,heavyfog,slipperyroadscauseasignificantnumberofdisasters.Sucherrorsofhumanproblemsasexcessivespeedanddrunkendrivingareconsideredthemajorfactorofthefatalaccidents.Ifdrivershadbeencareful,manyneedlessslaughtersincaraccidentscouldhavebeenavoided.Withasubjunctivesentence,theparagraphmakesthesuggestionthatdriversshouldbecareful.Thetopicsentenceindicatesthattheparagraphfocusesonthecauses.causeeffect因果英語寫作GroupdiscussionWhichsentenceisthetopicsentence?Whichisthefocusoftheparagraph,causeoreffect?Whatarethemainideasofthesupportingsentences?Whichpatterndoestheparagraphbelongto?Whatarethesignalwordsexpressingthecause-effectrelationship?causeeffect因果英語寫作

(1)Insomeareasoftheworld,youcanfindmanypeoplelivetocelebratetheir100thbirthday,anditisnotunusualtoseepeopleaged110to140workinthefieldswiththeirgreat-great-grandchildren.(2)Whataccountsforthisabilitytosurvivetosuchanoldage,andtosurvivesowell?(3)Firstofall,hardphysicalworkisawayoflifeforalloftheselonglivedpeople.(4)Theybegintheirlongdaysofphysicallaboraschildrenandneverseemtostop.(5)Second,theygethealthfulrewardsfromtheenvironmentinwhichtheywork.(6)Theyallcomefrommountainousregionsatelevationsof1,660to4,000metersabovesealevel.(7)Theairispollution-freeandhaslessoxygen,whichmakestheheartandbloodvesselsystemstronger.(8)Anotherfactorthatmaycontributetothegoodhealthistheirisolation.(9)Toagreatextent,theyareseparatedfromthepressuresandworriesofindustrialsociety.(10)Inheritedfactorsalsoplaysomerole.(11)Mostofthelongest-livedpeoplehadparentsandgrandparentswhoalsolivedtobeveryold.(12)Finally,althoughthesepeopledon’teatexactlythesamefoods,theirdietsaresimilar.(13)Theyeatlittleanimalmeat,butalotoffreshfruits,vegetables,nuts,grains,cheese,andmilk.Cause1:physicalworkCause2:healthfulenvironmentCause3:isolationfromthesocietyCause4:inheritedfactorsCause5:dietcauseeffect因果英語寫作(1)ArecentcensusreportedthattheAmericanpopulationisrapidlygettingolder.(2)Theagingofthenationwillbringaboutseriouseffects.(3)Themostobviouseffectisperhapsaneconomicone:howwillthecountrybearthecostofcaringfortoomanyoldpeople?(4)Theoldareconsiderablymoreexpensivetomaintain.(5)Theynowlivemainlyathomeandneedmoreservices,andmedicalcostsatpresentarealmosttwicethebillforpeopleunder65.(6)Tosupporttheold,thesocial-securitysystemalreadypaysmorethanitreceives,andwithinamatteroffouryears,itwillnotbeabletohelptheretired.(7)Then,tokeepthesystemgoing,workingAmericanswillsimplyhavetoworkharderandreceivelesspay.(8)Butthereisadanger:theyoungmayrefusetocontributewhentheburdengetstooheavy.(9)Inthatcase,thesystemwillhavetoallowtheelderlytoworkover65.(10)Infact,anumberofmajorfirmshavealreadymodifiedtheirretirementpolicies.(11)However,asmoreandmoreelderlypeoplestayattheirposts,theyoungergenerationwillfinditevenhardertofindjobs.Effect1:takingcareoftheoldcostingmoremoney

Effect2:thesocialsecuritysystemlosingmoney

Effect3:workingAmericansworkingharderbutgettinglesspayEffect4:youngpeoplerefusingtocontribute

Effect5:theelderlybeingallowedtoworkover65Effect6:youngpeoplehavingdifficultiesfindingjobs

causeeffect因果英語寫作RemindersDonotover-simplifycauses/effects.Remembersequenceisnotalwayscausation.Distinguishbetweendirectandindirectcausesandeffectsandbetweenmajorandminorcausesandeffects(organization).Donotomitlinksinachainofcausesandeffects.Beobjectiveandsupporttheanalysiswithsolid,factualevidence.causeeffect因果英語寫作Page44Importantevents(anexample)winningaspeechcontestathighschoolgraduatingfromauniversitygainingthedegreeofmasterworkinginauniversityasanEnglishteachergettingmarriedwithMr.Rightbirthofmychild

Nowyouarerequiredtowriteyourownimportanteventsfor5minutesinyourgroup.causeeffect因果英語寫作Page45a.1.fire

2.losteverythinginfire

3.selfish

4.hardtime

5.newappreciation(理解,領會)causeeffect因果英語寫作Page45b.It’sshocking.c.AlthoughIlostmanythingsinthefire,theexperiencehelpedmetogrowup.causeeffect因果英語寫作Page46Thefirstpassage(TodayIbecameanAustralian)TheattentiongetterTodayIbecameanAustralian.ThemainideaAlthoughIoriginallycameheretostudyforjusttwoyears,somethingterriblehappenedinmyhomeforjusttwoyears.TheguideInordertounderstandmydecision,youmusthearthestoryofmylife.causeeffect因果英語寫作Page46Thesecondpassage(Youhavebeendreamingabout…)TheattentiongetterYou’vebeendreamingabouttakingabigtripforyears,andthetimehasfinallycome.

ThemainideaYouknowwhereyouwanttogo,butthebigquestioniswhetheryoushouldgoonyourownorsignupforagrouptour.TheguideThissimplecomparisonofindependentversusgrouptourtravelmightchangeyourmind.causeeffect因果英語寫作Page471.(anexample)WinningaspeechcontestathighschoolGraduatingfromauniversityGainingthedegreeofmasterNowyouarerequiredtowriteyourownimportanteventsfor3minutesinyourgroup.causeeffect因果英語寫作Page472.IfeltextremelysurprisedandexcitedwhenIwonthespeechcontest.Thiseventtotallychangedmythinkingaboutpublicspeaking.Beforetheevent,IwasasshyasDaphne,afraidofspeakinginpublic.Butaftertheevent,Iwasasbraveasalion,readytoperforminpublic.Nowyouarerequiredtowriteyourownimportanteventsfor5minutesinyourgroup.causeeffect因果英語寫作Page48a.Theattentiongetter:Haveyoueverthoughtthatyouknewsomeoneverywellandthenfoundoutthatyouhardlyknewthatpersonatall.Themainidea:IthoughtIknewhimwelluntilonedaysomethinghappenedthatchangedmyattitudetowardhim.Theguide:LetmeexplainhowIusedtoseemyfather,whathappened,andhowitchanged.causeeffect因果英語寫作Page491.Iwonaspeechcontestathighschool!(theattentiongetter)