狀語從句講義

狀語從句（副詞性從句）定義：狀語從句是在句子中起副詞作用的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。狀語從句種類：時間狀語從句、地點狀語從句、原因狀語從句、目的狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、條件狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、比較狀語從句、方式狀語從句（共9種）時間狀語從句：注意：主將從現(xiàn)引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的連詞:when,whenever,as,while,before,after,till,until,since,assoonas,once1.assoonas=Ondoing一…就…e.g.Assoonasheheardthenews,hejumpedwithjoy.他一聽到這則消息，就高興得跳了起來。=Onhearingthenews,hejumpedwithjoy.2.相當(dāng)于assoonas的詞或短語(1)themoment/theminute/thesecond/theinstante.g.Themomentheheardthenews,hejumpedwithjoy.Theboyburstintotearsthemomenthesawhismother.(2)immediately/directly/instantlye.g.Hejumpedwithjoyinstantlyheheardthenews.IrecognizedherinstantlyIsawher.(3)Hardly…when/Nosooner…thane.g.NosoonerhadIbeguntotalkthanheleft.HardlyhadItoldhimmynamewhenhestoppedlistening.3.充當(dāng)連詞的名詞短語引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句：(1)themoment/theminute/thesecond/theinstant（如上）(2)thefirsttime/thelasttime/thenexttime/everytime/anytime/bythetimee.g.IthoughtherniceandhonestthefirsttimeImether.ThenexttimeyoucometoBeijing,youcanliveinmyhouse.Bythetimehewasfourteenyearsold,hehadlearnedadvancedmathematicsallbyhimself.HewillhavelearnedEnglishforeightyearsbythetimehegraduatesfromtheuniversitynextyear.4.when/while/as用法比較：主句為短暫動作，從句為延續(xù)性動詞的進(jìn)行時態(tài)表示在一段時間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動作，可互換：e.g.When/While/AsIwaswalkingdownthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriendofmine.when(1)當(dāng)……時，引導(dǎo)持續(xù)或瞬間動作e.g.Areyougoingtobeadoctorwhenyouleaveschool?WhenIgotthere,thefilmhadended.(2)beabouttodo/beonthepointofdoing/bedoing/beonone’swayto…whenwhen相當(dāng)于suddenlyatthis/thattimee.g.Iwasdoingmyhomeworkwhenthedoorbellrang.Wewerejustonthepointofcallingyouupwhenyoucamein.Hewasabouttotellmethesecretwhensomeonepattedhimontheshoulder.Iwasonmywaytoschoolwhenatrafficaccidenthappened.(3)表“既然，鑒于，在這種情況下，在這種條件下”e.g.Itwasfoolishofyoutotakeataxiwhenyoucouldeasilywalkthereinfiveminutes.Howcanyouexpectagoodscorewhenyouneverlisteninclass.Whydidyoupostmetheletterwhenweworkinthesameoffice?(4)whenitcomestosth./doing當(dāng)提及、當(dāng)提到……e.g.He'sanexpertwhenitcomestocomputers.Mostofusknowweshouldcutdownonfat,butknowingsuchthingsisn’tmuchhelpwhenitcomestoshoppingandeating.注：when引導(dǎo)名詞性從句和時間狀語從句的差別e.g.Iwilltellyouwhenshewillcome.賓語從句Iwilltellyouwhenshecomes.時間狀語從句while表與……同時發(fā)生,引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句必須用延續(xù)性動詞或tobe表狀態(tài)e.g.Hewassotired.Hefellasleepwhile(hewas)readingthenewspaper.Don’ttalksoloudwhileothersareworking.表趁著e.g.Strikewhiletheironishot.趁熱打鐵。Makehaywhilethesunshines.太陽好，曬干草。表整段時間e.g.Iwillbekindtohimwhileyouareaway.并列連詞，表對比，“而，卻”e.g.HelikespopmusicwhileIamfondoffolkmusic.引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，通常放在句首。e.g.WhileweadmitthattherearestillproblemsaboutNMET,wedon’tmeanthatitisofnouse.as引導(dǎo)持續(xù)或瞬間性動作，側(cè)重主從同時發(fā)生“一邊，一邊”e.g.Hehurriedhome,lookingbehindashewent.Helookedbackfromtimetotimeashewalked.(2)“當(dāng)……時候”e.g.Astheteacherpassedme,Iaskedheraquestion.IsawPeterasIwasgettingoffthebus.(3)“隨著”e.g.Astimepassedby,thingsseemedtogetworse.=Withtimepassingby,thingsseemedtogetworse.引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句e.g.Yongasheis,heknowsalot.引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句e.g.Asweallknow,thecompasswasinventedinChina.引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句e.g.Shewasverysadoverthelossofthecellphone,asitwasagiftfromhermother.引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句e.g.PleasedoasItoldyouto.5.before：表示主句動作先于從句發(fā)生(1)強(qiáng)調(diào)主句所表達(dá)的時間長，“才……”e.g.Itwasfiveyearsbeforehereturnedtohishometown.Itwillbeatleasttenyearsbeforethiskindofmedicineisusedonhumanpatients.Hehadtobecalledtwoorthreetimesbeforehecouldcometohisdinner.(2)強(qiáng)調(diào)主句所表達(dá)的時間短，“……就”e.g.ItwasnotlongbeforeIforgotitall.沒過多久我就全忘了。Itwon’tbelongbeforewemeetagain.過不了多久我們就會再見面的。(3)“還沒來的及……”e.g.Hediedbeforehecouldwriteawill.HerushedoutoftheroombeforeIcouldtellhimthetruth.(4)“免得”e.g.Catchthethiefbeforeheescapes.抓住他，免得跑了。Theydecidedtochasethecowawaybeforeitdidmoredamage.6.since引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的用法:主句用完成時(1)since+非延續(xù)性動詞，表“自……以來”e.g.IhavewrittenhomeoncesinceIcamehere.Shehasbeenworkinginthisfactorysincesheleftschool.Hehasbeenillsincehewasback.since+延續(xù)性動詞或狀態(tài)動詞，e.g.Ihaven’theardfromhimsincehelivedhere.從他不住這起我就沒有他的消息。(3)Itis/hasbeen+時間段+since“從……起有……”注：若從句中是延續(xù)性動詞，則表示時間是從動作或狀態(tài)結(jié)束算起到現(xiàn)在的時間若從句中是瞬間性動詞，則表示時間是從動作開始算起到現(xiàn)在的時間e.g.Itis/hasbeenthreeyearssinceIlivedhere./sinceIsmoked.Itis/hasbeenthreeyearssinceIenjoyedmyselflasttime./sincewemetlasttime.Itisthreeyearssincethewarbrokeout.(4)eversince自那以后e.g.HewenttotheU.S.inthe1950sandlivedthereeversince.Wehavebeenfriendseversincewemetatschool.7.till/until(1)肯定句中常可互換，“直到”主句謂語動詞為延續(xù)性動詞e.g.Youmaystayheretill/untiltherainstops.(2)否定句中，主句謂語動詞為非延續(xù)性動詞e.g.Ididn’tleaveuntilhecameback.注：Notuntil位于句首主句部分倒裝e.g.Notuntilhefailedtheexam,didherealizetheimportanceofstudy.Itwasnotuntil…that不倒裝e.g.Itwasnotuntilhefailedtheexamthatherealizedtheimportanceofstudy.ItwasnotuntilyoutoldmethatIknewtheaccident.(8)once一旦e.g.OnceIknowthis,Iwilltellyou.Onceyoubegin,youmustgoon.（二）地點狀語從句：引導(dǎo)地點狀語從句的連詞：where,wherever,everywheree.g.Weshallgowhereworkingconditionsaredifficult.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.有志者，事竟成。注：（1）要與定語從句中作地點狀語的where和名詞性從句中的連接副詞where區(qū)分開。e.g.AftergraduatingfromcollegehewenttoBeijing,wherehestartedhisowncompany.ThisistheveryroomwhereLuXunwasborn.定語從句Ithinkyouhavegottothepointwhereachangeisneeded.Aschoolbuildingwasputupwherethereusedtobeatheatre.Don’tleavethemedicinewherechildrencanreachit.地點狀語從句Don’tlookdownuponBob.HeisstrongwhereothersareweakYousaythateveryoneshouldbeequal.ThisiswhereIdisagree.Wherehelivesisunknowntous.名詞性從句Theyhavenoideaatallwherehehasgone.Mypapersseemtobeeverywhereexceptwheretheyoughttobe.（2）wherever=to/atanyplacewherewhere特定地點wherever非特定地點e.g.Iwillgowherehewent.我要去他去的地方。Iwillgowhereverhegoes.他去哪里我就去哪里。,（三）原因狀語從句：引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的連詞：because,since,as,for,nowthat,seeingthat,consideringthat,etc.語氣位置意義

because最強(qiáng)前或后“原因”；表客觀因果關(guān)系；回答“why”

as較強(qiáng)前或后“由于”；把眾人所知的事實當(dāng)作理由

since/nowthat較弱前“既然”；就對方陳述的事實作為理由

for最弱后“理由”；對某一事實進(jìn)行推斷的理由

注：上面所說的“前”，指從句在主句之前；“后”，指從句在主句之后。

1.because表示直接原因或理由，表示原因的語氣最強(qiáng)，常表必然的因果關(guān)系，回答why引起的特殊疑問句只用because.e.g.–Whydidyoudothat?--BecauseIlikeit.2.as表示的往往是十分明顯的原因（不談自明），聽者或讀者已經(jīng)知道或能看得出來，語氣較弱（口語化）e.g.Asheisnotwell,Idecidetogowithouthim.3.since表示對方已知曉、無須加以說明的原因或事實，語氣比because弱。e.g.Sinceyouhavefinishedallthework,youcangoouttoplayforawhile.4.nowthat與since同義，更突出事實本身，that可省去e.g.Now(that)youarefreetoday,youmayhavearestathome.5.for不表示直接原因，而是用來解釋推斷根據(jù)，for不能放在句首。e.g.Itmusthaverainedlastnight,forthegroundiswet.比較：Thetrafficoutsideisslow,becausethegroundiswet.6.consideringthat/seeingthat考慮到，鑒于e.g.Consideringthatmyleathershoesarehand-made,thepriceseemsreasonable.Seeingthattheweatherwasbad,wedecidedtocancelthecompetition.（四）目的狀語從句引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的連詞：inorderthat,sothat,that,forfearthat,incase,etc.謂語動詞通常使用情態(tài)動詞can,could,may,might,should,would等。e.g.I’llspeakslowlysothatyoucanunderstandme.BringitcloserinorderthatImayseeitbetter.Takeyourumbrellaincaseitrains/itshouldrain.Theboyhidhimselfbehindthetreeincase/forfearthathisfathershouldfindhim.

注：incase還可以作副詞短語e.g.Idon’tthinkI’llneedanymoney,butI’llbringsomeincase.(以防萬一)incaseof介詞短語e.g.Incaseoffire,ringthealarmbell,please.(表條件“萬一”)Keepanumbrellaincaseofrain.(表目的“以防”)（五）結(jié)果狀語從句引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的連詞so…that,sothat,such…that,that,etc.(結(jié)果狀語：too…to…,enoughto…,so…asto)

1.so&suchso+adj./adv.so+adj.+a/an+c.n.(sin.)somany/few+c.n.(plu.)+that從句somuch/little+u.n.注：Suchlittlewormseatsolittlegrain.such+a/an(+adj.)+c.n.(sin.)such+adj.+c.n.(plu.)+that從句such+adj.+u.n.e.g.Sheissohonestthateverybodytrustsher.Heearnedsolittlemoneythathecouldn’tsupporthisfamily.Itwassohotadaythatwecouldn’tsleep.=Itwassuchahotdaythatwecouldn’tsleep.Itissuchfineweatherthatweallwanttogotothepark.2.so/such…that句型中，so+adj./adv.或such+n.位于句首，主句須部分倒裝e.g.Soterriblewasthestormthatsomeoldhousesweredestroyed.Suchwastheforceoftheexplosionthatallthewindowswerebroken.Sowelldidshedoherhomeworkthattheteacherpraisedher.3.結(jié)果狀語從句so/such…that與定語從句so/such…as的區(qū)別e.g.Itissoheavyabox/suchaheavyboxthatnobodycanliftit.結(jié)果狀語從句Itissoheavyabox/suchaheavyboxasnobodycanlift.定語從句4.sothat引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句和目的狀語從句的差別Iturneduptheradio,sothateveryoneheardthenews.(結(jié)果狀語從句，從句之前常常有逗號)Iturneduptheradiosothateveryonecouldhearthenews.(目的狀語從句，從句前沒有逗號，從句中有情態(tài)動詞)（六）條件狀語從句引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的連詞：if,unless,as(so)longas,incase,onconditionthat,suppose(that)/supposing,provided(that)/providing(that)…etc.e.g.IfitisfinenextSunday,wewill/shallhaveaspringouting.Aslongaswedon’tloseheart,we’llfindawaytoovercomethedifficulty.Don’ttouchanythingunlessyourteachertellsyouto.You’llfailtheexamunlessyoustudyhard.=Youwillfailtheexamifyoudon’tstudyhard.=Youwon’tfailtheexamaslongasyoustudyhard.Suppose/Supposing(that)yourefuseus,whoelsecanweturnto?Incasethereisafire,whatwillyoudofirst?

YoucanhavemybicycleforafewdaysonconditionthatyoureturnitbySunday.Supposeyouhadonemilliondollars,whatwouldyoudo?Idon’tmindTomcomingwithus,provided(that)hepaysforhisownmeals.Incaseanythingimportanthappens,pleasecallme.注：if可引導(dǎo)非真實條件句，unless不可以（七）讓步狀語從句引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的連詞：though,although,while,as,evenif,eventhough,however,whatever,nomatterhow,nomatterwhoetc.1.though&although(1)兩者意思相同，但although比though語氣強(qiáng)，兩者可互換，主句中可以用yet,still,nevertheless與其呼應(yīng)，但不可使用but.e.g.Heisunhappythough/althoughhehasalotofmoney.=Though/Although…still(yet…)Though/AlthoughIbelieveit,yetImustconsider.(2).though可作adv.放在句末，意為“不過，但是”（，though=however）,although無此用法。e.g.Hesaidhewouldcome;hedidn’t,though.I’msufferingfromacold.Nothingserious,though.(3)eventhough盡管(=evenif,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句)，asthough好像(=asif,引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句)是固定短語，不能換成althoughe.g.IamsosillythatIturnedadeafeartomyteacher’sadvice,eventhoughIknewittobevaluable.2.while引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，一般放句首，強(qiáng)調(diào)主句內(nèi)容與從句內(nèi)容相比較。e.g.WhileIadmithisgoodpoints,Icanseehisshortcomings.3.疑問詞+ever可構(gòu)成whatever,however,wherever,whenever,whoever等

它們是what,how,wh