北京市豐臺區(qū)2023-2024學(xué)年高二上學(xué)期期末考試英語試題（解析版）

高級中學(xué)名校試卷PAGEPAGE1北京市豐臺區(qū)2023-2024學(xué)年高二上學(xué)期期末考試英語試卷筆試(共三部分100分)第一部分知識運用(共兩節(jié)，30分)第一節(jié)(共10小題;每小題1.5分，共15分)閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。MybrotherandIweredrivinghometogetherandbecameabsorbedinaconversation.Becauseofthis___1___,mybrothertookawrongturn.Unfortunately,thewrongturntookustowardsabridgeandwehadnowaytoturnback.Reluctantly(不情愿地),mybrotherpaidthebridgetollanddroveon.Hewasclearlyfrustratedbythemistakeandthe___2___wasteof$4.Weeventuallyreachedanexitslip-wayand,aswetookit,mybrothernoticedacarthatstoppedbytheroadside.Ayoungguywasstandingnearby,lookinganxious.Iwasbusytryingto___3___whichwaywewentnextbutmybrotherpulledoverandaskedtheguyifheneededanyhelp.Andhedid.Hehada(n)___4___tire(輪胎)andneededawrenchtogetitoff.Mybrothergavehimawrench,thenproceededtohelphimchangetheflat.Theyoungmansaidthatthishadbeena(n)___5___weekforhim:earlierhehadgottenintoaminorcaraccident,andnowthisflatonhiswayhomefromwork.Hekeptthankingusbecausehereallywouldhavebeen___6___ifwehadn’tcomealong.Afterwehadfinishedthejob,hepulledout$20togivetous.“No,”Isaid.“Wewerenever___7___toevengetonthatbridge.Wetookawrongturn.Butnowweknowwhywedid.Itwastohelpyou.Thankyouforturningourmistakeintoanopportunityto___8___.”WhatIlovedmostwaswatchingmybrotherthroughoutthisprocess.Hewasabletoseeachancetohelp(whichItotallymissed!)eveninanotherwise___9___situation.Itcanonlycomefromacalmmindanda(n)____10____heart.1.A.distraction B.challenge C.hesitation D.trouble2.A.priceless B.countless C.needless D.useless3.A.debateon B.figureout C.putforward D.dealwith4.A.spare B.missing C.flat D.unusual5.A.exciting B.inspiring C.normal D.bad6.A.stuck B.injured C.lost D.tricked7.A.allowed B.supposed C.recommendedD.chosen8.A.learn B.trade C.serve D.work9.A.complex B.negative C.desperate D.dangerous10.A.brave B.simple C.heavy D.open〖答案〗1.A2.C3.B4.C5.D6.A7.B8.C9.B10.D【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇記敘文。主要講述了作者和哥哥開車拐錯了彎，卻在途中幫助了一個陌生人的故事。【1題詳析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：因為這種分心，我哥哥拐錯了彎。A.distraction分心；B.challenge挑戰(zhàn)；C.hesitation猶豫；D.trouble麻煩。根據(jù)上文中的“MybrotherandIweredrivinghometogetherandbecameabsorbedinaconversation.”可知，作者與開車的哥哥聊天導(dǎo)致拐錯了彎，由此可知，此處指的是“分心”符合語境。故選A項。【2題詳析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：他顯然對這個錯誤和不必要的4美元浪費感到沮喪。A.priceless無價的；B.countless無數(shù)的；C.needless不必要的；D.useless沒用的。根據(jù)語境以及上文中的“Reluctantly(不情愿地),mybrotherpaidthebridgetollanddroveon.”可知，作者與哥哥拐錯彎而付了過橋費，由此可知，此處指“不必要的”符合語境。故選C項。【3題詳析】考查動詞短語詞義辨析。句意：我正忙著弄清楚下一步該走哪條路，但我哥哥把車停在路邊，問那個人是否需要幫助。A.debateon爭辯；B.figureout弄清楚；C.putforward提出；D.dealwith處理。根據(jù)語境和上文中的“Weeventuallyreachedanexitslip-way”與下文中的“whichwaywewentnext”可知，在作者與哥哥開車拐錯彎后到達(dá)一個出口，作者應(yīng)是忙著“弄清楚”該走哪條路。故選B項?！?題詳析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：他的輪胎癟了，需要一個扳手才能把它弄下來。A.spare空閑的；B.missing丟失的；C.flat癟的；D.unusual不尋常的。根據(jù)下文中的“andnowthisflatonhiswayhomefromwork.”可知，此處指的是他的車胎“癟的”符合語境。故選C項。【5題詳析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：這個年輕人說這一周對他來說很糟糕：早些時候他出了一場小車禍，現(xiàn)在又在下班回家的路上輪胎癟了。A.exciting令人激動的；B.inspiring鼓舞人心的；C.normal正常的；D.bad壞的，糟糕的。根據(jù)下文中的“earlierhehadgottenintoaminorcaraccident,andnowthisflatonhiswayhomefromwork.”可知，這個年輕人早些時間出了一場小車禍，現(xiàn)在輪胎又癟了，所以此處指的是“糟糕的”一周。故選D項?！?題詳析】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：他不停地感謝我們，因為如果我們不來，他真的會被困在這里。A.stuck困住；B.injured受傷；C.lost迷失；D.tricked欺騙。根據(jù)上文中的“Hehada(n)_____tire(輪胎)andneededawrenchtogetitoff.”可知，這個年輕人的車胎撒了氣，需要一個扳手把輪胎卸下來，由此可知，此處指的是如果作者他們不來，他會被“困”在這里。故選A項。【7題詳析】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：我們甚至都不應(yīng)該上那座橋。A.allowed允許；B.supposed假定，預(yù)想；C.recommended推薦；D.chosen選擇。根據(jù)上文中的“Becauseofthis_____,mybrothertookawrongturn.”可知，哥哥開車拐錯了彎，由此可推斷，此處指的是不“應(yīng)該”上那座橋，besupposedto意為“應(yīng)該”。故選B項。【8題詳析】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：感謝你們把我們的錯誤變成了為你服務(wù)的機會。A.learn學(xué)習(xí)；B.trade交易；C.serve服務(wù)；D.work工作。根據(jù)上文中的“Wetookawrongturn.Butnowweknowwhywedid.Itwastohelpyou.”可知，作者和哥哥因為轉(zhuǎn)錯彎才上了橋，遇到了這位需要幫助的年輕人，這個錯誤讓他們有機會幫助他人，由此可知，此處指的是“為他人服務(wù)”符合語境。故選C項?！?題詳析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：即使是在消極的情況下。A.complex復(fù)雜的；B.negative負(fù)面的；C.desperate絕望的；D.dangerous危險的。根據(jù)上文中的“Wetookawrongturn.Butnowweknowwhywedid.Itwastohelpyou.Thankyouforturningourmistakeintoanopportunityto_____.””可知，作者與哥哥拐錯了彎，遇到了一個需要幫助的年輕人，哥哥把自己的不利境遇轉(zhuǎn)換成一個幫助他人的機會，由此可知，此處應(yīng)指的是“負(fù)面的”符合語境。故選B項?！?0題詳析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：它只能來自于冷靜的頭腦和開放的心靈。A.brave勇敢的；B.simple簡單的；C.heavy重的；D.open思想開明的。根據(jù)上文中的“Hewasabletoseeachancetohelp(whichItotallymissed!)eveninanotherwise______situation.”可知，作者的哥哥把不利的境遇轉(zhuǎn)換成為幫助他人的機會，結(jié)合空前的“acalmmind”可知，此處應(yīng)為“開放的”符合語境。故選D項。第二節(jié)(共10小題;每小題1.5分，共15分)A閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給〖提示〗詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，在給出〖提示〗詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。Gathertogetheracoupleofgoodfriendsandtakealeisurelywalkthroughthestreets—thisis___11___manyyoungstersinChinaenjoydoingwhentheyvisitanewcity.ThisiscalledCitywalk,anewwayforyoungpeopletointeractwithacityandmakefriends.Thetrendisspreadingfromfirst-tiercitiessuchasBeijingandShanghaitosecondandthird-tiercities,___12___(encourage)moreparticipantstogetinvolved.SomecitieshaveincludedCitywalkintheirplans___13___(promote)culturaltourismandleisuretours.〖答案〗11.what12.encouraging13.topromote【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹的是“城市漫步”成為年輕人探索文化景點的新旅游趨勢?！?1題詳析】考查表語從句。句意：和幾個好朋友聚在一起，在街上悠閑地散步——這是許多中國年輕人到一個新城市時喜歡做的事情。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處為連接詞引導(dǎo)的表語從句，從句中缺少doing的賓語，結(jié)合句意，此處指的是事情，所以使用連接代詞what。故填what。【12題詳析】考查現(xiàn)在分詞。句意：這一趨勢正從北京、上海等一線城市蔓延到二三線城市，鼓勵更多的參與者參與其中。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處為非謂語動詞作狀語，encourage與邏輯主語Thetrend之間為主動關(guān)系，所以此處使用現(xiàn)在分詞形式。故填encouraging。【13題詳析】考查動詞不定式。句意：一些城市已將“城市漫步”納入其促進文化旅游和休閑旅游的計劃中。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處為非謂語動詞作定語，修飾名詞plans應(yīng)使用動詞不定式形式，且表示主動意義。故填topromote。B閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給〖提示〗詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，在給出〖提示〗詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。Overthepastseveraldecades,manydifferentbenefitsofhumor___14___(explore).Fewpeopleknowthathumorplaysanimportantroleinsocialinteractionswithpeers,andultimatelyinschoolsuccess.Schoolentryisthetime___15___parentsfadeintothebackgroundandsocialinteractionwithpeersbecomesincreasinglyimportant.Theuseofhumourthatissociallyacceptableleadstoalowerlikelihoodofbeingbullied,whiletheuseofself-disparaging(自貶的)humourleadstoa___16___(high)likelihoodofbeingbullied.〖答案〗14.exploration15.when16.higher【語篇導(dǎo)讀】這是一篇說明文。主要介紹了在過去的幾十年里，幽默探索帶來了許多不同的好處。【14題詳析】考查名詞。句意：在過去的幾十年里，幽默探索帶來了許多不同的好處。根據(jù)句意以及空前介詞of可知，此處為名詞exploration，構(gòu)成名詞短語humorexploration“幽默探索”，滿足句意要求。故填exploration?！?5題詳析】考查定語從句。句意：入學(xué)是父母逐漸退居幕后的時期，與同齡人的社會交往變得越來越重要。分析句子可知，先行詞thetime在從句中作時間狀語成分，所以用關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)定語從句。故填when?！?6題詳析】考查形容詞比較級。句意：使用被社會接受的幽默會降低被欺負(fù)的可能性，而使用自我貶低的幽默則會增加被欺負(fù)的可能性。根據(jù)句意以及前面alowerlikelihood和連詞while可知，此處為形容詞比較級形式higher“更高的”，和前面的lower形成對比。故填higher。C閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給〖提示〗詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，在給出〖提示〗詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。Gotokindergarten,elementaryschool,highschool,andfinally,college.MostAmericankids___17___(expect)bytheirparentstogetaneducationandhaveagoodlife.ForTaraWestover,theoutlookwasquitedifferent.___18___(raise)inapoorfamilyinIdaho,Tarawasnotallowedtohaveapropereducation.Herfather___19___(keep)heroutofschool,believingawoman’sbestplacewasinthehome.HowdidTarafight___20___therighttogeteducated?FindtheanswerinthebestsellerEducated.〖答案〗17.areexpected18.Raised19.kept20.for【語篇導(dǎo)讀】這是一篇說明文。文章主要講述了大多數(shù)美國孩子都會接受教育，并且父母會為他們安排好上學(xué)的一切。但是對于TaraWestover來說，她并沒有接受教育，因為她的父親認(rèn)為女人最好呆在家里?！?7題詳析】考查時態(tài)和語態(tài)。句意：大多數(shù)美國孩子都被他們的父母期待接受教育，并且有有一個好的教育。分析句子可知，空處在句中為謂語，結(jié)合句中“andhaveagoodlife”可知，空處的時態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時。句子主語“mostAmericankids”為復(fù)數(shù)，與動詞“expect”為動賓關(guān)系，所以語態(tài)為被動語態(tài)，所以空處用areexpected，故填expected?！?8題詳析】考查非謂語動詞。句意：塔拉在愛達(dá)荷州的一個貧困家庭長大，不被允許接受適當(dāng)?shù)慕逃７治鼍渥涌芍?，逗號前的?nèi)容在句中為狀語，句子主語“Tara”與動詞“raise”為動賓關(guān)系，所以空處用過去分詞raised表示被動。處于句首，所以首字母大寫。故填Raised。【19題詳析】考查時態(tài)。句意：她父親不讓她上學(xué)，認(rèn)為女人最好待在家里。分析句子可知，空處在句中為謂語，結(jié)合句中“was”可知，空處的時態(tài)為一般過去時。故填kept?！?0題詳析】考查介詞。句意：塔拉如何爭取受教育的權(quán)利呢？短語：fightfor“爭取……”，為固定搭配。故填for。第二部分閱讀理解(共兩節(jié)，38分)第一節(jié)(共14小題;每小題2分，共28分)閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。ATheUltimateGuidetoSTEMCompetitions&EventsSTEMcompetitionsallowindividualsorstudentteamstosolveaspecificchallengeorproblemthroughscience,technology,engineering,ormathematics.Thefollowingsaredifferenteventsatthistime.CongressionalAppChallengeWhat:Studentsmustcodeandbuildanappbythemselves.Theappsarejudgedindistrict-widecompetitions.Who:Highschoolstudents.When:FromJune15toNovember1,2023.Where:Online.Prize:WinnersreceiveafreetriptodisplaytheirworkintheCapitolBuilding.RegeneronScienceTalentSearchWhat:Entrantsmustconductanoriginalindependentresearchproject.Besidesapplicationletters,recommendationlettersandtranscripts(成績單)arealsoneeded.Who:Anystudentintheirsenioryearofhighschool.When:FromJune1toNovember8,2023.Where:Selectedfinalistswillreceiveanall-expenses-paidtriptoWashingtonD.C.forin-depthjudging.Prize:Over$2millioninawardsaregiven;first-placeprizeis$250,000.THINKChallengesWhat:Thiscompetitionisforhighschoolstudentswhoareintheearlystagesofanoriginalresearchproject,ratherthanbeingfullycompleted.Who:Highschoolstudents.When:2023registrationisclosed;2024detailsaretobedecidedandwilllikelyopeninNovember2023.Where:Online.Prize:Selectedfinalistsareinvitedtoa4-dayall-expenses-paidtriptoMIT’scampustomeetprofessorsintheirfieldofresearch!$1000willbegiven.SourceAmericaDesignChallengeWhat:StudentteamsaretouseSTEMconceptstocreateatotallynewproductthatempowerspeoplewithdisabilities.Who:Highschoolandcollegiate-levelstudents.When:RegistrationforDesignChallenge2022isstilllive!Where:ThefinalstakeplaceinWashingtonD.C.Prize:Grandprizeis$8,000perteamand$6,000totheaffiliatedschool.21.IntheSTEMcompetitions,participantscan________.A.designanappbasedonjudges’choices B.createaninventiontohelpthedisabledC.presentafullycompletedresearchproject D.getrecommendationlettersfromprofessors22.Ifsomeonewantstowinafreetriptoauniversity,theonewilljoinin________.A.THINKChallenges B.CongressionalAppChallengeC.RegeneronScienceTalentSearch D.SourceAmericaDesignChallenge23.Whichisarequirementforalltheapplicants?A.Theymustbeavailableforanoutingtrip. B.Theymustregister2023competitions.C.Theymustbehighschoolseniors. D.Theymustsubmitoriginalworks.〖答案〗21.B22.A23.C【語篇導(dǎo)讀】這是一篇應(yīng)用文。文章主要介紹來STEM(

Science,Technology,Engineering,Mathematics)的四場賽事活動。【21題詳析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“participantscan”，可定位到每個黑體字部分下的“What”的內(nèi)容中。根據(jù)第一個黑體字下“What:Studentsmustcodeandbuildanappbythemselves.（競賽內(nèi)容：學(xué)生必須自己編寫和構(gòu)建一個應(yīng)用程序。）”可知，學(xué)生是自己編寫和構(gòu)建一個應(yīng)用程序，并非根據(jù)評委的選擇，選項A錯誤；根據(jù)第二個黑體字下“What:Entrantsmustconductanoriginalindependentresearchproject.Besidesapplicationletters,recommendationlettersandtranscripts(成績單)arealsoneeded.（競賽內(nèi)容：參賽者必須進行原創(chuàng)的獨立研究項目。除了申請信外，還需要推薦信和成績單。）”可知，參與者需要攜帶推薦信，而不是得到教授的推薦信，選項D錯誤；根據(jù)第三個黑體字下“What:Thiscompetitionisforhighschoolstudentswhoareintheearlystagesofanoriginalresearchproject,ratherthanbeingfullycompleted.（競賽內(nèi)容：該競賽面向初創(chuàng)性研究項目的高中生，而不是完全完成的高中生。）”可知，參賽者的項目為初創(chuàng)性研究項目，并非已經(jīng)完全完成，選項C錯誤；為第四個黑體字下“What:StudentteamsaretouseSTEMconceptstocreateatotallynewproductthatempowerspeoplewithdisabilities.（競賽內(nèi)容：學(xué)生團隊將使用STEM概念創(chuàng)建一個全新的產(chǎn)品，賦予殘疾人權(quán)力。）”可知，參賽者要使用STEM概念創(chuàng)建一個全新的產(chǎn)品，賦予殘疾人權(quán)力，即創(chuàng)建一個能幫助殘疾人的產(chǎn)品，選項B與文意相符，故選B項?！?2題詳析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“THINKChallenges”部分“Prize:Selectedfinalistsareinvitedtoa4-dayall-expenses-paidtriptoMIT’scampustomeetprofessorsintheirfieldofresearch!（獎品：入選的決賽選手將被邀請到麻省理工學(xué)院校園進行為期4天的免費旅行，與他們研究領(lǐng)域的教授會面！）”可知，贏得這項活動的參賽者將會被邀請到麻省理工學(xué)院校園進行為期4天的免費旅行，與他們研究領(lǐng)域的教授會面！所以，要贏得一個免費去大學(xué)的旅行，參賽者可以參加此賽事。故選A項。【23題詳析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干要求可知，題目詢問的所有活動的參賽者要滿足的要求。結(jié)合四項活動中對參賽對象的要求“Who:Highschoolstudents.”“Who:Anystudentintheirsenioryearofhighschool.”“Who:Highschoolstudents.”“Who:Highschoolandcollegiate-levelstudents.”，可知，所有的賽事要求參賽者必須是高中生。故選C項。BA12-year-oldgirlfromMillerMiddleSchoolinSanJosehaswonthetopprizewith$25,000inasciencefair.Herinventionisanewfiredetectionsystemthatcanfasterdetect(探測)theheatsources.It’salsocheaperandmorereliablethansmokedetectors.Inthesummerof2022,arestaurantbehindShanya’shousewasburnedtotheground.Sincethen,Shanya’smotherbecameincreasinglycautiousaboutthestoveinthekitchen.Itwasn’tthattherestaurantdidn’thavesmokedetectors,buttheyrequirethereisasignificantamountofsmokefirst,whichcansometimesmeanafirehasalreadystartedandgottenoutofcontrol.Thisincidentinspiredhertocreateafiredetectionsystemtohelppeoplesufferlesslossfromfires.Oneday,Shanyadiscoveredthatthermalcamerascandetectheatlossinhomesduringwintermonths.Shewonderedifthesecamerascouldalsospothousefiresmorequicklythantraditionalsmokedetectors.Shanyaconnectedanaffordablethermalcameratoatinycomputer.Sheprogrammedhersystemtodifferentiatebetweenpeople—whichwereidentifiedaswarmmovingobjects—andheatsources,suchasaturned-ongasburner,whichwereidentifiedashotobjectsthatremainedstill.Thesystemcansendatextmessagewhenitdetectsafirebutnohumanpresenceforacontinuous10-minuteperiod.Shanyaconductedmultipletrialsatvarioustimesofdayandwithpeopleenteringthecamera’sviewfromdifferentdirections.Intheend,Shanya’ssystemaccuratelydetectedhumanpresence98%ofthetimeandheatsources97%ofthetime.Shanyadeterminedthatthebestplaceforthedetectorwouldbeonthewallabovethestovebutunderthestoverange—thisalloweditssensorstohaveclearaccesstothemostlikelylocationswhereafiremightstartinakitchen.Afterhervictory,the12-year-oldhassaidshewantstorefinethedevicebycombiningitwithasmartphoneapp.Theappwillallowuserstoquicklyswitchovertoacameraafterreceivingatextmessagesotheycanseeifthealertiscorrect.24.WhydidShanyainventthenewfiredetectionsystem?A.Tocompeteinthesciencefair. B.Torelieveheranxietyaboutfire.C.Tohelpreducepeople’sfireloss. D.Tomarketitformassproduction.25.Whenthekitchenisonfire,Shanya’sfiredetectionsystemcan________.A.findoutheatsources B.giveafirealarmC.recordtheburningprocess D.identifydifferentpeople26.Tomakethedetectionsystemmoreaccurate,Shanya________.A.testedallkindsofsensors B.placeditontheceilingC.conductedsomeexperiments D.combineditwithanapp27.Accordingtothepassage,whichcanbestdescribeShanya?A.Outgoingandsmart. B.Helpfulandgenerous.C.Modestanddetermined. D.Creativeandhardworking.〖答案〗24.C25.B26.C27.D【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇新聞報道。主要介紹的是一個12歲的小女孩Shanya發(fā)明的火災(zāi)探測系統(tǒng)在一次科學(xué)展覽中獲得了最高獎。【24題詳析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Thisincidentinspiredhertocreateafiredetectionsystemtohelppeoplesufferlesslossfromfires.(這件事激發(fā)了她的靈感，讓她發(fā)明了一套火災(zāi)探測系統(tǒng)，幫助人們減少火災(zāi)造成的損失。)”可知，她發(fā)明了一套火災(zāi)探測系統(tǒng)以幫助人們減少火災(zāi)造成的損失，由此可知，Shanya發(fā)明火災(zāi)探測系統(tǒng)是為了幫助減少火災(zāi)損失。故選C項?！?5題詳析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段中的“Thesystemcansendatextmessagewhenitdetectsafirebutnohumanpresenceforacontinuous10-minuteperiod.(當(dāng)系統(tǒng)檢測到火災(zāi)，但連續(xù)10分鐘沒有人在場時，它可以發(fā)送一條短信。)”可知，系統(tǒng)探測到火災(zāi)但連續(xù)10分鐘沒人在場便會發(fā)送一條短信，由此可知，系統(tǒng)探測到火災(zāi)后會發(fā)出警示。故選B項?！?6題詳析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段中的“Shanyaconductedmultipletrialsatvarioustimesofdayandwithpeopleenteringthecamera’sviewfromdifferentdirections.Intheend,Shanya’ssystemaccuratelydetectedhumanpresence98%ofthetimeandheatsources97%ofthetime.(Shanya在一天中的不同時間進行了多次試驗，人們從不同的方向進入相機的視野。最后，善雅的系統(tǒng)在98%的時間里準(zhǔn)確地檢測到人的存在，在97%的時間里準(zhǔn)確地檢測到熱源。)”可知，Shanya在一天中不同的時間，不同的方向進行多次試驗，最后她的系統(tǒng)在98%的時間里準(zhǔn)確測到人的存在，在97%的時間里能測到熱源，由此可知，為提高該系統(tǒng)的準(zhǔn)確性，Shanya做了很多實驗。故選C項。【27題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的“Thisincidentinspiredhertocreateafiredetectionsystemtohelppeoplesufferlesslossfromfires.(這件事激發(fā)了她的靈感，讓她發(fā)明了一套火災(zāi)探測系統(tǒng)，幫助人們減少火災(zāi)造成的損失。)”可知，Shanya在事故的激發(fā)下，發(fā)明了一套火災(zāi)探測系統(tǒng)，說明她很有創(chuàng)造力；根據(jù)第五段中的“Shanyaconductedmultipletrialsatvarioustimesofdayandwithpeopleenteringthecamera’sviewfromdifferentdirections.Intheend,Shanya’ssystemaccuratelydetectedhumanpresence98%ofthetimeandheatsources97%ofthetime.(Shanya在一天中的不同時間進行了多次試驗，人們從不同的方向進入相機的視野。最后，善雅的系統(tǒng)在98%的時間里準(zhǔn)確地檢測到人的存在，在97%的時間里準(zhǔn)確地檢測到熱源。)”可知，Shanya在一天中不同的時間，不同的方向進行多次試驗，最后她的系統(tǒng)在98%的時間里準(zhǔn)確測到人的存在，在97%的時間里能測到熱源，由此可知，為提高該系統(tǒng)的準(zhǔn)確性，Shanya做了很多實驗，由此可知她非常地勤奮，綜合以上信息可知，Shanya是一個有創(chuàng)造力且勤奮的人。故選D項。CForsomeitisthesoundofabouncingbasketball.Forotherstheclearingofathroat.ForDr.JaneGregorythelistincludespigeons,tickingclocksandthesoundofpopcornbeingeaten.“IcriedontheplanetheotherdaybecauseIcouldn’tfigureoutthevolumeonmynewheadphonesandsoIcouldn’tblockoutthesoundofaguysniffing,”shesays.Gregoryisamongthosewhoexperiencemisophonia,aphenomenoninwhichparticularsoundscanproveunbearable,triggering(引起)emotionsfromanxietyandpanictoshameandanger.Nowinherbook,SoundsLikeMisophonia,theacademicisonamissiontoexplorewhat’sbehindit,andtohelpthoseaffectedcope.Gregory,aclinicalpsychologistattheUniversityofOxford,suggestsmisophoniaisfarfrombeingasimplesensitivitytosound.Itcanbefedbyacomplexinterplayoffactors,includingalowerabilitytofilteroutcertainnoises,theassociationofnegativemeaningswithparticularsounds,andtheburdenoffeelingsassociatedwithanemotionalresponsetothem.Yet,thephenomenonwaslargelyunknownuntilthe2010s.Inonestudy,researchersaskedpeoplewithhighandlowtraitsofmisophoniatolistenoutfora“trigger”soundinthepresenceofamaskingsound.Bothgroupsdetectedthetriggerjustaseasily.“Thepersonwithmisophoniahadamoreintensereaction,butonlyaftertheyidentifiedwhatthesoundwas,”addsGregory.Thoseresults,shesays,suggestthatpeoplewithmisophoniaarenotinherentlybetteratdetectingparticularsounds,suchasasnifforarustle—rathertheymightbelisteningoutforthemmore,ornotbeasgoodasothersattuningthemout.Thisisatrait,Gregoryspeculates,thatmighthaveofferedourancestorsanevolutionaryadvantage,suchashelpingthemtodetecthidingpredators.Anotherimplicationoftheresearch,Gregorysays,isthatitisnotjusttheauditoryfeaturesofthesoundsthatcausenegativereactionsbutthemeaningattachedtothem.Anexamplewouldbeareactiontothejinglingofadog’scollarafterbeingfrightenedbyanaggressivedog.Gregoryhopesherbookwillsupportthosetoooftentoldtoignoresounds.Shesays:“Theemotionalreactionismuchmorecomplexthanjustbeingannoyed...Theyfeeltrappedandhelplesswhentheyencounterthesesounds.Ifyouthinkit’snothing,thenyou’renotexperiencingwhatthispersonisexperiencing.”28.Misophoniaisaphenomenonwhere________.A.peoplefailtorecognizeparticularsounds B.specificsoundscausenegativeemotionsC.differentfeelingsaremixeduptogether D.peoplelosecontroloftheiremotions29.Whichofthefollowingmightbethecauseofmisophonia?A.Triggersoundsofsimilarorigins. B.Disabilitytoignorecertainsounds.C.Understandingofparticularsounds. D.Inbornabilitytotellcertainsounds.30.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Todetectcertainsoundsisasolutiontomisophonia.B.Peoplewithmisophoniaarewellunderstoodbyothers.C.Peoplecanbenefitfrommisophoniainsomesituations.D.Objectsrelatedtosoundsmaytriggernegativereactions.〖答案〗28.B29.B30.D【語篇導(dǎo)讀】這是一篇說明文。主要介紹了恐音癥患者以及探索這一現(xiàn)象背后的原因?！?8題詳析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“Gregoryisamongthosewhoexperiencemisophonia,aphenomenoninwhichparticularsoundscanproveunbearable,triggering(引起)emotionsfromanxietyandpanictoshameandanger.”（格雷戈里就是恐音癥患者之一。恐音癥患者無法忍受特定的聲音，從而引發(fā)焦慮、恐慌、羞愧和憤怒等情緒。）可知，恐音癥是一種特定的聲音會引起負(fù)面情緒的現(xiàn)象。故選B項。【29題詳析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“Thoseresults,shesays,suggestthatpeoplewithmisophoniaarenotinherentlybetteratdetectingparticularsounds,suchasasnifforarustle—rathertheymightbelisteningoutforthemmore,ornotbeasgoodasothersattuningthemout.”（她說，這些結(jié)果表明，患有恐音癥的人并不是天生就更擅長探測特定的聲音，比如嗅嗅聲或沙沙聲——相反，他們可能會更多地傾聽這些聲音，或者不像其他人那樣善于忽略這些聲音。）可知，無法忽略某些聲音能是恐音癥的原因。故選B項?！?0題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中“Anotherimplicationoftheresearch,Gregorysays,isthatitisnotjusttheauditoryfeaturesofthesoundsthatcausenegativereactionsbutthemeaningattachedtothem.Anexamplewouldbeareactiontothejinglingofadog’scollarafterbeingfrightenedbyanaggressivedog.”（格雷戈里說，這項研究的另一個含義是，引起負(fù)面反應(yīng)的不僅僅是聲音的聽覺特征，還有附加在這些聲音上的含義。一個例子是，在被一只好斗的狗嚇到后，人們對狗項圈發(fā)出的丁當(dāng)聲做出反應(yīng)。）可推知，我們能從文章中了解到與聲音有關(guān)的物體可能會引發(fā)負(fù)面反應(yīng)。故選D項。DTheneedforclarityextendsbeyondhowwecommunicatesciencetohowweevaluateit.Whocanreallydefinestockphrasessuchas‘a(chǎn)significantcontributiontoresearch’?Orunderstandwhat‘highimpact’or‘world-class’mean?Scientistsdemandthatinstitutionsshouldbeclearabouttheircriteriaandconsiderallscholarlyoutputs—preprints,code,data,peerreview,teaching,mentoringandsoon.Myviewaboutthepracticesinresearchassessmentisthatmostassessmentguidelinespermitslidingstandards:insteadofclearlydefinedterms,theygiveusfeel-goodslogansthatlackanyfixedmeaning.Facingtheproblemwillgetusmuchofthewaytowardsasolution.Broadlanguageincreasesroomformisunderstanding.‘Highimpact’canbecodeforwhereresearchispublished.Oritcanmeantheeffectthatresearchhashadonitsfield,oronsocietylocallyorglobally—oftenverydifferentthings.Yetconfusionistheleastoftheproblems.Wordssuchas‘world-class’and‘excellent’allowassessorstovarycomparisonsdependingonwhoseworktheyareassessing.Academia(學(xué)術(shù)界)cannotbeafairandreasonablesystemifstandardschangedependingonwhomweareevaluating.Unconsciousbias(偏見)associatedwithfactorssuchasaresearcher’sgender,ethnicoriginandsocialbackgroundhelpstheacademicinjusticecontinue.Itwasonlywithdouble-blindreviewofresearchproposalsthatwomenfinallygotfairaccesstotheHubbleSpaceTelescope.Manystrategiesexisttoimprovefairnessinacademia,butconceptualclarityisparamount.Beingclearabouthowspecificqualitiesarevaluedleadsassessorstothinkcriticallyaboutwhetherthosequalitiesaretrulybeingconsidered.Achievingthatconceptualclarityrequiresdiscussionwithfaculties,staffandstudents:hoursandhoursofit.TheUniversityMedicalCenterUtrechtintheNetherlands,forexample,heldaseriesofconversations,eachinvolving20-60researchers,andthenspentanotheryearrevisingitsresearchassessmentpoliciestorecognizesocialimpacts.Frankconversationsaboutwhatisvaluedinaparticularcontext,orataspecificinstitution,areanessentialfirststepindevelopingconcreterecommendations.Althoughambiguous(模棱兩可的)terms,forinstance‘world-class’and‘significant’,areabarrierwhenperformingassessments,universityadministratorshavesaidthattheyrelyonflexiblelanguagetomakeroomtorewardavarietyofcontributions.Soitmakessensethatmorespecificlanguageinreviewandpromotionmustbeabletoaccommodatevariedoutputs,outcomesandimpactsofscholarlywork.Settingspecificstandardswillbetough.Itwillbeinvitingtofallbackonthemisleadingstandardssuchasimpactfactors,oronambiguoustermsthatcanbeagreedtobyeveryonebutappliedwiselybynoone.Itistooearlytoknowwhatthosestandardswillbeorhowmuchtheywillvary,buttherightdiscussionsarestartingtohappen.Theymustcontinue.31.Regardingthecurrentpracticesinresearchassessment,theauthoris________.A.supportive B.puzzledC.unconcerned D.disapproving32.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.Biasonassessorscancauseinequality. B.Frankconversationsharmscholarlywork.C.Specificqualitiesneedtobeclearlystated. D.Broadlanguageensuresacademicfairness.33.Whatdoestheword“paramount”underlinedinPara.4mostprobablymean?A.primary. B.recognized.C.optional. D.accomplished.34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.Fixresearchassessment.Changeslogansforclearstandards.B.Fixresearchassessment.Changeevaluationsforconversations.C.Defineresearchassessment.Changesimplicityforspecification.D.Defineresearchassessment.Changebroadlanguageforflexibleone.〖答案〗31.D32.A33.A34.A【語篇導(dǎo)讀】這是一篇議論文。這篇文章討論了科研評估中存在的概念不清的問題，并提出了需要明確標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和提高公正性的觀點。作者認(rèn)為目前的評估準(zhǔn)則通常允許標(biāo)準(zhǔn)滑動，使用模棱兩可的口號代替明確的術(shù)語。廣泛的語言增加了誤解的空間，并導(dǎo)致評估中的主觀因素和偏見。為了改善學(xué)術(shù)界的公正性，需要進行概念上的明確，并與教職員工和學(xué)生進行廣泛的討論。文章強調(diào)了制定具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的困難，但認(rèn)為必須繼續(xù)進行正確的討論?！?1題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Myviewaboutthepracticesinresearchassessmentisthatmostassessmentguidelinespermitslidingstandards:insteadofclearlydefinedterms,theygiveusfeel-goodslogansthatlackanyfixedmeaning.Facingtheproblemwillgetusmuchofthewaytowardsasolution.”（我對研究評估實踐的看法是，大多數(shù)評估指南允許滑動標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：它們給我們的是缺乏任何固定含義的自我感覺良好的口號，而不是明確定義的術(shù)語。面對這個問題會讓我們在很大程度上找到解決辦法。）可推知，對于目前的研究評估實踐，作者是不贊成的。故選D項?！?2題詳析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“Academia(學(xué)術(shù)界)cannotbeafairandreasonablesystemifstandardschangedependingonwhomweareevaluating.Unconsciousbias(偏見)associatedwithfactorssuchasaresearcher’sgender,ethnicoriginandsocialbackgroundhelpstheacademicinjusticecontinue.”（如果標(biāo)準(zhǔn)因我們評估的對象而改變，那么學(xué)術(shù)界就不可能是一個公平合理的體系。與研究者的性別、種族和社會背景等因素相關(guān)的無意識偏見有助于學(xué)術(shù)不公正的持續(xù)。）可知，對評估人員的偏見會導(dǎo)致不平等。故選A項。【33題詳析】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第四段中“Beingclearabouthowspecificqualitiesarevaluedleadsassessorstothinkcriticallyaboutwhetherthosequalitiesaretrulybeingconsidered.Achievingthatconceptualclarityrequiresdiscussionwithfaculties,staffandstudents:hoursandhoursofit.”（明確具體的品質(zhì)是如何被評估的，會讓評估者批判性地思考這些品質(zhì)是否真的被考慮在內(nèi)。要實現(xiàn)概念上的清晰，需要與教師、教職員工和學(xué)生們進行長時間的討論。）由此可知，此處為有許多策略可以提高學(xué)術(shù)界的公平性，但概念的清晰是最重要的。故可猜測劃線單詞paramount為“主要的”意思，結(jié)合選項A項primary“主要的”，意思一致。故選A項?！?4題詳析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章大意以及第二段“Myviewaboutthepracticesinresearchassessmentisthatmostassessmentguidelinespermitslidingstandards:insteadofclearlydefinedterms,theygiveusfeel-goodslogansthatlackanyfixedmeaning.Facingtheproblemwillgetusmuchofthewaytowardsasolution.”（我對研究評估實踐的看法是，大多數(shù)評估指南允許滑動標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：它們給我們的是缺乏任何固定含義的自我感覺良好的口號，而不是明確定義的術(shù)語。面對這個問題會讓我們在很大程度上找到解決辦法。）和最后一段中“Itistooearlytoknowwhatthosestandardswillbeorhowmuchtheywillvary,buttherightdiscussionsarestartingtohappen.Theymustcontinue.”（現(xiàn)在要知道這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將是什么，或者它們會有多大的變化還為時過早，但正確的討論正在開始進行。它們必須繼續(xù)下去。）可知，文章主要討論了科研評估中