2023年3月六級真題第一套

2023年3月大學(xué)英語六級考試真題（第1套）

PartIWriting(30minutes)

Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaythatbeginswiththesentence

(Peoplearenowincreasinglyawareofthedangerofiappearanceanxiety9orbeing

obsessedwithone'slooks.Youcanmakecomments,citeexamplesoruseyourpersonal

experiencestodevelopyouressay.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200

words.

PartIIListeningComprehension(30minutes)

SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,you

willhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.

Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA)f

B),C),andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasingleline

throughthecentre.

Questions1to4arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.

1.A.Inakitchen.B.Inarestaurant.

C.Inafoodstore.D.Inasupermarket.

2.A.Sheeatsmeatoccasionally.B.Sheenjoyscheeseburgers.

C.Sheisapartialvegetarian.D.Sheisallergictoseafood.

3.A.Changingone'seatinghabit.B.Dealingwithone'scolleagues.

C.Followingthesamedietforyears.D.Keepingawakeatmorningmeetings.

4.A.Theyarebothanimallovers.B.Theyenjoyperfecthealth.

C.Theyonlyeatorganicfood.D.Theyarecuttingbackoncoffee.

Questions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.

5.A.Themanhadanattitudeproblem.

B.Themanmadelittlecontributiontothecompany.

C.Themanpaidattentiontotrivialthings.

D.Themangotapoorevaluationfromhiscolleagues.

6.A.Theymakeunhelpfuldecisionsforsolvingproblems.

B.Theyfavorsomeemployees9suggestionsoverothers9.

C.Theyrejectemployees9reasonableargumentsforworkefficiency.

D.Theyusemanipulativelanguagetomasktheirirrationalchoices.

7.A.Itisamustforrationaljudgment.B.Itismoreimportantnowthanever.

C.Itisagoodqualityintheworkplace.D.Itismoreofasinthanavirtue.

8.A.Smoothingrelationshipsintheworkplace.

B.Makingrationalandproductivedecisions.

C.Preservingtheirpowerandprestige.

D.Focusingonemployees9careergrowth.

SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillheartwopassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeor

fourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouheara

question,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B)fC)andD),

ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.

Questions9to11arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

9.A.Theyshowgeniuswhichdefiesdescription.

B.Theycreateveryhighcommercialvalue.

C.Theyaccomplishfeatsmanyofuscannot.

D.Theybringgreathonortotheircountry.

10.A.Theytrytobepositiverolemodelstochildren.

B.Theyworkinsparetimetoteachchildrensports.

C.Theytakepartinkids9extra-curricularactivities.

D.Theyserveasspokespersonsforluxurygoods.

11.A.Beingsupersportsstarswithoutappearingarrogant.

B.Preventingcertainathletesfromgettingintroublewiththelaw.

C.Keepingathletesawayfromdrugoralcoholproblems.

D.Separatinganathlete'sprofessionallifefromtheirpersonallife.

Questions12to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

12.A.Theyaredreamscomingtruetothebrides.

B.Theyarejoyousandexcitingoccasions.

C.Theyshouldbepaidupbytheattendees.

D.Theyalwayscostmorethanexpected.

13.A.Itwascancelled.B.Itcost$60,000.

C.Ithadeightguestsonly.D.ItwasheldinLasVegas.

14.A.Postponeherwedding.B.Askherfriendsforhelp.

C.Keeptoherbudget.D.Invitemoreguests.

15.A.Shecalleditromantic.B.Sherejecteditflatly.

C.Shesaidshewouldthinkaboutit.D.Shewelcomeditwithopenarms.

SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearthreerecordingsoflecturesortalksfollowedbythreeorfour

questions.Therecordingswillbeplayedonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmust

choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B)fC)andD).Thenmarkthe

correspondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.

Questions16to18arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.

16.A.Itdeterminespeople'smoods.

B.Itcanimpactpeople'swellbeing.

C.Itcaninfluencepeople'spersonalities.

D.Itiscloselyrelatedtopeople'semotions.

17.A.Theymakepeoplemorereproductive.B.Theytendtoproducepositivefeelings.

C.Theyincreasepeople'slifeexpectancy.D.Theymayalterpeople'sgenesgradually.

18.A.TheAmericansareapparentlymoreoutgoingthantheChinese.

B.Peoplesharemanypersonalitytraitsdespitetheirnationalities.

C.Peopleinthesamegeographicalareamaydifferinpersonality.

D.Thelinkbetweentemperatureandpersonalityisfairlyweak.

Questions19to21arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.

19.A.ThenumberofolderAmericanslivingaloneisontherise.

B.Correlationshavebeenfoundbetweenlonelinessandillhealth.

C.Chroniclonelinessdoesharmtoseniorcitizensinparticular.

D.AgrowingnumberofUSseniorsfacetheriskofearlymortality.

20.A.Lonelinessisprobablyreversible.

B.Lonelinessrarelyresultsfromlivingalone.

C.Beingbusyhelpsfightloneliness.

D.Medicationisavailablefortreatingloneliness.

21.A.Livingwithone'schildren.B.Meaningfulsocialcontact.

C.Meetingsocialexpectations.D.Timelymedicalintervention.

Questions22to25arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.

22.A.Shehadasuccessfulcareerinfinance.

B.Shewrotestoriesaboutwomentravelers.

C.ShemaderegulartripstoAsiancountries.

D.Sheinvestedinseveralprivatecompanies.

23.A.Buyaranch.B.Setupatravelagency.

C.Travelroundtheworld.D.Startablog.

24.A.Createsomethinguniquetoentertheindustry.

B.Gainsupportfromtraveladvertisingcompanies.

C.Trytofindafull-timejobinthetravelbusiness.

D.Workhardtoattractattentionfrompublishers.

25.A.Attractingsufficientinvestment.B.Avoidingtoomuchadvertisingearlyon.

C.Creatinganexoticcorporateculture.D.Refrainingfrompromotingsimilarproducts.

PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)

SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordfor

eachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthe

passagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentified

byaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2witha

singlelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.

Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Unthinkableasitmaybe,humanity,everylastperson,couldsomedaybewipedfromthefaceofthe

Earth.We'velearnedtoworryaboutasteroids(小行星)andsupervolcanoes,butthemorelikely26,

accordingtoNickBostrom,aprofessorofphilosophyatOxford,isthatwehumanswilldestroy

ourselves.

ProfessorBostrom,whodirectsOxford'sFutureofHumanityInstitute,hasarguedoverthecourseof

severalpapersthathuman27risksarepoorlyunderstoodand,worsesill,28underestimated

bysociety.Someoftheseexistentialrisksarefairlywellknown,especiallythenaturalones.Butothers

are29orevenexotic.MostworryingtoBostromisthesubsetofexistentialrisksthat30from

humantechnology,asubsetthatheexpectstogrowinnumberandpotencyoverthenextcentury.

Despitehisconcernsabouttherisks31tohumansbytechnologicalprogress,Bostromisno

luddite(科技進(jìn)步反對者).Infact,heisalongtime32oftranshumanism-theefforttoimprove

thehumancondition,andevenhumannatureitself,throughtechnologicalmeans.Inthelongrunhesees

technologyasabridge,abridgewehumansmustcrosswithgreatcare,inordertoreachnewandbetter

modesofbeing.Inhiswork,Bostromusesthetoolsofphilosophyandmathematics,in33

probabilitytheory,totryanddeterminehowweasa34mightachievethissafepassage.What

followsismyconversationwithBostromaboutsomeofthemostinterestingandworryingexistential

risksthathumanitymight35inthedecadesandcenturiestocome,andaboutwhatwecandoto

makesureweoutlastthem.

A.advocateI.particular

B.ariseJ.posed

C.shrewdlyK.scenario

D.encounterL.severely

E.essentialM.emphasized

F.evaporationN.species

G.extinction0.variety

H.obscure

SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Each

statementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfrom

whichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Each

paragraphismarkedwithaletter.Answerthequestionbymarkingthecorrespondingletter

onAnswerSheet2.

SanFranciscoHasBecomeOneHugeMetaphorforEconomicInequalityinAmerica

A)Thefogstillchillsthemorningairandthecablecarsstillclimbhalfwaytothestars.Yetonthe

ground,theBayAreahaschangedgreatlysinceTonyBennettlefthishearthere.SiliconValleyand

thetechindustryhaveledtheregionintoaperiodofunprecedentedwealthandinnovation.But

existingpoliticalandlandlimitshavecausedanalarminghousingcrisisandastronomicalrisein

socialandeconomicdifference.

B)Whiletheresidentsofmostcitiesdisplayprideandsupportfortheirhomeindustries,drasticmarket

distortionsintheSanFranciscoBayAreahavecreatedaboilingresentmentintheregiontowardsthe

techindustry.Avocalminorityisevencallingonofficialstopunishthosewhoarebenefittingfrom

theeconomicandhousingboom.Ifthisboomanditsconsequencesarenotresolved,adrastic

increaseinsocialandeconomicdifferencemayhaveaprofoundimpactontheregionforgenerations.

Ahistoryandanalysisofthistransformationmayholdinvaluableinsightsabouttheopportunities.

PerilsoftechcitiesarecurrentlybeingcultivatedacrosstheUS,andindeedaroundtheworld.

C)Accordingtoarecentstudy,SanFranciscoranksfirstinCaliforniaforeconomicdifference.The

averageincomeofthetop1%ofhouseholdsinthecityaverages$3.6million.Thisis44timesthe

averageincomeofthoseatthebottom,whichstandsat$81,094.Thetop1%oftheSanFrancisco

peninsula'sshareoftotalincomenowextendsto30.8%oftheregion'sincome.Thiswasadramatic

jumpfrom1989,whereitstoodat15.8%.

D)Theregion'seconomyhasbeenfundamentallytransformedbythetechnologyindustryspringing

fromSiliconValley.PoliciespushedbyMayorEdLeeprovidedtaxbreaksfortechcompaniestoset

upshopalongthecity'slong-neglectedMid-Marketarea.ThecityisnowhometoTwitter,Uber,

Airbnb,Pinterest,Dropboxandothers.Inshort,theBayAreahasbecomeaglobalmagnetforthose

withspecializedskills,whichhasinturnhelpedfueleconomicenthusiasm,andthiseconomicgrowth

hasreducedunemploymentto3.4%,anadmirablefeat.

E)Inspiteofallthat,thestrengthofrecentjobgrowth,combinedwithpoliciesthathavetraditionally

limitedhousingdevelopmentinthecityandthroughoutthepeninsula,didnothelpeasethe

affordabilitycrisis.In2015alone,theBayAreaadded64,000injobs.Inthesameyear,only5,000

newhomeswerebuilt.

F)Withtheaveragehouseinthecitycostingover$1.25millionandaverageflatpricesover$1.11

million,theminimumqualifyingincometopurchaseahousehasincreasedto$254,000.Considering

thattheaveragehouseholdincomeinthecitycurrentlystandsataround$80,000,itisnotan

exaggerationtosaythatthedreamofhomeownershipisnowbeyondthegraspofthevastmajority

oftoday'speoplewhorent.

G)Forgenerations,thestabilityandprosperityoftheAmericanmiddleclasshasbeenanchoredbyhome

ownership.Studieshaveconsistentlyshownthatthevalueoflandhasovertakenoverallincome

growth,thusprovidingahugeadvantagetopropertyownersasavehicleofwealthbuilding.When

homepricessoarabovethereachofmosthouseholds,thegapbetweentherichandthepoor

dramaticallyincreases.

H)Ifcontributingfactorsleadingtohousingbecominglessthanaffordablearenotresolvedover

multiplegenerations,asmallelitecontrolavastshareofthecountry'stotalwealth.Theresult?A

societywherethethreatofclasswarfarewouldloomlarge.Asociety'slevelofhappinessistiedless

tomeasuresofquantitativewealthandmoretomeasuresofqualitativewealth.Thismeansthathowa

personjudgestheirsecurityincomparisontotheirneighbors9hasmoreofanimpactontheir

happinessthantheirobjectivestandardofliving.Atthesametime,whenasystemnolongerprovides

opportunitiesforthemajoritytoparticipateinwealthbuilding,itnotonlyrobsthosewhoare

excludedfromopportunities,butalsodeprivesthemoftheirdignity.

I)SanFranciscoandtheBayAreahavelongbeencommittedtovalueswhichembraceinclusionand

rejectionofmainstreamculture.Toseethesevaluescomingapartsopubliclyaddsinsulttoinjuryfor

aregiononcedefinedbyitsprogressivesocialfabric.Inthefaceofresentment,itishumantowant

revenge.Butdeterioratingpoliciessuchasheavilytaxingtechnologycompaniesorrealestate

developersarenotlikelytoshiftthebalance.

J)Thehousingcrisisiscausedbytwoprimaryfactors:thegrowingdesirabilityoftheBayAreaasa

placetoliveduetoitsexcellenteconomy,andourlimitedhousingstock.Althoughthecityis

experiencinganunprecedentedboominnewhousing,moreunitsaresorelyneeded.Protection

policieswereoriginallydesignedtosuppressbaddevelopmentandboosthistoricpreservationinour

urbanareas.Nowtoomanydevelopersareexperiencingexcessivedelays.Meanwhile,therearethe

landlimitationsoftheBayAreatoconsider.Theregionissurroundedbywaterandmountains.Local

governmentsneedtoaiddevelopmentaswell.Thismeansincreasinghousingdensitythroughoutthe

regionandbuildingupwardswhilestreamliningtheapprovalprocess.

K)Realestatealonewillnotsolvetheproblem,ofcourse.Transportation,too,needstobeupdatedand

infrastructureextendedtolinkdistantregionstoSiliconValleyandthecity.Weneedtobuildan

effectivehigh-speedcommutingsystemlinkingthehigh-pricedandcrowedBayAreawiththe

low-pricedandlow-densityCentralValley.Thiswoulddramaticallyreducetraveltimes.Andbased

ontheoperatingspeedsofhoveringtrainsusedincountriessuchasJapanorSpain,high-speedrail

couldshortenthetimetotravelbetweenSanFranciscoandCalifornia^capitol,Sacramento,orfrom

StocktontoSanJose,tounder30minutes.Thissystemwouldbringoncedistantregionswithin

reasonablecommutetoheavyjobcenters.Thecityalsoneedstoupdateexistingtransportationroutes

combinedwithsmarthome-buildingpoliciesthatdramaticallyincreasehousingdensityinareas

surroundinghigh-speedrailstations.Bydoingso,wewillbeabletobuildaffordablehousingwithin

acceptablecommutingdistancesforasignificantbulkoftheworkforce.

L)Ourthreateninghousingcrisisforcesthedifficultquestionofwhattypeofsocietywewouldliketo

be.Willitbeonewhereelitescommandthevastbulkofwealthandregionalcultureisdefinedbya

aggressivebusinessworld?Wewererecentlytreatedtoatasteofthelatter,whenlocaltechemployee

JustinKellerwroteanopenlettertothecitycomplainingabouthavingtoseehomelesspeopleonhis

waytowork.

M)Itdoesn'thavetobethisway.Butsolutionsneedtobeimplementednow,beforeangrycrowdsgrow

fromanuisancetoseriousconcern.Itmaytakelessthanyoumightthink.Andinfact,thesolutions

toourhousingcrisisarealreadyfairlyclear.Weneedtoincreasethedensityofhousingunits.We

needtouseexistingtechnologytoshortentraveltimesandbreakthelandlimits.Thereisawayto

solvecomplexsocialandeconomicproblemswithoutabandoningsocialresponsibility.Thisisthe

BayArea'sopportunitytoprovethatitcaninnovatemorethanjusttechnology.

36.SanFranciscocitygovernmentofferedtaxbenefitstoattracttechcompaniestoestablishoperations

inalessdevelopedarea.

37.Thefastriseinthepricesoflandandhousesincreasestheeconomicinequalityamongpeople.

38.SanFranciscohasbeenfoundtohavethebiggestincomegapinCaliforniabetweentherichandthe

poor.

39.Thehigherrateofemployment,combinedwithlimitedhousingsupply,didnotmakeitanyeasierto

buyahouse.

40.Whenpeoplecomparetheirownlivingstandardwithothers9,ithasagreaterimpactontheirsenseof

contentment.

41.Improvedtransportnetworksconnectingthecitytodistantoutlyingareaswillalsohelpsolvethe

housingcrisis.

42.AverageincomesintheBayAreamakeitvirtuallyimpossibleformosttenantfamiliestobuya

home.

43.Innovativesolutionstosocialandeconomicproblemsshouldbeintroducedbeforeitistoolate.

44.ResidentsoftheSanFranciscoBayAreastronglyresentthetechindustrybecauseoftheeconomic

inequalityithascontributedto.

45.Onewaytodealwiththehousingcrisisisforthegovernmenttosimplifytheapprovalproceduresfor

housingprojects.

SectionC

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsor

unfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA)fB),C)andD).You

shoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2witha

singlelinethroughthecentre.

PassageOne

Questions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Thesuggestionthatpeopleshouldaimfordietarydiversitybytryingtoeatavarietyoffoodshas

beenabasicpublichealthrecommendationfordecadesintheUnitedStateseverywhere.Now,however,

expertsarewarningthataimingforadiversedietmayactuallyleadtojusteatingmorecalories,and,thus,

toobesity.Oneissueisthatpeoplemaynotinterpret"variety“thewaynutritionistsintend.Thisproblem

ishighlightedbynewresearchconductedbytheAmericanHeartAssociation.Researchersreviewedall

theevidencepublishedrelatedtodietarydiversityandsawacorrelationbetweendietarydiversityanda

greaterintakeofbothhealthyandunhealthyfoods.Thishadimplicationsforobesity,asresearchersfound

agreaterprevalenceofobesityamongstpeoplewithagreaterdietarydiversity.

Oneauthorofthenewstudyexplainedthattheirfindingscontradictstandarddietaryadvice,asmost

dietaryguidelinesaroundtheworldincludeastatementofeatingavarietyoffoods.Butthisadvicedoes

notseemtobesupportedbyscience,possiblybecausethereislittleagreementaboutthemeaningof

“dietarydiversity,whichisnotclearlyandconsistentlydefined.Someexpertsmeasuredietarydiversity

bycountingthenumberoffoodgroupseaten,whileotherslookatthedistributionofcaloriesacross

individualfoods,andstillothersmeasurehowdifferentfoodseatenarefromeachother.

Althoughthefindingsofthisnewstudycontradictstandarddietaryadvice,theydonotcomeasa

surprisetoalloftheresearchersinvolved.Dr.Rao,oneofthestudyauthors,notedthatafter20yearsof

experienceinthefieldofobesity,hehasobservedthatpeoplewhohavearegimentedlifestyleanddiet

tendtobethinnerandhealthierthanpeoplewithawidevarietyofconsumption.Thisanecdotalevidence

matchestheconclusionsofthestudy,whichfoundnoevidencethatdietarydiversitypromoteshealthy

bodyweightoroptimaleatingpatterns,andlimitedevidenceshowsthateatingavarietyoffoodsis

actuallyassociatedwithconsumingmorecalories,pooreatingpatternsandweightgain.Further,thereis

someevidencethatagreatervarietyoffoodoptionsinasinglemealmaydelaypeople'sfeelingof

fullnessandactuallyincreasehowmuchtheyeat.

Basedontheirfindings,theresearchersendorseadietconsistingofalimitednumberofhealthy

foodssuchasvegetables,fruits,grains,andpoultry.Theyalsorecommendthatpeoplesimultaneously

endeavortorestrictconsumptionofsweets,sugarandredmeat.Theresearchersstress,however,thattheir

dietaryrecommendationsdonotimplydietarydiversityisneverpositive,andthat,inthepast,diversityin

dietsofwhole,unprocessedfoodmayhaveactuallybeenverybeneficial.

46.Whathasbeenastandardpieceofdietaryadvicefordecades?

A.Peopleshoulddiversifywhattheyeat.

B.Peopleshouldhaveawell-balanceddiet.

C.Peopleshouldcultivateahealthyeatinghabit.

D.Peopleshouldlimitcalorieintaketoavoidobesity.

47.WhatdidthenewresearchbytheAmericanHeartAssociationfind?

A.Unhealthyfoodmakespeoplegainweightmoreeasily.

B.Dietarydiversityispositivelyrelatedtogoodhealth.

C.Peopleseekingdietarydiversitytendtoeatmore.

D.Bigeatersaremorelikelytobecomeoverweight.

48.Whatcouldhelptoexplainthecontradictionbetweenthenewfindingsandthecommonpublichealth

recommendation?

A.Thereislittleconsensusonthedefinitionofdietarydiversity.

B.Themethodsresearchersusetomeasurenutritionvarygreatly.

C.Conventionalwisdomaboutdietisseldomsupportedbyscience.

D.Mostdietaryguidelinesaroundtheworldcontradictoneanother.

49.WhatdidDr.Raofindafter20yearsofresearchonobesity?

A.Thereisnocleardefinitionofoptimaleatingpatterns.

B.Diversifiedfoodintakemaynotcontributetohealth.

C.Eatingpatternsandweightgaingohandinhand.

D.Dietarydiversitypromoteshealthybodyweight.

50.Whatdoesthepassagesayaboutpeoplewhoeatagreatvarietyoffood?

A.Theyaremorelikelytoeatfoodsbeneficialtotheirhealth.

B.Theydon'thaveanyproblemsgettingsufficientnutrition.

C.Theydon'tfeeltheyhavehadenoughuntiltheyovereat.

D.Theytendtoconsumemoresweets,sugarandredmeat.

PassageTwo

Questions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Theabilitytomakeinferencesfromsameanddifferent,oncethoughttobeuniquetohumans,is

viewedasacornerstoneofabstractintelligentthought.Anewstudy,however,hasshownthatwhat

psychologistscallsame-differentdiscriminationispresentincreaturesgenerallyseenasunintelligent:

newbornducklings（小鴨）.

Thestudy,publishedThursdayinScience,challengesourideaofwhatitmeanstohaveabirdbrain,

saidEdwardWasserman,anexperimentalpsychologistattheUniversityofIowawhowrotean

independentreviewofthestudy.

“Infact,birdsareextremelyintelligentandourproblemprettymuchliesinfiguringouthowtoget

themto'talk'tous,ortellushowsmarttheyreallyare,“hesaid.

AntoneMartinhoandAlexKacelnik,co-authorsofthenewpaper,devisedacleverexperimentto

bettertestbirdintelligence.

First,theytook1-day-oldducklingsandexposedthemtoapairofmovingobjects.Thetwoobjects

wereeitherthesameordifferentinshapeorcolor.Thentheyexposedeachducklingtotwoentirelynew

pairsofmovingobjects.

Theresearchersfoundthatabout70percentoftheducklingspreferredtomovetowardthepairof

objectsthathadthesameshapeorcolorrelationshipasthefirstobjectstheysaw.Aducklingthatwasfirst

showntwogreenspheres,inotherwords,wasmorelikelytomovetowardapairofbluespheresthana

mismatchedpairoforangeandpurplespheres.

Ducklingsgothrougharapidlearningprocesscalledimprintingshortlyafterbirth一it'swhatallows

themtoidentifyandfollowtheirmothers.

Thesefindingssuggestthatducklingsuseabstractrelationshipsbetweensensoryinputslikecolor,

shape,soundsandodortorecognizetheirmothers,saidDr.Kacelnik.

Bystudyingimprinting,theauthorsofthisstudyhaveshownforthefirsttimethatananimalcan

learnrelationshipsbetweenconceptswithouttraining,saidJeffreyKatz,anexperimentalpsychologistat

AuburnUniversitywhowasnotinvolvedinthestudy.

Previousstudieshavesuggestedthatotheranimals,includingpigeons,dolphins,honeybeesand

someprimates(靈長類動物),candiscernsamefromdifferent,butonlyafterextensivetraining.

Addingducklingstothelist-particularlyuntrainednewbornducklings——suggeststhattheabilityto

compareabstractconcepts“isfarmorenecessarytoawidervarietyofanimals9survivalthanwe

previouslythought,“DrMartinhosaid.Hebelievestheabilityissocrucialbecauseithelpsanimals

considercontextwhenidentifyingobjectsintheirenvironment.

It'sclearfromthisstudyandotherslikeitthat“animalsprocessandappreciatefarmoreofthe

intricaciesintheirworldthanwe'veeverunderstood,"Dr.Wassermansaid.“Weareinarevolutionary

phaseintermsofourabilitytounderstandthemindsofotheranimals.99

51.Inwhatwaywerehumansthoughttobeunique?

A.Beingcapableofsame-differentdiscrimination.

B.Beingabletodistinguishabstractfromconcrete.

C.Beingamajorsourceofanimalintelligence.

D.Beingthecornerstoneofthecreativeworld.

52.Whatdowel