薩爾瓦多國際經(jīng)濟學(xué)(第十版)英文課件ch

薩爾瓦多國際經(jīng)濟學(xué)(第十版)英文課件ch

制作人：制作者ppt時間：2024年X月目錄第1章IntroductiontoInternationalEconomics第2章ClassicalTheoriesofInternationalTrade第3章ModernTheoriesofInternationalTrade第4章TariffsandNon-TariffBarrierstoTrade第5章ExchangeRatesandtheForeignExchangeMarket01第1章IntroductiontoInternationalEconomics

OverviewofInternationalEconomicsInternationaleconomicsreferstothestudyofeconomicinteractionsbetweendifferentcountries.Itplaysacrucialroleinunderstandingglobaleconomictrends,tradeagreements,andfinancialflows.Byexaminingthehistoryandimpactofinternationaleconomics,wecangainvaluableinsightsintotheinterconnectednessoftheworldeconomy.

TheoriesofInternationalTradeTheoryofcomparativeadvantagestatesthatcountriesshouldspecializeinproducinggoodsinwhichtheyhavealoweropportunitycost.ComparativeadvantageThistheoryexplainsthatcountriesexportgoodsthatusetheirabundantfactorsofproductionintensively.Heckscher-OhlintheoryFocusesoneconomiesofscaleandnetworkeffectsininternationaltrade.NewtradetheoryGovernmentinterventiontoboostdomesticindustriesbytargetingspecificsectors.StrategictradepolicyBarrierstoInternationalTradeTaximposedonimportedgoodstomakethemmoreexpensiveandprotectdomesticindustries.TariffsRestrictionsonthequantityofaspecificgoodthatcanbeimported.QuotasRegulations,standards,andbureaucraticproceduresthathinderinternationaltrade.Non-tariffbarriersAgreementsbetweencountriestoreducebarriersandpromotetrade.TradeagreementsFactorslikeinflation,interestrates,andpoliticalstabilityinfluenceexchangerates.Determinantsofexchangerates0103Recordofacountry'seconomictransactionswiththerestoftheworld.Balanceofpayments02Wherecurrenciesaretradedandexchangeratesaredetermined.ForeignexchangemarketImportanceofStudyingInternationalEconomicsStudyinginternationaleconomicsisessentialforunderstandingthecomplexitiesoftheglobaleconomy.Ithelpspolicymakersmakeinformeddecisionsontradeagreementsandmonetarypolicies.Byanalyzingtheimpactofexchangeratesandbarrierstotrade,wecanbetternavigatetheinterconnectedworldofinternationalcommerce.02第2章ClassicalTheoriesofInternationalTrade

MercantilismMercantilismisaneconomictheorythatemphasizestheaccumulationofwealththroughtrade.Itscoreprinciplesincludepromotingexports,restrictingimports,andaccumulatingpreciousmetals.However,mercantilismhasbeencriticizedforitsfocusonzero-sumtradeanditsdisregardforconsumerwelfare.

AbsoluteAdvantageAbilitytoproduceagoodusingfewerresourcesthananothercountryDefinitionofabsoluteadvantageLaboristheonlyinputandconstantcostsofproductionAssumptionsofabsoluteadvantageCountryAcanproduce10carsor20computerswhileCountryBcanproduce5carsor10computersExampletoillustrateabsoluteadvantage

ComparativeAdvantageAbilitytoproduceagoodataloweropportunitycostthananothercountryDefinitionofcomparativeadvantageDifferencesinopportunitycostsbetweencountriesConditionsforcomparativeadvantageCountryAcanproduce1tonofwheator2tonsofcornwhileCountryBcanproduce1tonofwheator3tonsofcornNumericalexampleofcomparativeadvantage

TheRicardianModelTheRicardianmodelofinternationaltradeisbasedontheprinciplesofcomparativeadvantage.Itassumesconstantcostsofproduction,twocountriesproducingtwogoods,andfullemploymentofresources.TheproductionpossibilityfrontierintheRicardianmodelillustratesthetrade-offsbetweentheproductionofdifferentgoods,leadingtogainsfromtradewhencountriesspecializeaccordingtotheircomparativeadvantages.

GainsfromTradeCountriescanspecializeinproducinggoodstheyaremostefficientinEconomicefficiencyConsumershaveaccesstoawiderrangeofproductsthroughtradeIncreasedvarietyofgoodsTradecanleadtohigherlevelsofproductivityandinnovationSustainableeconomicgrowth

03第3章ModernTheoriesofInternationalTrade

Heckscher-OhlinTheoryTheHeckscher-Ohlintheoryisbasedontheassumptionsoffactorendowmentsdeterminingcomparativeadvantageintrade.Thetheoremoffactorpriceequalizationsuggeststhatcountrieswithsimilarfactorendowmentswillhavesimilarfactorprices.Factorabundanceandfactorintensityplaykeyrolesindeterminingthepatternoftrade.

SpecificFactorsModelFactorsofproductionarenoteasilymobilebetweenindustriesIntroductiontothespecificfactorsmodelTradecanleadtochangesinpricesoffactorsofproductionImpactoftradeonfactorpricesSomefactorsgainwhileothersloseinspecificindustriesWinnersandlosersfromtrade

FocusesoneconomiesofscaleanddifferentiatedproductsDefinitionofnewtradetheory0103ChallengestraditionaltradetheorieswithnewinsightsImplicationsforinternationaleconomics02Large-scaleproductionleadstoloweraveragecostsEconomiesofscaleandtradeStagesofproductionInputsuppliersManufacturersDistributorsRetailersBenefitsofparticipatingAccesstoglobalmarketsCostefficienciesSpecializationadvantagesChallengesofparticipatingCoordinationissuesSupplychaindisruptionsDependencyrisksTheoryofGlobalValueChainsDefinitionofglobalvaluechainsNetworksofproductionanddistributionactivitiesacrosscountriesConclusionModerntheoriesofinternationaltradeofferdiverseperspectivesonthepatternsandimpactsofglobaltrade.FromHeckscher-Ohlintheorytothetheoryofglobalvaluechains,eachtheoryprovidesvaluableinsightsintothecomplexitiesofinternationaltraderelationships.04第4章TariffsandNon-TariffBarrierstoTrade

PercentageofthevalueoftheimportedgoodsAdvaloremtariffs0103CombinationofadvaloremandspecifictariffsCompoundtariffs02AfixedamountofmoneyforeachunitoftheimportedgoodsSpecifictariffsQuotasLimitsonthequantityorvalueofgoodsthatcanbeimportedDefinitionofquotasRestrictiononsupplyandpricesEffectsofquotasontradeRevenuegeneratedbysellingimportrightsQuotarentandquotalicenses

Non-TariffBarriersNon-tariffbarriersincludeimportlicenses,voluntaryexportrestraints,technicalbarrierstotrade,andsanitaryandphytosanitarymeasures.Thesebarrierscanrestricttradebyimposingadditionalrequirementsorrestrictionsbeyondtariffs.

TypesoftradeagreementsFreetradeagreementsCustomsunionsCommonmarketsBenefitsoftradeagreementsIncreasedmarketaccessLowertariffsandbarriersDrawbacksoftradeagreementsLossofsovereigntyUnequaldistributionofbenefitsTradeAgreementsDefinitionoftradeagreementsMutuallyagreedrulesandcommitmentstofacilitatetradeConclusionInconclusion,tariffs,quotas,andnon-tariffbarriersaretoolsusedbycountriestoregulateinternationaltrade.Whiletheycanprotectdomesticindustriesandpromoteeconomicgrowth,theycanalsoleadtotradedisputesandinefficiencies.Tradeagreementsplayacrucialroleinpromotingglobaltradeandcooperation,buttheyalsocomewiththeirownsetofchallengesanddrawbacks.05第5章ExchangeRatesandtheForeignExchangeMarket

DeterminantsofExchangeRatesExchangeratesareinfluencedbyvariousfactorssuchasinterestratedifferentials,inflationrates,currentaccountbalances,andspeculationintheforeignexchangemarket.Thesedeterminantsplayacrucialroleinshapingthevalueofacountry'scurrencyintheglobalmarket.

ForeignExchangeMarketKeyplayersinthemarketParticipantsDifferentsystemsusedExchangeRateRegimesFactorsaffectingratedeterminationInfluencingFactors

BalanceofPaymentsBreakdownofaccountsCompone