四川省成都市成華區(qū)某校高三上學(xué)期一模英語(yǔ)試題

一診模擬考試英語(yǔ)第一部分聽力（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）第一節(jié)（共5小題；每小題1.5分，滿分7.5分）聽下面5段對(duì)話。每段對(duì)話后有一個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽完每段對(duì)話后，你都有10秒鐘的時(shí)間來(lái)回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對(duì)話僅讀一遍。1.Whereisthewomanprobablyfrom?A.Peru.B.Britain.C.Mexico.2.Whatwillthemandotonight?A.Attendaparty.B.Replytoaninvitation.C.Playfootball.3.Whatdoesthewomanthinkofheroldroommate?A.Selfish.B.Thoughtful.C.Careful.4.Whatshouldthecitydoaccordingtothewoman?A.Createmorejobs.B.Improvetheairquality.C.Closesomebusinesses.5.Whatarethespeakersmainlytalkingabout?A.Theirdailyroutine.B.Theirdormitory.C.Theweather.第二節(jié)（共15小題；每小題1.5分，滿分22.5分）聽下面5段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白。每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白后有幾個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。聽每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白前，你將有時(shí)間閱讀各個(gè)小題，每小題5秒鐘；聽完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時(shí)間。每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白讀兩遍。聽下面一段對(duì)話，回答第6和第7兩個(gè)小題。6.Howdoesthewomansuggestthemangethome?A.Bybus.B.Bycar.C.Bytaxi.7.Wherearethespeakers?A.Athome.B.Atabusstation.C.Atarestaurant.聽下面一段對(duì)話，回答第8至9題。8.Whyisthemanatthesupermarkettoday?A.Todosomeshopping.B.Tocarryoutasurvey.C.Tomeettheowner.9.Whatchangedidtheownermaketothesupermarketlastyear?A.Thelocation.B.Thename.C.Themanager.聽下面一段對(duì)話，回答第10至12題。10.Whatisthewomandoing?A.Borrowingatent.B.Returningatent.C.Packingatent.11.Whatisthewoman’smotivationforclimbing?A.Togetclosetonature.B.Tohavefun.C.Toimproveherfitness.12.Wherewillthespeakersclimbtogether?AInthewild.B.Ataclimbingcenter.C.Atagym.聽下面一段對(duì)話，回答第13至16題。13.Whatisthewoman’sopinionaboutherideaoftheonlinebusiness?A.It’sunique.B.It’spractical.C.It’schallenging.14.Whywillthewomancontactartists?A.Toseetheirworks.B.Tolookforinspiration.C.Todobusinesswiththem.15.Whatwillthewomandoforlargeorders?A.Offerfreedelivery.B.Chargeasmallfee.C.Giveadiscount.16.Whatisspecialaboutthepackaging?A.It’sluxury.B.It’sofgoodquality.C.It’senvironmentallyfriendly.聽下面一段獨(dú)白，回答第17至20題。17.Wherearedrinksservedallday?A.Inthecafe.B.Inthediningroom.C.Bytheswimmingpool.18.Whatwillthelistenersprobablydoaround1p.m.?A.Havelunch.B.Goswimming.C.Attendaconference.19.Whatdoesthespeakerapologizefor?A.Theupdatedprogram.B.Thehightemperature.C.Thelatelunch.20.Whydoestheconferenceprogramhavetobechanged?A.Someroomsarebeingrepaired.B.TheGeneralManagercan’te.C.Aspeakerisn’tabletogivehertalk.第二部分閱讀理解（共兩節(jié)，滿分40分）第一節(jié)（共15小題；每小題2分，滿分30分）閱讀下面短文，從每題所給的A、B、C和D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡將該項(xiàng)涂黑。AWELETODENTAL2023IMPLANTCENTERGRANDOPENING!!VISITOURNEWLOCATION3317E.10thST.,LONGBEACHSavethiscoupon(優(yōu)惠券)andyoucanenjoythemaximumdiscountinournewoffice:Singletoothimplantcostsonly$700!(A10%discountofnormal).Includingimplant,abutmentandcrown.*Duedate:03/31/24.Cannotbebinedwithinsurancefeesorothercoupons.Newpatientsonly.NOWSERVINGYOUINTHREELOCATIONS!IRVINE:39CreekRoad,Suite210LAGUNANIGUEL:30012CrownValleyPkwy,STEBUnliketraditionalartificialteeth,whichareremovable,dentalimplantsaresurgicallyplacedintothejawboneandthentoppedwitharestorationsuchasadentalcrown.Theyfeelmuchmorenaturalthanconventionalalternatives.Additionally,dentalimplantscanhelptopreventbonedeterioration(退化)thatiscausedbymissingteeth.Thebonebeginstodeterioratewhenyouloseatoothbecauseitisnolongerbeingstimulateddaily.Thiscanleadtoseverebonelossovertime.Butbyplacingdentalimplantsintothejawbone,wecanpreservethisstructure.Ifyou’remissingone,two,orallofyourteeth,weencourageyoutovisitournewofficeinLongBeach,orcall(949)8576757toscheduleyourappointment.Wewouldbehappytohelpyoufindthebesttreatmentplantorestoreyoursmileandhelpyouenjoybetteroralhealthsoon!1.What’stherestrictionofthecoupon?A.ItisvalidonlyonMarch31st. B.Itdoesn’tsupportphonereservation.C.Onlynewpatientscanuseit. D.Itmustbeusedwithinsurancefees.2.Whichisanadvantageofdentalimplants?A.Theycostlittlemoney. B.Theypreservethejawbone.C.Theycanbeeasilyremoved. D.Theypreventteethmissing.3.Whatisthepurposeofthetext?A.Toexplainhowtoimplantteeth. B.Tointroducethreeimplantcenters.C.Toadvertiseanewlyopeneddentalcenter. D.Topopularizetheknowledgeoforalhealth.【答案】1.C2.B3.C【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是應(yīng)用文。為一則“牙科2023種植中心”的開業(yè)廣告?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Duedate:03/31/24.Cannotbebinedwithinsurancefeesorothercoupons.Newpatientsonly.(截止日期:03/31/24。不能與保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)或其他優(yōu)惠券合并使用。僅限新患者)”可知，優(yōu)惠券只有新患者才能使用它。故選C項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Additionally,dentalimplantscanhelptopreventbonedeterioration(退化)thatiscausedbymissingteeth.Thebonebeginstodeterioratewhenyouloseatoothbecauseitisnolongerbeingstimulateddaily.Thiscanleadtoseverebonelossovertime.Butbyplacingdentalimplantsintothejawbone,wecanpreservethisstructure.(此外，種植牙可以幫助防止因缺牙而導(dǎo)致的骨質(zhì)退化。當(dāng)你失去一顆牙齒時(shí)，骨頭就開始惡化，因?yàn)樗辉倜刻焓艿酱碳?。隨著時(shí)間的推移，這會(huì)導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的骨質(zhì)流失。但是通過在頜骨中植入牙齒，我們可以保留這種結(jié)構(gòu))”可知，種植牙的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是保存了頜骨。故選B項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)本文標(biāo)題“WELETODENTAL2023IMPLANTCENTERGRANDOPENING!!VISITOURNEWLOCATION(歡迎來(lái)到牙科2023種植中心.隆重開幕!!參觀我們的新地點(diǎn))”以及最后一段“Ifyou’remissingone,two,orallofyourteeth,weencourageyoutovisitournewofficeinLongBeach,orcall(949)8576757toscheduleyourappointment.Wewouldbehappytohelpyoufindthebesttreatmentplantorestoreyoursmileandhelpyouenjoybetteroralhealthsoon!(如果你缺了一顆、兩顆或所有的牙齒，我們建議你去我們?cè)陂L(zhǎng)灘的新辦公室，或者打(949)8576757預(yù)約你的預(yù)約。我們很樂意幫助您找到最好的治療方案，恢復(fù)您的笑容，讓您早日享受更好的口腔健康!)”可推知，本文的目的是為一家新開的牙科中心做廣告。故選C項(xiàng)。BParentsoftenthinkthattheirkidsshouldbegoodatstudiesanddowellinsports.That’susuallythecasebecauseparentsfeelthatcouldgettheirchildrenadmissiontotopcolleges.However,MelissaandMarkWimmerthinkdifferently.Their14yearoldson,Mike,isaprodigy.HeisamemberofMensa,whichistheworld’stopIQclub.Hepletedhishighschool,associate’sandbachelor’sdegreesallinthreeyears.That’snotall.Healsorantwotechpanies,foundedathirdonethatworkstowardscontrollingthepopulationoflionfish,aninvasive(入侵的)species.ButtheparentsareproudthattheywereabletohelpMikewithhissocialskillsalongwithhisintellectualskills.MelissatoldCNBCthatpeopleexpected“YoungSheldon”beforetheymetherson.YoungSheldonisatelevisionshowaboutachildtalentwhoisanindoormanandlackssocialskills.“ButoncetheytalktoMike,theyunderstandthathe’sjustanormal14yearoldthathappenstobeabletodoamazingthings,”saidMelissa.MarkandMelissagottoknowabouttheirchild’sintelligencewhenheenteredpreschool.Achildpsychologisttoldthemthattheirsonwouldneedadifferentcoursetosupporthisfasttrackdevelopment.Manyparentsaren’tfortablewithputtingtheirchildrenwith18yearolds,butMike’sparentssawthevalueinlettingtheirchildgothroughit.“Iwantedhimtobesocialandbeabletodealwithallthedifferentpersonalitiesintheclassroomswitholderchildren,”saidMelissa.TheparentssharedthattheywereabletodothisbylettingMikefindhisownvoiceandputittouse.“Welethimorderfoodwhenhe’s3or4fromthewaiterorwaitressandintroducehimselftopeople.Thosekindsofthingsaredonetoencouragehimtoengagewitheveryoneelseandbemorefortabletalkingtoothersoutsideofourenvironment,”saidMelissa.Thankstohisparents,Mikehaslearnedtogetalongwithyoungandoldalike.4.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“aprodigy”inparagraph2referto?A.Agiftedperson. B.Afamousstudent.C.Abrilliantbiologist. D.Asuccessfulbusinessman.5.WhatcanweinferaboutthechildintheshowYoungSheldon?A.Helikestomakefriends. B.Heisawellroundedman.C.Heisapopularchildactor. D.Heispooratdealingwithpeople.6.HowdidMarkandMelissadiscoverMike’shighintelligence?A.Througharemendationfromachildpsychologist.B.ThroughobservingMike’sbehaviorinpreschool.C.Throughparticipatinginaspecialeducationalprogram.D.ThroughtheinformationprovidedbyMike’sschoolteachers.7.WhatdoMike’sparentsdotoimprovehissocialskills?A.Teachhimsomemunicationrules. B.Encouragehimtospeakinclass.C.Placehiminsocialsituations. D.Lethimgotoschoolalone.【答案】4.A5.D6.A7.C【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了天才少年Mike的父母在助力兒子發(fā)展智力的同時(shí)，鼓勵(lì)并幫助他發(fā)展社交技能的故事?！?題詳解】詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)畫線詞的下文“HeisamemberofMensa,whichistheworld’stopIQclub.Hepletedhishighschool,associate’sandbachelor’sdegreesallinthreeyears.(他是全球頂尖的智商俱樂部門薩的成員。他在三年內(nèi)完成了高中、副學(xué)士和學(xué)士學(xué)位)”可知，Mike的智商非常高，學(xué)習(xí)能力非常強(qiáng)，能迅速完成學(xué)業(yè)。由此可知，他應(yīng)該是一個(gè)天才，aprodigy意思應(yīng)該是“極具天賦的人”。故選A項(xiàng)。【5題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中“YoungSheldonisatelevisionshowaboutachildtalentwhoisanindoormanandlackssocialskills.(《小謝爾頓》是一部關(guān)于一個(gè)天才少年的電視節(jié)目，他是一個(gè)宅在家里的男孩，缺乏社交能力)”可知，《小謝爾頓》這部劇中的天才少年宅在家里，缺乏社交能力。由此可知，他不善于與人打交道。故選D項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“MarkandMelissagottoknowabouttheirchild’sintelligencewhenheenteredpreschool.Achildpsychologisttoldthemthattheirsonwouldneedadifferentcoursetosupporthisfasttrackdevelopment.(Mark和Melissa在孩子上幼兒園的時(shí)候就開始了解他的智商了。一位兒童心理學(xué)家告訴他們，他們的兒子需要一個(gè)不同的處理方式來(lái)支持他的快速發(fā)展)”可知，通過一位兒童心理學(xué)家的建議，Mark和Melissa發(fā)現(xiàn)了Mike的高智商。故選A項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中Melissa所說(shuō)的話“Welethimorderfoodwhenhe’s3or4fromthewaiterorwaitressandintroducehimselftopeople.Thosekindsofthingsaredonetoencouragehimtoengagewitheveryoneelseandbemorefortabletalkingtoothersoutsideofourenvironment(當(dāng)他三四歲的時(shí)候，我們讓他從服務(wù)員那里點(diǎn)餐，并向人們介紹自己。做這些事情是為了鼓勵(lì)他和其他人交流，讓他更愿意和我們環(huán)境之外的人交流)”可知，Mike的父母讓他置身社交場(chǎng)合中，鼓勵(lì)他和其他人交流，從而提高他的社交技能。故選C項(xiàng)。CUpskillingisthefuture—butitmustworkforeveryoneAutomationandjobreplacementwillbeoneofthemostsignificantchallengesfortheglobaleconomyoftheingdecades.A2017Mckinseyreportestablishedthat375millionworkerswillneedtoswitchoccupationalcategoriesby2030.TheWorldEconomicForumsuggeststhatby2022,automationwillreplace75millionjobsglobally—butcreate133millionnewones.Researchintothelikelihoodthatajobwillbeimpactedbydigitizationhaslargelyfocusedonthe“automatability”oftheroleandthefollowingeconomicregionalandpoliticaleffectsofthis.Whatthisresearchdoesn’ttakeintoaccountissomethingmoreimportantforthemillionsoftaxidriversandretailworkersacrosstheglobe:theirlikelihoodofbeingabletochangetoanotherjobthatisn’tautomatable.Recentresearchsuggeststhattheanswertothismaybethattheskillsthatenableworkerstomoveuptheladdertomoreplexroleswithintheircurrentareasmightbelessimportantthanbroaderskillsthatwillenableworkerstochangeacrossdivisions.InJuly,Amazonannouncedthatitwouldspend$700millionretrainingaround30%ofits300,000USworkforce.Whilepraiseworthy,itwillbeinterestingtoseetheoute.IntheUK,theNationalRetrainingSchemehaslargelybeenledbyemployers,meaningthatthoseonzerohourscontractsandparttimeworkers—oftenlowskilled—willmissout.Governancewillbeacrucialelementofensuringthatsuchschemesfocusonindividualsandlifelonglearning,ratherthanupskillingworkersintorolesthatwillsoonalsofaceautomation.AccordingtotheMckinseyreport,“growingawarenessofthescaleofthetaskaheadhasyettotranslateintoaction.PublicspendingonlabourforcetrainingandsupporthasfallenforyearsinmostmembercountriesoftheOrganisationforEconomicCoOperationandDevelopment,”whichimpactsmorethanjustthelowskilledandpoorlypensated.Theglobalimpactofautomationisalsoputintoreliefbyresearchdemonstratingthat,between1988and2015,ineinequalityincreasedthroughouttheworld.BillionsofpeopledonothavetheessentialsoflifeasdefinedbytheUNSustainableDevelopmentgoals.Alongsideclimatechange,automationisarguablytech’sbiggestchallenge.Aswithglobalization,governmentsandemployers—andusworkers—ignoreitspotentialconsequencesatrisktoourselves.8.ItcanbeknownfromParagraph2that.A.recentresearchhasfoundwaystofaceautomationB.broadskillsareofgreatsignificanceinchangingjobsC.regionaleconomycanaffecttheautomatabilityofajobD.itisevenharderforworkerstomoveupthesocialladder9.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsretrainingprograms?A.Supportive. B.Critical.C.Skeptical. D.Sympathetic.10.Accordingtotheauthor,whatisoneconsequenceofautomation?A.Lessspendingontraining. B.Aslowdownofglobalization.C.Socialunrestandinstability. D.Anincreaseinineinequality.11.Thepassageiswrittento.A.arguetheurgencyofcreatingnewjobs B.pareglobalizationwithautomationC.analyzetheautomatabilityofcertainjobs D.stresstheimportanceofupskillingworkers【答案】8.B9.C10.D11.D【解析】【分析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要說(shuō)明了自動(dòng)化和就業(yè)替代將是未來(lái)幾十年全球經(jīng)濟(jì)面臨的最重大挑戰(zhàn)之一，而要應(yīng)對(duì)這一趨勢(shì)，當(dāng)務(wù)之急是提高自身技能，尤其是跨部門跳槽所需的廣泛技能。文章說(shuō)明了再培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目存在的問題，指出除了氣候變化，自動(dòng)化可以說(shuō)是科技面臨的最大挑戰(zhàn)。就像全球化一樣，政府和雇主——以及美國(guó)工人——忽視了全球化對(duì)我們自身的潛在影響?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中Recentresearchsuggeststhattheanswertothismaybethattheskillsthatenableworkerstomoveuptheladdertomoreplexroleswithintheircurrentareasmightbelessimportantthanbroaderskillsthatwillenableworkerstochangeacrossdivisions.可知最近的研究表明，這個(gè)問題的答案可能是，使工人能夠在其目前的領(lǐng)域內(nèi)晉升到更復(fù)雜的角色的技能，可能不如使工人能夠跨部門轉(zhuǎn)換的更廣泛的技能重要。由此可知，廣泛的技能在換工作中是非常重要的。故選B?！?題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中IntheUK,theNationalRetrainingSchemehaslargelybeenledbyemployers,meaningthatthoseonzerohourscontractsandparttimeworkers—oftenlowskilled—willmissout.可知在英國(guó)，國(guó)家再培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃在很大程度上是由雇主主導(dǎo)的，這意味著那些簽訂零時(shí)合同的人和兼職工人——往往技能低下——將會(huì)錯(cuò)過機(jī)會(huì)。由此可推知，作者對(duì)再培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃持懷疑態(tài)度。故選C?！?0題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中Theglobalimpactofautomationisalsoputintoreliefbyresearchdemonstratingthat,between1988and2015,ineinequalityincreasedthroughouttheworld.可知研究表明，1988年至2015年期間，世界各地的收入不平等現(xiàn)象加劇，這也讓自動(dòng)化對(duì)全球的影響得到了緩解。由此可推知，作者認(rèn)為自動(dòng)化的一個(gè)后果是收入不平等加劇。故選D?！?1題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章標(biāo)題Upskillingisthefuture—butitmustworkforeveryone(技能提升是未來(lái)趨勢(shì)，但它必須適用于每個(gè)人)結(jié)合文章主要說(shuō)明了自動(dòng)化和就業(yè)替代將是未來(lái)幾十年全球經(jīng)濟(jì)面臨的最重大挑戰(zhàn)之一，而要應(yīng)對(duì)這一趨勢(shì)，當(dāng)務(wù)之急是提高自身技能，尤其是跨部門跳槽所需的廣泛技能。文章說(shuō)明了再培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目存在的問題，指出除了氣候變化，自動(dòng)化可以說(shuō)是科技面臨的最大挑戰(zhàn)。就像全球化一樣，政府和雇主——以及工人——忽視了全球化對(duì)我們自身的潛在影響。由此可推知，這篇文章是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)提高工人技能的重要性。故選D。DInthe1770s,anEnglishdoctorcalledEdwardJennergavehisgardener’ssoncowpox(牛痘)andthendeliberatelyinfectedhimwithsmallpox(天花)totesthisassumptionthatpeoplewhowerefrequentlyexposedtocowpox,asimilarbutlessseverevirus,wouldavoidcatchingsmallpox.Itworkedandcowpoxasthevaccine(疫苗)washighlyeffective.“Vaccination”,fromtheLatinwordforcow,soonbecamemonplace.Challengetrialsareformsofresearchwhere,ratherthanrelyingondatafromnaturalinfections,weintentionallyexposesomeonetoadiseaseinordertotesttheeffectivenessofavaccineortreatment.ThingshavechangedalotsinceJenner’stime,ofcourse,whenitwasnotunmonfordoctorstoconductthiskindofresearch.Evenso,there’sthecontinuoussensethatthere’ssomethingimmoralaboutmakingsomeoneillonpurpose.Butthisshouldn’tblindustotheextraordinarypowerofchallengetrials.Theycouldbeeincreasinglyimportantweaponsinthemedicalresearch,inasituationwherevaccinetechnologyisadvancingandthethreatofdiseasesjumpingfromanimalsintohumanbeingsisincreasing.Muchhasbeendonetoreducetherisksofchallengetrials.Likerespiratorysyncytialvirus(RSV),researchershaveinvolvedadultswhoareatalowriskofsevereillness.Theseactshavealreadycutdownamassiverangeofvaccinecandidates.Withtheirhelp,theworldwillsoonhavethefirstvaccinesagainstRSV,whichkillstensofthousandsofnewbornbabieseachyear.Butnotalldiseasesareliketheseones.Wedon’talwaysknowthedangersvolunteersmightface;wedon’talwayshavetreatmentsready.Whatthen?Wecould,ofcourse,justavoidthesequestionsentirely,andrelyonothertypesofresearch.Butthatdoesn’talwayswork:sometimes,animaltestingistrickyanduninformative,becausethediseasedoesn‘tdevelopinthesamewayasitwouldinhumans.Incontrast,challengetrialscanbedeeplyinformativewithinweeks,withfarfewervolunteers.Andthebenefitscanbesurprisinglyhigh.Takethelatestpandemic.Attheendoflastyear,asthenumberofdeathsisestimatedtohavereachedabout17.8million,it’salsoestimatedthat20millionhadbeensavedbyvaccines.Intheyearstoe,theywillhopefullysavemillionsmore.Inordertomakesureweareasprotectedaspossiblefromcurrentandfuturethreats,weshouldtrytogetridofthemisbeliefinchallengetrials,makingthemamorefamiliarpartofourtoolkits.Perhapsthegreatestrewardofallwouldbetomakesureparticipants’effortsareworthwhile:bydesigningtrialstobefairandeffectiveandapplyingthemwhenandwheretheymightmakearealdifference.Inshort,byhelpingthemtosavethousands,ifnotmillionsoflives.12.TheauthortellsthestoryofEdwardJennermainlyto______.A.giveadefinitionofchallengetrialsB.introducethetopicofchallengetrialsC.highlighttheeffectivenessofhisvaccineD.explaintheoriginoftheword“vaccination”13.Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?A.Theissuesbehindchallengetrialscanbesolved.B.Thedangersofchallengetrialsoutweighthebenefitstheybring.C.Challengetrialscanbenefitnumerouslivesinspiteoftheirrisks.D.Challengetrialscansetbackthedevelopmentofvaccinetechnologies.14.Whatdoestheauthorintendtotellus?A.Peopleshouldstillbecarefulaboutchallengetrials.B.Amoreopenattitudeshouldbetakentowardschallengetrials.C.Challengetrialsguaranteeparticipantsprotectionagainstthreats.D.Morevolunteersinvolvedcanimprovetheaccuracyofchallengetrials.15.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.Shouldweusechallengetrialstofindcures?B.Canchallengetrialsbeablocktomedicalprogress?C.Canchallengetrialsbetheendofinfectiousdiseases?D.Shouldwereplaceanimaltestingwithchallengetrials?【答案】12.B13.C14.B15.A【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。它提供了關(guān)于醫(yī)學(xué)研究中挑戰(zhàn)試驗(yàn)的信息，并闡述了挑戰(zhàn)試驗(yàn)的優(yōu)勢(shì)和重要性。通過簡(jiǎn)明扼要地介紹，以及使用有據(jù)可查的數(shù)據(jù)和案例，解釋挑戰(zhàn)試驗(yàn)在醫(yī)學(xué)研究中的用途和潛在效益?！?2題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Inthe1770s,anEnglishdoctorcalledEdwardJennergavehisgardener’ssoncowpox(牛痘)andthendeliberatelyinfectedhimwithsmallpox(天花)totesthisassumptionthatpeoplewhowerefrequentlyexposedtocowpox,asimilarbutlessseverevirus,wouldavoidcatchingsmallpox.(18世紀(jì)70年代，一位名叫愛德華·詹納(EdwardJenner)的英國(guó)醫(yī)生讓他的園丁的兒子染上牛痘，然后故意讓他感染天花，以檢驗(yàn)他的假設(shè)，即經(jīng)常接觸牛痘(一種類似但不那么嚴(yán)重的病毒)的人會(huì)避免感染天花)”以及第二段“Challengetrialsareformsofresearchwhere,ratherthanrelyingondatafromnaturalinfections,weintentionallyexposesomeonetoadiseaseinordertotesttheeffectivenessofavaccineortreatment.(挑戰(zhàn)試驗(yàn)是一種研究形式，我們不是依靠自然感染的數(shù)據(jù)，而是故意讓某人接觸某種疾病，以測(cè)試疫苗或治療的有效性)”可知，作者講述愛德華·詹納的故事是為了介紹挑戰(zhàn)試驗(yàn)的話題。故選B項(xiàng)?！?3題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Evenso,there’sthecontinuoussensethatthere’ssomethingimmoralaboutmakingsomeoneillonpurpose.(即便如此，人們?nèi)匀徽J(rèn)為故意讓別人生病是不道德的)”以及第三段“Butthisshouldn’tblindustotheextraordinarypowerofchallengetrials.Theycouldbeeincreasinglyimportantweaponsinthemedicalresearch,inasituationwherevaccinetechnologyisadvancingandthethreatofdiseasesjumpingfromanimalsintohumanbeingsisincreasing.(但這不應(yīng)該讓我們忽視挑戰(zhàn)試驗(yàn)的非凡力量。在疫苗技術(shù)不斷進(jìn)步、疾病從動(dòng)物傳染給人類的威脅日益增加的情況下，它們可能成為醫(yī)學(xué)研究中越來(lái)越重要的武器)”可知，盡管有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，但挑戰(zhàn)試驗(yàn)可以使許多生命受益。故選C項(xiàng)。【14題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Inordertomakesureweareasprotectedaspossiblefromcurrentandfuturethreats,weshouldtrytogetridofthemisbeliefinchallengetrials,makingthemamorefamiliarpartofourtoolkits.Perhapsthegreatestrewardofallwouldbetomakesureparticipants’effortsareworthwhile:bydesigningtrialstobefairandeffectiveandapplyingthemwhenandwheretheymightmakearealdifference.Inshort,byhelpingthemtosavethousands,ifnotmillionsoflives.(為了確保我們盡可能免受當(dāng)前和未來(lái)的威脅，我們應(yīng)該努力消除對(duì)挑戰(zhàn)試驗(yàn)的誤解，使其成為我們工具箱中更為常見的一部分。也許最大的回報(bào)將是確保參與者的努力是值得的：通過設(shè)計(jì)公平、有效的試驗(yàn)，并在可能產(chǎn)生真正差異的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)應(yīng)用這些試驗(yàn)。簡(jiǎn)而言之，通過幫助他們拯救成千上萬(wàn)，甚至數(shù)百萬(wàn)人的生命)”可知，本文作者想告訴我們對(duì)挑戰(zhàn)試驗(yàn)應(yīng)采取更開放的態(tài)度。故選B項(xiàng)。【15題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“Challengetrialsareformsofresearchwhere,ratherthanrelyingondatafromnaturalinfections,weintentionallyexposesomeonetoadiseaseinordertotesttheeffectivenessofavaccineortreatment.ThingshavechangedalotsinceJenner’stime,ofcourse,whenitwasnotunmonfordoctorstoconductthiskindofresearch.Evenso,there’sthecontinuoussensethatthere’ssomethingimmoralaboutmakingsomeoneillonpurpose.(挑戰(zhàn)試驗(yàn)是一種研究形式，我們不是依靠自然感染的數(shù)據(jù)，而是故意讓某人接觸某種疾病，以測(cè)試疫苗或治療的有效性。當(dāng)然，與詹納的時(shí)代相比，情況發(fā)生了很大變化，當(dāng)時(shí)醫(yī)生進(jìn)行這類研究并不罕見。即便如此，人們?nèi)匀徽J(rèn)為故意讓別人生病是不道德的)”以及縱觀全文可知，本文講述了盡管有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，但挑戰(zhàn)試驗(yàn)可以使許多生命受益，并且目前已采取很多方法來(lái)降低這種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，呼吁人們對(duì)挑戰(zhàn)試驗(yàn)應(yīng)采取更開放的態(tài)度。所以A項(xiàng)“Shouldweusechallengetrialstofindcures?”是本文最好的標(biāo)題。故選A項(xiàng)。第二節(jié)（共5小題；每小題2分，共10分）根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的七個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。Manyofussetgoals,butsometimeswefailtoachievethem.Therearemanycauseswhywedon’tmanagetorealizeourgoals.____16____Thereisaway,though,tohelpaddressthisproblem:setreminders.Peopleemployapsychologicalstrategycalledcognitive(認(rèn)知的)offloading,whereweuseaphysicalactiontoreducedemandsonourbrain.Specifically,wemayoutsourceourintentionsfrombeingstoredinourbrainstoremindersoutsideourhead.____17____Understandingthebenefitsofcognitiveoffloadingcanimproveourabilitytorememberandfollowthroughwithourintentions.Thebiggestbenefitissimplythatitimprovesmemoryperformance.Itincreasestheprobabilitythatwewillworktowardsthegoalsweneedtoreach.____18____“Themoreweoffloadunimportantinformation,suchasitemsonashoppinglist,themorewecanuseourbrainforthosemoresignificantcognitivetasks,suchascreativity,”saidSamGilbert,professorattheUniversityCollegeLondon.____19____Still,therearepotentialnegativepartsforit.Wearemorelikelytoforgetwhatweoffloadedifwenolongeraccessourstorage,suchaswhenoursmartphonedies.Wealsotendtooffloadtheimportantthingswemostwanttoremember.Inasurprisetestwheretheirreminderswerewipedclean,theparticipantsweremorelikelytoforgettheimportantitemsandrecalltheunimportantones,thatis,themoreimportanttheintentionwewanttoremember,themorelikelywearetooffloadit—andtoforgetit.We’dbettertendtocreatereminderswhenwethinkweneedthem,butnotnecessarilywhenwedoneedthem.____20____“Ifourunderstandingofourmemoryabilityiswrong,thissuggeststhatwewilleitheroveruseorunderusereminders,”Gilbertsaid.“Wecanlearnbynoticingthetimesthatwehaveforgottentodosomethingandcouldhaveusedreminderstohelp.”A.Cognitiveoffloadinghasnoticeablebenefits.B.Onemonreasonisthatwesimplyforgetthem.C.Besides,itcanfreeupourlimitedcognitiveresources.DAgoodexamplecanbedocumentsonoursmartphonecalendars.E.Theprocessofcognitiveoffloadinghelpsusidentifyfalseinformation.F.Ourbeliefsabouthowgoodourmemoryisdirectlyinfluencewhetherwesetthem.G.Otherexpertssayit’stoosoontounderstandhowcognitiveoffloadingaffectsourbrains.【答案】16.B17.D18.C19.A20.F【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是說(shuō)明文。介紹了認(rèn)知卸載的好處和壞處，以及什么時(shí)候創(chuàng)建提醒。【16題詳解】根據(jù)前文“Therearemanycauseswhywedon’tmanagetorealizeourgoals.(我們無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的原因有很多)”可知，此處是說(shuō)明無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的原因，所以B項(xiàng)“Onemonreasonisthatwesimplyforgetthem.(一個(gè)常見的原因是我們只是忘記了它們)”符合主題，并引出下文“Thereisaway,though,tohelpaddressthisproblem:setreminders.(不過，有一個(gè)方法可以幫助解決這個(gè)問題：設(shè)置提醒)”。故選B項(xiàng)。17題詳解】根據(jù)前文“Peopleemployapsychologicalstrategycalledcognitive(認(rèn)知的)offloading,whereweuseaphysicalactiontoreducedemandsonourbrain.Specifically,wemayoutsourceourintentionsfrombeingstoredinourbrainstoremindersoutsideourhead.(人們采用一種叫做認(rèn)知卸載的心理策略，即我們用身體動(dòng)作來(lái)減少對(duì)大腦的需求。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，我們可能會(huì)把我們的意圖從儲(chǔ)存在大腦里外包給大腦外的提醒)”可知，此處講述了設(shè)置提醒具體方法，所以D項(xiàng)“Agoodexamplecanbedocumentsonoursmartphonecalendars.(一個(gè)很好的例子就是我們智能日歷上的文檔)”是對(duì)此方法的具體舉例，符合文意。故選D項(xiàng)?！?8題詳解】根據(jù)前文“Understandingthebenefitsofcognitiveoffloadingcanimproveourabilitytorememberandfollowthroughwithourintentions.Thebiggestbenefitissimplythatitimprovesmemoryperformance.Itincreasestheprobabilitythatwewillworktowardsthegoalsweneedtoreach.(了解認(rèn)知卸載的好處可以提高我們的記憶能力和貫徹我們的意圖的能力。最大的好處就是提高了記憶性能。它增加了我們朝著我們需要達(dá)到的目標(biāo)努力的可能性)”可知，此處在講述了解認(rèn)知卸載的好處，根據(jù)后文““Themoreweoffloadunimportantinformation,suchasitemsonashoppinglist,themorewecanuseourbrainforthosemoresignificantcognitivetasks,suchascreativity,”saidSamGilbert,professorattheUniversityCollegeLondon.(倫敦大學(xué)學(xué)院的教授山姆·吉爾伯特說(shuō)：“我們?cè)讲蝗ハ肽切┎恢匾男畔?，比如?gòu)物清單上的東西，我們就越能把大腦用于那些更重要的認(rèn)知任務(wù)，比如創(chuàng)造力?！?”是在講述另一個(gè)好處，所以空處應(yīng)是C項(xiàng)“Besides,itcanfreeupourlimitedcognitiveresources.(此外，它可以釋放我們有限的認(rèn)知資源)”符合文意，描述另一個(gè)好處，引出下文。故選C項(xiàng)?！?9題詳解】分析設(shè)空，位于段首，根據(jù)后文“Still,therearepotentialnegativepartsforit.(不過，它也有潛在的負(fù)面影響)”可知，空處應(yīng)是承上啟下的作用，由上文介紹好處，轉(zhuǎn)到講述缺點(diǎn)，所以A項(xiàng)“Cognitiveoffloadinghasnoticeablebenefits.(認(rèn)知卸載有明顯的好處)”符合文意，承接上文，并和后文構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。故選A項(xiàng)?！?0題詳解】根據(jù)前文“We’dbettertendtocreatereminderswhenwethinkweneedthem,butnotnecessarilywhenwedoneedthem.(當(dāng)我們認(rèn)為我們需要提醒時(shí)，我們最好創(chuàng)建提醒，但不一定是在我們確實(shí)需要的時(shí)候)”以及后文““Ifourunderstandingofourmemoryabilityiswrong,thissuggeststhatwewilleitheroveruseorunderusereminders,”Gilbertsaid.(吉爾伯特說(shuō)：“如果我們對(duì)記憶能力的理解是錯(cuò)誤的，這表明我們要么過度使用提醒，要么使用不足?！?”可知，空處應(yīng)是過渡句，所以F項(xiàng)“Ourbeliefsabouthowgoodourmemoryisdirectlyinfluencewhetherwesetthem.(我們對(duì)自己記憶力好壞的看法直接影響到我們是否能記好)”是對(duì)前文的進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明，并引出下文。故選F項(xiàng)。第三部分英語(yǔ)知識(shí)運(yùn)用（共兩節(jié)，滿分45分）第一節(jié)完形填空（共2小題：每小題1.5分，滿分30分）閱讀下面短文，從短文后各題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（A、B、C和D）中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。Pharez,aformerstudentofmine,isnowateacheratmyhighschool.Shewalkedbymeinthe____21____thisafternoonandsaidwithasmile,“Ms.Harris,Iknowyouloveourwordoftheweek—integrity(誠(chéng)實(shí)正直).IhearditontheannouncementsthismorningandI____22____thoughtofyou.”Ireplied,“ThankyouPharez,that____23____myday.”Shewentontosay,“Ialways____24____youtalkingtousaboutintegrityand____25____andhowimportanttheywere.”I____26____heragainandshe____27____downthehallway.AsIreflectonthis____28____,itbringsasmiletomyface.Ofthem