2018年上海高考春季英語真題試卷及答案

絕密★啟用前2018年1月上海普通高等招生統(tǒng)一考試英語試卷（滿分150分，考試時間120分鐘）考生注意：答題前,務(wù)必在答題紙上填寫準(zhǔn)考證號和姓名,并將核對后的條形碼貼在指定位置上,在答題紙反而清楚地填寫姓名。1.ListeningprehensionDirections：InSectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeaks.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandaquestionaboutit,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.1.A.Herworkingalldaylong. B.Thefamilyreunion. C.Theannoyinghousework.D.Theintenseschedule.2.A.Thekidswerefrightenedbythemovie.B.Thekidsenjoyedthemovie.C.Themovieisnotsuitableforkidstosee.D.Themovieisquiteboring.3.A.Sheisdrinkingteaatatable.B.Sheisinterestedinreadingmagazines.C.Shelikesthepicturesinthemagazines.D.Shedoesn’tknowanyChinese.4.A.Supermarket.B.Drugstore.C.Barbershop.D.Shoppingcenter.5.A.Helikescookingfoodhimself.B.Hethinksfrozenfoodishealthier.C.Heacceptsthewoman’sinvitation.D.Hepreferstobuyfrozenfood.6.A.Afulltimestudent.B.Anexchangestudent.C.Avisitingscholar.D.Aparttimestudent.7.A.Sheisbossy.B.Sheisshy.C.Sheisarrogant(傲慢的).D.Sheistrustworthy.8.A.He’sateacher.B.He’sawriter.C.He'sabusinessman.D.He’sajournalist.9.A.1hour.B.2hours.C.3hours. D.4hours.10.A.Thebadweatherstoppedhim.B.Hisshoeswerewornout.C.Hedidn’tlikethebikingtrip.D.He’stootiredtocontinue.SectionBDirections:InSectionB,youwillheartwoshortpassagesandonelongerconversation.Aftereachpassageorconversation,youwillbeaskedseveralquestion.Thepassagesandconversationwillbereadtwice,butthequestionwillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.Question11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.11.A.Theybecamemoreactiveinwater.B.Symptomsofdepressiondisappeared.C.Theirdigestiondeveloped. D.Theysufferedfromdepression.12.A.Neonlights.B.Kindlescreens.C.Overweight. D.Closedwindowcurtains.13.A.Turnoffalltheelectronicdevices.B.Readabookanddrinksomewater.C.Takesomesleeppills.D.Goonadietandlosesomeweight.Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.14.A.71%ofthepoorliveadaywithlessthantendollars.B.Thepopulationofpeopleliveinpovertyhasdecreasedinthepastdecade.C.Economicgrowthhasmadeglobalpovertyworsethanbefore.D.Themiddleclassarenowonestepawayfrompoverty.15.A.Themiddleclasshasexpandedinthe111countries.B.Thenumberofmiddleclasshasincreasedbutitisnotaglobalphenomenon.C.Greatprogresshasbeenmadeforthepeopleinpovertywithimpressiveresults.D.Oncegettingoutofpoverty,thosepeoplewillliveabetterlife.16.A.Themiddleclasswouldnotallowthosepoortomakeabetterliving.B.Whateverprogressismade,nothingwillbechanged. C.Goodchangesaretootinytomakethosepoorliveatotallydifferentlife.D.Developedcountriessufferfromthequestionfrombothpovertyandthemiddleclass.Questions17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.17.A.Athunderstormaccident.B.Acableemergency.C.AnappointmentonSaturday.D.Aputersystembreakdown.18.A.Lightning.B.Powerfailure.C.Cablecut.D.Systemfailure.19.A.PlugtheTVoff.B.Keepthecableconnected.C.Stayathome.D.Callthecablecenterforsure.20.A.OnSaturdaymorning.B.OnSaturdayafternoon.C.OnTuesdaymorning.D.OnTuesdayafternoon.II.GrammarandVocabularySectionA

Directions:Afterreadingthepassagesbelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagescoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.MyKidFreeLifeIhadexpectedtohavemorefreetimeaftermysons,EvanandAlex,eachleftforcollegeandIdo.Thekitchencalendarlooksspare.Rarely(21)________Ineedtopreparefamilydinnereveryday.Thereisalot(22)________(little)laundry.Whentheboyswereinfants,IwonderedhowI(23)________(spend)allthehoursbeforetheywereborn.(24)________________Ihavethosehoursback,Icanfocusonmyownneeds.Ihadalsoexpectedtoworryaboutthemwhentheywereaway.AndIdo.Didtheygettheirflushots(流感疫苗注射)？Willtheyrememberthetalksabout“goodchoices”?Ontheotherhand,theworryismixedwithrelief.Ihaveseen(25)________vigorouslytheygrowwithoutme.DoImissthem?Yes.BothmoreandlessthanI’dguessed.DoIfeelunitedforhavinglostmyprimaryroleinlife?No,becauseovertheyear,Itookgreatpride(26) ________thefactthatmyidentitywasnotdependentontheirs.But,surprisingly,yes.(27)________(be)adifferentkindofmotherdefinesmenow.Themissingesatunexpectedmoments:seeingtheschoolbusdriveby,startingtoputtoomanyplatesonthetable…Whentheyhavedoubtsaboutfriendshipsorjobprospects,Icanonlysay,“I’msureyouwillfigureitout.”Andyet,thespaces(28)________(empty)bylossaremorethanfilledbywhatI’vefound.Inowhavethechance(29)________(see)themasthewholeworlddoesbutalsolikenooneelseeverwill.AsadultsIhappenedtohelpcreate. Therooms(30)________theboysusedtolivelookvacant.Ifeelsadnessbutalsojoy.Iknewtheywouldleave,buttheywillfindtheirwayback.Myhomeisempty.Butoverflowing.SectionB

Directions:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.AddressB.fascinationC.governedD.imposingE.offensiveF.originallyG.overlookingH.rebellionI.reminderJ.randomlyK.sweptPalacesareknownfortheirbeautyandsplendor,buttheyofferlittleprotectionagainstattacks.Itiseasytodefendafortress(堡壘）,butfortressesarenotdesignedwiththefortofkingorqueeninmind.Whenitestostructuresthatareboth(31)________andwellfortifiedtheclassicEuropeancastleisthepinnacle(小尖頂）ofdesign.Acrosstheagescastleschanged,developed，andeventuallyfelloutofuse,buttheystillmandthe(32)________ofourculture.Castleswere(33)________builtinEnglandbyNormaninvadersin1066.AsWilliamtheConqueror(34)________throughEngland,hefortifiedkeypositionstosecurethelandhehadtaken.ThecastleshebuiltallowedtheNormanlordstoretreattosafetywhenthreatenedbyEnglish(35)________.Castlesalsoservedasbasesofoperationforoffensiveattacks.Troopsweresummonedto,organizedaround,anddeployedfromcastles.Inthiswaycastlesservedboth(36) ________anddefensiverolesinmilitaryoperations.Notlimitedtomilitarypurposes,castlesalsoservedasofficesfromWhichthelordwouldadministercontroloverhisfiefdom(領(lǐng)地).Thatistosay,thelordofthelandwouldholdcourtinhiscastle.Thosethatweresociallybeneaththelordwouldetoreporttheaffairsofthelandsthatthey(37)________andpaidtributetothelord.Theywould(38)________disputes,handlebusiness,feast,andenjoyfestivities.InthiswaycastlesservedasimportantsocialcentersinmedievalEngland.Castlesalsoservedassymbolsofpower.Builtonprominentsites(39)________thesurroundingareas,castlesconstantlyloomedinthebackgroundofmanypeasants’livesandservedasadaily(40)________ofthelord’sstrength.III.ReadingprehensionSectionADirections：ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagestherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Humanshatemarkedlytogiveworkersmorethantheydeserve；andindeedmanywillsettleforlesstopensateworkequitably.Butisthisimpulse(41)________?Perhapsnot,sayspsychologicalscientistMarieSchaferinGermany.AccordingtoSchafer,nobodyhaseverlookedathowyoungchildrenfromdifferent(42)________thinkaboutmeritwhensharingrewards.ThereisreasontosuspectthatmeritocracymaybemoreofaWesternconceptandvalue,sosheandseveralcolleaguesdecidedtoputthistothetest,studyingthe(43)________ofchildren,fourto11yearsold,inthreedifferentcultures.Theideawastotesthowmuchthechildrenvaluedmerit.Soeachchildwasgivenanumberofsweetsequaltothetotalnumberoffishinthecatch,andwastoldtodistributethesweetsanywayheorshewanted—withoutadultsintheroomtoinfluencethem.Iftheyvaluedmerit,childrenshould(44)________thesweetsaccordingtosharesofthecatch.Thatis,iftheyhadlandedthesamenumberoffish,theywouldchoosetorewardeachone(45)________,butifonefaredmuchbetteratfishing,rewardswouldalsobedisproportionate.Inthecasewheretheyweresimplygiventhefish,rewardsshouldbeunrelatedtocatchsize—sincenoeffortwasinvolved. (46)________matters.That’sthemainfindingamongmanyfromthestudy,asdescribedinaforthingissueofthejournalPsychologicalScience.TheGermanchildrendistributedthespoilsofthedaypreciselyinproportionto(47)________,evenwhenthismeantaveryunbalanceddistributionofrewards.Bycontrast,childrenfromthetworuralAfricanforager(狩獵)societiesbarelytookmeritintoconsiderationatall.Thesefindingssuggestthatthebasicnotionofmeritanddistributivejusticeisfarfromuniversalinourspecies,andthat(48)________isculturallydefined.Butwhy?Thescientistsoffersome(49)________onthis.ItcouldbethatinlargescalesocietieslikeGermany,ameritocracyis(50)________forregulatingtransactionsbetweenpeoplewhodon’tknoweachotherandmaynotinteractagain.Thefocusisonequitableinteractions,becausethingswon’tbe“evenedout”inthefuture.Insmallscalesocieties,(51)________，mostexchangestakeplacebetweenpeoplewhoare(52)________withoneanother.Itmaybemoreimportantinsuchsocietiestobuildlongtermrelationshipsbasedonequity—ratherthantoinsistonequityinasingletransaction.Inegalitarianforagersocieties,suchastheHaillom,(53) _______isanimportantlevelingmechanism,(54)________asymmetriesinwealthandincreasingharmony.Childrenmayinternalizethesesocialvaluesearlyon,andapplythemevenwhenthefishingtripis(55)________.41.A.unblockedB.universalC.unconsciousD.unique42.A.culturesB.casesC.paniesD.aspects43.A.moodB.behaviorC.emotionD.habit44.A.collectB.loadC.stressD.distribute45.A.reallyB.deliberatelyC.equallyD.happily46.A.SceneB.ObjectC.CultureD.Trend47.A.productivityB.benefitC.interestD.survey48.A.tirednessB.businessC.thicknessD.fairness49.A.feelingsB.thoughtsC.livesD.emotions50.A.usefulB.majorC.smallD.important51.A.inawordB.inadditionC.bycontrastD.what’smore52.A.familiarB.delightedC.satisfiedD.same53.A.cooperatingB.smilingC.equalingD.sharing54.A.forcingB.judgingC.balancingD.experiencing55.A.creativeB.imaginaryC.innovativeD.logicSectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)WeHaveaPaintertoThankforYellowstoneBeforeartistThomasMoransetfootinthepark,itwasseenasunhappyplace.After,itwasmarketedasawonderland.BeforeThomasMoranarrived,Yellowstoneinthepopularimaginationwasaharsh,wildplacepockedwithhellishgeysers.Afterthepainter’sworkwasfinished,Yellowstonewasestablishedasanationalparkandmarketedasawonderland. In1871MoranandphotographerWilliamHenryJacksonhadjoinedthefirstU.S.governmentsurveyoftheregion.FortwoweeksMoranfilledasketchbookwiththelandscape'smoststunningsights.Thesurveyresults,Jackson’sphotos,andMoran’swatercolors—thefirstcolorrenderingsofthearea—werepresentedtoCongressthatfall.“Thephotographswereproofthatwhattheartistwasshowingreallyexisted,”saysEleanorHarvey,seniorcuratorattheSmithsonianAmericanArtMuseum.InMarch1872lawmakersofficiallymadeYellowstoneanationalpark,theworld’sfirst.ByApril,Moranhadtransformedsomeofhissketchesintoa7byl2footpainting.ThegoldsplatteredvalleyandbillowingLowerFallsof“TheGrandCanyonoftheYellowstone”attractedthepublic.“Itistoograndandwonderfulforwords,”declaredtheLadies’RepositorythatAugust,“andnonecaneverjudgeofitswondersfromanyengravingorphotographinmereblackandwhite.ThoughMoranlaterpaintedLakeSuperior,theGrandCanyon,andtheRockies,hisreputationwassointertwinedwithYellowstonethathetooktosigninghispaintings“TYM,”forThomas“Yellowstone”Moran.56.WhatcanweknowaboutYellowstoneaccordingtothepassage?A.ItwasapopularparkwithgeysersbeforeThomasMoranfinishedtransformation.B.Itwasanimaginationofaharshandwildplace. C.ItbecameanationalparkwiththeeffortsofMoranandJackson.D.Itisanattractivegrandvalley. 57.Whatdoesthe"pocked"meaninthefirstsentence(paragraph2)?A.Packed.B.Dotted.C.Blocked.D.Stuck.58.WhatarethecharacteristicsofThomasMoran’spaintingsaboutYellowstonePark?A.Payingattentiontocolorrenderingofpaintings.B.Hismagnificentandwonderfulpaintings.C.HisreputationcloselylinkedtoYellowstonePark.D.Hispaintingswithnothingspecial.59.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A.TheSignificanceofThomasMoran’spaintingstoYellowstonePark.B.HowYellowstoneParkisestablishedasaNationalPark.C.TheGreatPainter—ThomasMoran.D.TheprocessofYellowstoneParkbeinglabelledasafairyland.(B)WhyUPSTrucks,(Almost)NeverTurnLeftByfavoringrighthandturnsatalltimes—unlessaleftisunavoidable—thecarriersavesmillionsofgallonsoffueleachyear,andavoidsemissionsequivalenttoover20,000passengercars.Thepracticestarteddecadesago,beforeputersandGPS,andisnowmanagedbyasoftwarethatconjuresthemostefficientrouteforeachtruck. What’swrongwithturningleft?Lefthandturnsaregenerallyconsideredunsafeandwastefulonrighthanddrivingroads,suchasthoseintheU.S. “Leftturningtraffictypicallyhastoturnagainstaflowofoningvehicles,”explainsTomVanderbilt,authorofthebook"Traffic:WhyWedrivethewaywedo.”“Thiscannotonlybedangerous,butmakestrafficbuildup,unlessyouinstalladedicatedleftturn‘phase’,whichisfinebutbasicallyadds30or45secondstoeveryoneelse’ssingletime,”hesaid.AstudyoncrashfactorsinintersectionrelatedaccidentsfromtheU.S.NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAssociationshowsthatturningleftisoneoftheleading“criticalprecrashevents”(aneventthatmadeacollisioninevitable),occurringin22.2percentofcrashes,asopposedto1.2percentforrightturns.About61percentofcrashesthatoccurwhileturningorcrossinganintersectioninvolveleftturns,asopposedtojust3.1percentinvolvingrightturns.Leftturnsarealsothreetimesmorelikelytokillpedestriansthanrightones,accordingtodatacollectedbyNewYorkCity’stransportationplanners.Therightwaytosavefuel “Alefthandturnisalsolessfuelefficient,”saidJackLevis,UPSSeniorDirectorofProcessManagement,“becauseyourcar’sidling(未熄火)longer,whichisalsonotgoodforyourvehicle.”UPSdoesnotbanleftturnsoutright,saysLevis:“Wewillmakelefthandturns,butnotonesthatareunnecessary.Wedon’tneedtogoincirclesalldaylongbymakingonlyrighthandturns.Wehavetoolsanalyzethenumberoflefthandturnforeachroute,andwecanworkoutwhichonesareavoidable.”Theprocedureinnowincorporatedinmostcountriesaroundtheworld.Tothisend,thecarriercreateditsownmaps,whichitsaysaremoreaccuratethatmerciallyavailableones:“Wecandifferentiatemoreimportantlefthandturnsfromunimportantones.GoogleMapshasnoconceptofnotmakingalefthandturn,itjustshowsthemostdirectwaytoreachyourdestination.Wehavetheabilitytopenalizesomeofthose.”LevistoldCNN. Thesystemknowsaboutparkinglots,privatedriveways,variablespeedlimitsandroadsthatareinaccessibleforatruck.Thesoftwarecangiveanundesirableleftturnapenaltythatadds20secondstotheestimatedroutelime.Inthatcase,goingaroundtheblockandturningalwaysrightmightoffsetthat20sccondpenalty：“Wewereabletoturnofflefthandturns,”saidLevis.Takingalongerroutewhilestillsavingtimeandfuelmightsoundconfusing,eventoUPSdrivers,accordingtoVanderbilt:“I’veactuallybeentoUPS'slogisticscenteranddiscussedthiswiththeirleadengineers.”hesaid. “Alotofindividualdriversfeltthenewroutingsoftwarewasmakingtheirtripslonger，buttheywerelaterprovenwrong.Thisisthethingabouttraffic,it’ssuchaplexsystemthatoftentheindividualcannotgetasenseoftheoverallefficiencyofthesystem,andoptimizeaccordingly.It’salsooneofthecounterintuitive,‘slowerisfaster’effectsyouoftenseeintraffic.” Therule,saysLevis,canalsobeappliedtolefthanddrivingcountries,suchasAustraliaandtheUK,whereitdiscouragesrighthandturns.60.HowmuchresourcescanUPStruckssavebyavoidingturningleft?A.UPStruckswillconsumemillionsofgallonsoffuel.B.TheemissionofUPStrucksisequivalenttothatofover2000passengercars.C.UPStrucksestimatetosave100,000metrictonsofC02emissionayear.D.UPStrucksestimateanincreaseof6to8milesperroute. 61.InTomVanderbilt'sView,howtoDealwiththeLeftTurnProblemintheUnitedStates?A.Installadedicatedleftturnphase.B.Trafficplannersmanageroadconditions。C.Operatorsmaketheirowntrafficmaps.D.Nationalpolicyencouragesleftturnofvehicles.62.WhichofthefollowingoptionsisNOTTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A.It’sunsafetoturnleftonrighthanddrivingroads.B.Turningleftisresourceefficientonrighthanddrivingroads.C.Leftturningislikelytocausetrafficaccidents.D.Leftturnisdiscouragedinallcountries. (C)“Isdatathenewoil?askedproponentsofbigdatabackin2012inForbesmagazine.By2016,andtheriseofbigdata'sturbopoweredcousindeeplearning,wehadbeemorecertain:“Dataisthenewoil,”statedFortune.Amazon’sNeilLawrencehasaslightlydifferentanalogy:Data,hesays,iscoal.Notcoaltoday,though,butcoalintheearlydaysofthe18thcentury,whenThomasNeweninventedthesteamengine.ADevonianironmonger,Newenbuilthisdevicetopumpwateroutofthesouthwest’sprolifictinmines.TheProblem,asLawrencetoldtheReWorkconferenceonDeepLearninginLondon.wasthatthepumpwasrathermoreusefultothosewhohadalotofcoalthanthosewhodidn’t:itwasgood,butnotgoodenoughtobuycoalintorunit.ThatwassotruethatthefirstofNewen’ssteamengineswasn’tbuiltinatinmine,butincoalworksnearDudley.Sowhyisdatacoal?Theproblemissimilar:therearealotofNewensintheworldofdeeplearning.StartupslikeLondon’sMagicPonyandSwiftKeyareingupwithrevolutionarynewwaystotrainmachinestodoimpressivefeatsofcognition,fromreconstructingfacialdatafromgrainyimagestolearningthewritingstyleofanindividualusertobetterpredictwhichwordtheyaregoingtotypeinasentence.Andyet,likeNewen,theirinnovationsaresomuchmoreusefultothepeoplewhoactuallyhavecopious(豐富的)amountsofrawmaterialtoworkfrom.AndsoMagicPonyisacquiredbyTwitter,SwiftKeyisacquiredbyMicrosoftandLawrencehimselfgetshiredbyAmazonfromtheUniversityofSheffield,wherehewasbaseduntilthreeweeksago.Butthereisacodatothestory：69yearslater,JamesWattmadeanicetweaktotheNewensteamengine,addingacondensertothedesign.Thatchange,Lawrencesaid,“madethesteamenginemuchmoreefficient,andthat’swhattriggertheindustrialrevolution.Whetherdataisoilorcoal,then,there’sanotherwaytheanalogyholdsup.alotofworkisgoingintotryingtomakesurewecandomore,withless.It’snotasimpressiveasteachingaputertoplayGoorPacManbetterthananyhumanalive,but“dataefficiency”isacrucialstepifdeeplearningisgoingtomoveawayfromsimplygobblingupoodlesofdataandspittingoutthebestcorrelationspossible.“Ifyoulookatalltheareaswheredeeplearningissuccessful,they’reallareaswherethere’slotsofdata,”pointsoutLawrence.That’sgreatifyouwanttocategorizeimagesofcats,butlesshelpfulifyouwanttousedeeplearningtodiagnoserareillnesses.‘‘It’sgenerallyconsideredunethicaltoforcepeopletobeesickinordertoacquiredata.63.Accordingtothepassage,whydataisseenasthenewcoal? A.Itcandrivethesteamenginetopumpwater.B.Itcanhelppeoplemakemorecoals.C.Itcanhelptheareasofdeeplearning.D.Itcanhelpcurediagnoserareillnesses.64.AccordingtoLawrence,whybigdataislesshelpfultodiagnoserareillnesses?A.Becausethereisnosuchdemand.B.Becauseitcanonlyusetocategorizeimagesofcats.C.Becauseit’sunethicaltoacquiredatabyforcingpeopletobeesick.D.Becauseitneedstoomuchdata.65.Whichareasaremostlikelytobesuccessfulinindepthlearning?A.Somesmallstartups.B.Areaswithlargeamountsofdata.C.CoalandPetroleumDevelopmentField.D.Areasfortacklingrarediseases.66.Accordingtothecontentofthearticle,whichisNOTTRUEaboutthebigdata?A.Westillhavealotofworktostudythebigdata.B.Itrequirescountlessdatatobecollected.C.Thepurposeofstudyingbigdataistosaveparents’costs.D.“Dataefficiency”isacriticalsteptoexploremoredata.SectionCDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.A.Weweighbenefitsofmedicationsversustheplexityofaddingonemoredrugtohercrowdedpillbox.B.Ifyouansweredno,you’renotalone.C.Whenyouropinionsareshared,youwillfindmorepotentialaboutyou.D.Yourvaluesandneedsmayalsovaryfromoneappointmenttothenext.E.Thetruedifferencereliesonwhatyouunderstandinsteadofwhatyousee.F.Ayearfromnowaftergraduation,we’llrevisittheconversation,ashisgoalsandneedsmaybedifferent.TheMostImportantThingYou’reNotDiscussingwithYourDoctorShareddecisionmakingrequiresyoutobeanactiveparticipant.PoliticiansandpolicymakersarediscussingwhatpartsoftheAffordableCareActtochangeandwhattokeep.Whilemostofushavelittlecontroloverthosediscussions,thereisonehealthcaretopicthatwecancontrol；whatwetalkaboutwithourdoctor. TheInstituteofMedicine(IOM)releasedthelandmarkpublicationCrossingtheQualityChasm15yearsago.ThereportproposedsixaimsforimprovementintheU.S.healthsystem,identifyingthathealthcareshouldbepatientcentered，safe,effective,timely,efficientandequitable.Theideathathealthcareshouldbepatientcenteredsoundsobvious,butwhatdoesthatmean?TheIOMdefinesitascarethatis“respectfulofandresponsivetoindividualpatientpreferences,needs,andvalues”andthatensures“patientvaluesguideallclinicaldecisions.”Forthistotrulyhappen,doctors’appointmentsneedtocovermoretopicsthanhowoneisfeelingandwhatcanbedone.Doesyourdoctorknowyourvalues?____66_____Fewerthanhalfofpeoplereportthattheirphysicianorotherhealthcareprovideraskabouttheirgoalsandconcernsfortheirhealthandhealthcare.Yourdoctorcandiscussmedicaltestsandtreatmentswithoutknowingyourlifegoals,butsharingyourvaluesandneedswithyourdoctormakesdiscussionsanddecisionsmorepersonalizedandmayleadtobetterhealth.Howdoespatientcenteredcarehappen?Inorderforyourhealthcaretocenteraroundyou,yourdoctorneedstoknowyourvalues,preferencesandneeds.Everyoneisdifferent.(67)__________Asaneurologist,whenI’mworkingwitha76yearoldwidowwhosemaingoalistoremainindependentinherhome,weframehercareinthatcontext.(68)__________Wediscusshowawalkerhelpsherbemoreindependentratherthanless,asshecanmovearoundherhomemoresafely.Whenastressedcollegestudentestomyofficeforabothersometremor,hispreferenceistoavoidmedicationsthathemightforgettotakeorthatmightharmhisschoolperformance.Thisguidesourdiscussionoftheprosandconsofdifferentoptions,includingusingmedicationsbutalsodoingnothing,anoptionthatalmosthalfofpatientsfeelstronglyshouldalwaysbediscussed.(69)__________Insharingtheirvaluesandgoalswithme,theseindividualsenabledahealthcareapproachthatrespectedtheirneedsandalsorespondedtotheirlifecircumstances.IV.SummaryWritingDirections：Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible. ToLaughIsHumanMostofusdon’tknowwhywelaughatsomejokesandnotatothe