L2-研究生論文英語基礎(chǔ)必備

Lecture2AbstractOutlineofLecture22.1Example

2.2Theformatofabstract2.3SeveralStylesofabstract2.4摘要的格式化句型Summary/ReviewExercisesExample1陳愉瑜.外向直接投資與中國(guó)外貿(mào)演化：機(jī)理與實(shí)證.浙江大學(xué)博士論文，2012Example2王詩清.

資訊服務(wù)業(yè)拓展國(guó)際市場(chǎng)營(yíng)運(yùn)策略.國(guó)立臺(tái)北大學(xué)博士論文，2010【摘要】服務(wù)業(yè)已是當(dāng)代各國(guó)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的重要產(chǎn)業(yè)，其中資訊服務(wù)業(yè)在企業(yè)資訊應(yīng)用上扮演著重要的角色，而觀察臺(tái)灣當(dāng)前資訊服務(wù)業(yè)在內(nèi)需市場(chǎng)飽和及全球競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境下，拓展國(guó)際市場(chǎng)是重要的發(fā)展方向，企業(yè)須有完善的規(guī)劃與營(yíng)運(yùn)能力，以因應(yīng)高複雜的國(guó)際化營(yíng)運(yùn)問題。雖然，我國(guó)業(yè)者具有華文與成熟應(yīng)用等優(yōu)勢(shì)，但在國(guó)際化經(jīng)驗(yàn)與拓展規(guī)劃上迫切需要提升，而根據(jù)產(chǎn)業(yè)或文獻(xiàn)觀察，目前仍未有一套適當(dāng)?shù)膰?guó)際化營(yíng)運(yùn)參考模式。因此，本研究在文獻(xiàn)基礎(chǔ)上，藉產(chǎn)業(yè)代表案例觀察與歸納及應(yīng)用模糊德爾菲法與模糊層級(jí)分析法等研究方法，研究提出由6大營(yíng)運(yùn)要素和其13項(xiàng)因素所組成的國(guó)際化營(yíng)運(yùn)參考架構(gòu)。在實(shí)際的拓展步驟上，也透過專家共識(shí)提出6大要素於不同階段執(zhí)行重點(diǎn)的拓展步驟參考架構(gòu)，以作為實(shí)務(wù)營(yíng)運(yùn)之參考。最後，為評(píng)估代表個(gè)案群之營(yíng)運(yùn)效益，本研究提出6項(xiàng)評(píng)估各營(yíng)運(yùn)要素之關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)，並由VIKOR方法評(píng)比出標(biāo)竿案例，藉以深入分析其營(yíng)運(yùn)特色與建議。本研究所提出之營(yíng)運(yùn)策略參考模式，涵蓋了營(yíng)運(yùn)架構(gòu)、步驟、效益評(píng)估及案例分析等的重要營(yíng)運(yùn)內(nèi)涵，希冀對(duì)資訊服務(wù)業(yè)拓展國(guó)際化市場(chǎng)有參考價(jià)值與助益。2.2TheformatofabstractAbstractshaveafairlystandardform.Whatwasdone?/describethequestionWhywasitdone?Background/importanceHowwasitdone?methodWhatwasfound?Theresult/conclusionWhatisthesignificanceofthefindings?2.3SeveralStylesofabstract：

Style1期刊論文摘要TitleAuthor(s),addressObjectives,purpose,hypothesesMethods,materials,proceduresResults,data,observations,discussionConclusions

ExampleDOESALUMINUMENTERTHELIQUIDOONTAINEDINPOPCANSANDALUMINUMCOOKWARE?Thisinvestigationwasperformedtoseeifthealuminuminpopcans(易拉罐)andaluminumcookwareenterstheliquidtheycontain[Objective].Itwashypothesizedthataluminumdoesentertheliquidsinaluminumcansandcookware[hypotheses].Thisexperimentwasperformedbytestingsevendifferenttypesofcarbonatedbeveragesandwaterboiledinaluminumcookwareforthreehours.Everyhourasamplewasremovedfortesting.Thecookwareconsistedofanewandoldaluminumpot.Thecolorimetricmethodwasusedtodeterminetheconcentrationofaluminum[MethodsandMaterials

].Theresultsshowedthataluminumwaspresentincarbonatedbeveragesandinthewaterboiledinthecookware[Results]

.Itwasconcludedthataluminumexistedincarbonatedbeveragesandsubstancescookedinaluminumcookware,andthattheconcentrationofaluminumincreasedwithtime[Conclusion].(126words)2.3SeveralStylesofabstract：Style2學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議論文摘要〔ConferencePaper〕學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議論文摘要寫得好壞，直接關(guān)系到論文是否被錄用。摘要起到說服會(huì)議論文評(píng)審委員會(huì)的作用。因此，摘要應(yīng)該首先簡(jiǎn)要說明研究背景、內(nèi)容、范圍、價(jià)值與意義。在研究方法上也可以多花一點(diǎn)筆墨。

Background,previousstudies,presentsituation,problemsthatneedtobesolvedObjectivesofthisstudy,hypothesisMethods,materials,proceduresResults,data,observations,discussionConclusions2.3SeveralStylesofabstract：Style3學(xué)位論文摘要〔Dissertation〕Background,problemsthatneedtobesolved,rationaleforthepresentStudyObjectivesandscopeofthisstudyOutlinethemaincontentsandresultsConclusionsExample：企業(yè)家國(guó)際經(jīng)歷對(duì)企業(yè)國(guó)際化影響機(jī)制研究2.3SeveralStylesofabstract：Otherstylesbackgroundandimportancefocused

ContentfocusedThestructuredabstract

backgroundandimportancefocused

WhileinternationalexpansionhasbecomeanimportantstrategicimperativeonthepartofknowledgeintensiveservicefirmssuchasU.S.businessschools,littleempiricalsupportisavailableonhowthesebusinessschoolsenterforeignmarkets.IfU.S.basedbusinesseducationprogramsareexpectedtoprosperinlightofthepotentialonslaughtofinternationalcompetition,expansiontooverseasmarketswillbeoneofthemostsoughtafteroptionsavailable.Apoorchoiceinmarketentrystrategy,orthelackofinternationalmarketentry,canresultinanegativeimpactontheeducationalinstitution.Thisresearchfocusesondeveloping,measuring,andempiricallytestingaframeworkofkeyfactorsinfluencinginternationalmarketentrymodechoiceofU.S.businessschoolsbyusingprimarydatafromfacultyandadministratorsofU.S.MasterofBusinessAdministration(MBA)schools.Contentfocused直入主題型ThepaperpresentstheresultsofanewsurveyontheinternationalactivitiesofNorwegianenterprisesintheserviceindustries.Thesurveyfocusesonthreemaininternationalizationchannels:internationalsales,internationalcooperationandR&Doutsourcing.Theempiricalanalysisstudiestherelevanceofthesechannels,andinvestigatestherelatedstrategies,objectivesanddeterminants.Internationalsalesandcollaborationsemergeasthetwomostrelevantchannels,whereasthescopeforR&Doutsourcingseemstobefarmorelimited.Theanalysisofthedeterminantsofinternationalactivitiesleadstothreemainresults:(1)theinnovativecapabilityoffirmsmattersfortheirinternationalperformance;(2)thevariousinternationalizationchannelsseemtobecomplement,ratherthansubstitute,strategiestocompeteinforeignmarkets;and(3)sectoralspecificitiesgreatlyaffectfirms'internationalizationstrategiesandperformance.FulvioCastellacci.Theinternationalizationoffirmsintheserviceindustries:Channels,determinantsandsectoralpatterns.TechnologicalForecasting&SocialChange77(2010)500–513ThestructuredabstractPurpose–Thetwoaimsofthispaperaretoexplorethedevelopmentoftrustforrelationshipsbetweenstaffandcustomersinthebankingsectorandtoinvestigatepossiblelinksbetweenfinancialperformanceofrelationshipmanagerandtheirlevelsofemotionalintelligence(EI)andtrust.Design/methodology/approach–Aninternetsurveywasundertaken,whererespondentswereaskedtocompleteanEItestandquestionsrelatingtotrustingbehaviour.Thesedatawereintegratedwithfinancialperformancedatasuppliedbythebank.Exploratoryandconfirmatoryfactoranalysisandcorrelationanalysiswasusedtoidentifylinks.Findings–Trustwasfoundtobemadeupofthreecomponents:dependability;knowledge;andexpectations.Further,thereweresignificantcorrelationsbetweenbothtrustandEI,whencomparedtothefinancialperformanceofarelationshipmanager.Researchlimitations/implications–Themethodsusedbythebanktocollectperformancedatahavelimitedtheanalysisthatcouldbeconducted.Practicalimplications–Increasedawarenessbytherelationshipmanagersoftheirownemotions,andhowtheyperceiveandactupontheemotionsofothers,shouldfavourablyimpactfinancialperformance.Originality/value–ThispaperisanimportantinitialstepinhighlightingthesignificanceofEIandtrustintherelationshipmarketing/sellingarena摘要的格式化句型主要句型結(jié)構(gòu)如下：Thisinvestigationwasperformedtosee表示研究目的Itwashypothesizedthat表示假設(shè)Thisexperimentwasperformedbytesting表示實(shí)驗(yàn)過程和方法Thecolorimetricmethodwasusedtodetermine表示測(cè)量方法Theresultsshowedthat表示實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果Itwasconcludedthat表示結(jié)論其他句型：Thisstudyinvestigates…表示研究?jī)?nèi)容或目的Researchersdesignedaquestionnaire…表示研究方法Thisquestionnairewasadministeredto…表示研究對(duì)象Thedietarydatasuggeststhat…表示調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)與結(jié)果Apossibleassociationhasbeensuggested…表示調(diào)查結(jié)果BriefreviewHowever,whatyouchoosetoincludeinanabstractdependsonyourinterpretationofthepaper’simportantorinterestingfeaturesanditscontributionorwhatdistinguishesitfromotherpapers.Inessence,abstractsinformthereaderofsixbitsofinformationaboutthepieceofwritingbeingsummarizedinadissertation:Briefreview

Con.

Theabstractofadissertationbackgroundpurpose/objective&scopeofthisstudyWhatistheauthor'sreasonforwriting?Whatistheauthor'smainidea?Whatistheauthor'sfocusinthispiece?methodWhatkindsofevidencedoestheauthorprovide?Howdoestheauthortrytoconvincethereaderofthevalidityofhis/hermainidea?resultsWhataretheconsequencesoftheproblemorissuethattheauthorisdiscussing?recommendations/implicationWhatsolutionsdoestheauthorpresenttothereadertoresolvetheproblemofissueinthepiece?Doestheauthorrecommendactionorchangeinhis/herpiece?conclusionsDoestheauthordescribea'causeandeffect'relationshiporexplaintheoriginsofthisissueorproblem?Whatconclusionsdoestheauthordrawfromhis/herstudyoftheissueorproblem?Exercise1ThispaperexaminestheforeignmarketentrystrategiesusedbyIndianpharmaceuticalstoentertheUnitedStates.WeuseDunning’seclectictheoryanditsextensionstodevelopanunderstandingofhowfirm-specificandlocation-specificadvantagesarecombinedtoexploit(e.g.,salesintheUS)andaugment(e.g.,accesstoR&D)assetsbyIndianpharmaceuticals.TwopharmaceuticalswithsignificantmarketpresenceintheUnitedStatesareusedascases:RanbaxyandDr.Reddy’s(DRL).OurfindingssuggestthatIndianpharma