南京大學(xué)-軟件工程-14面向?qū)ο竽K化課件

《計算與軟件工程II》

Ch14“面向?qū)ο蟆钡哪K化《計算與軟件工程II》

Ch14“面向?qū)ο蟆钡哪K化1ModuleApieceofcodeMethodsClassModule(package)Coupling:amongpiecesCohesion:internalapieceModuleApieceofcode2What’sthedifferencebetweenStructuralmethodsandOOmethodsCouplingCouplingisthemeasureofthestrengthofassociationestablishedbyaconnection

fromonemoduletoanotherStructuralmethodsAconnectionisareferencetosomelabeloraddressdefinedelsewhereOOmethodsInteractioncouplingComponentcouplingInheritancecouplingWhat’sthedifferencebetween3MainContentsCouplingofOOInteractionCouplingComponentCouplingInheritCouplingCouplingMetricofOOCohesionofOOMainContentsCouplingofOO4SingleinteractioncouplingMethodInvokeorAttributeAccessbetweentwoclassMostsimilartotheclassicaldefinitionofcouplingbetweenmodulesNotincludinginheritanceParameterandAttributenotincludingClassTypeSingleinteractioncouplingMet5StrengthofSingleinteractioncouplingStrengthofSingleinteraction6PrinciplesofinteractioncouplingPrinciplesfromModularization1:《GlobalVariablesConsiderHarmful》2:《TobeExplicit》3:《DonotRepeat》4:ProgrammingtoInterfacePrinciplesofinteractioncoup7MainContentsCouplingofOOInteractionCouplingComponentCouplingInheritCouplingCouplingMetricofOOCohesionofOOMainContentsCouplingofOO8ComponentcouplingAbstractionDefineoneplace,usingmanyplaceClass-Level,Object-LevelComponentcouplingThecomponentrelationshipbetweenclassesisdefinedbytheuseofaclassasdomainofsomeinstancevariableofanotherclassNotincludingInheritanceUsuallyClass-LevelneededAttributeType:howtoexplicitComponentcouplingAbstraction9FourKindsofComponentcouplingWholevariable:AggregationParameter:MethodParameterCreator:Creatorinsomemethod’slocalHidden:GivenbyanotherobjectFourKindsofComponentcoupli10HiddenComponentcouplingTheworstcoupling:ImplicitThecouplingbetweentwoclassesCandC’

isratedhiddenifC’

showsupneitherinthespecificationnorintheimplementationofCalthoughanobjectofC’

isusedintheimplementationofamethodofCAsimilarproblemisencounteredifthereturnvalueofamethodinvocationisimmediatelyusedasinputparameterinanothermethodinvocationdisallowtheuseofcascadingmessagesTobeexplicit!HiddenComponentcouplingThew11HiddenComponentcouplingHiddenComponentcoupling12TheLawofDemeterExampleTheLawofDemeterExample13PrinciplesofComponentCouplingPrinciple5:TheLawofDemeterYoucanplaywithyourself.Youcanplaywithyourowntoys,butyoucan'ttakethemapartYoucanplaywithtoysthatweregiventoyou.Youcanplaywithtoysyou'vemadeyourself.PrinciplesofComponentCoupli14南京大學(xué)-軟件工程-14面向?qū)ο竽K化課件15ScatteredComponentCouplingWeratetwoclassesCandC’

asscatteredcoupledifC’

isusedasdomaininthedefinitionofsomelocalvariableorinstancevariableintheimplementationofCyetC’

isnotincludedinthespecificationofCCommonandacceptableAggregation:GlobalLocalinstance:LocalWhichisbetter?ManyConnectionsVSStrongerSingleConnectionScatteredComponentCouplingWe16SpecifiedComponentCouplingWeratetwoclassesCandC’

asspecifiedcoupledifC’

isincludedinthespecificationofCwheneveritisacomponentofCGetSpecified,DesignbyContract——SufferedInterfaceVSRequiredInterfaceSufferedInterface:SpecifiedRequiredInterface:UsedScatteredComponentCouplingcanbeimprovedtoSpecifiedcomponentcouplingwithcommentsSpecifiedComponentCouplingWe17PrinciplesofComponentCouplingPrinciple4:ProgrammingtoInterfaceProgrammingtoRequiredInterface,notonlySufferedInterfaceDesignbyContractContractofModule/ClassRequiredmothods/ProvidedmethodsContractofMethodsPreCondition,PostCondition,InvariantPrinciplesofComponentCoupli18PrinciplesofComponentCoupling

Principles6:InterfaceSegregationPrinciple(ISP)ProgrammingtoSimplerInterfaceManyclient-specificinterfacesarebetter

thanonegeneralpurposeinterfaceClientsshouldnotbeforcedtodependuponinterfacesthattheydonotuse.R.Martin,1996PrinciplesofComponentCoupli19PrinciplesofComponentCoupling

——ISPExplainedMultipurposeclassesMethodsfallindifferentgroupsNotallusersuseallmethodsCanleadtounwanteddependenciesClientsusingoneaspectofaclassalsodependindirectlyonthedependenciesoftheotheraspectsISPhelpstosolvetheproblemUseseveralclient-specificinterfacesPrinciplesofComponentCoupli20PrinciplesofComponentCoupling

——ISPExample:UIsUIsareisolatedfromeachotherCanaddaUIwithchangesinServer→otherUIsnotaffectedTheServer"collects"interfacesNewUI→ServerinterfacechangesAllotherUIsrecompilePrinciplesofComponentCoupli21南京大學(xué)-軟件工程-14面向?qū)ο竽K化課件22MainContentsCouplingofOOInteractionCouplingComponentCouplingInheritCouplingCouplingMetricofOOCohesionofOOMainContentsCouplingofOO23InheritanceCouplingParentinformationisspecifiedforchildrenWithaparentreference,howmanyinformationaclientneededwheninteracting?ModificationRefinementExtensionInheritanceCouplingParentinf24ModificationInheritanceCouplingModifyingwithoutanyrulesandrestrictsWorstInheritanceCouplingIfaclientusingaparentref,theparentandchildmethodareallneededImplicitTherearetwoconnections,morecomplexHarmtopolymorphismModificationInheritanceCoupl25RefinementInheritanceCouplingdefiningnewinformationtheinheritedinformationisonlychangedduetopredefinedrulesIfaclientusingaparentref,thewholeparentandrefinementofchildareneeded1+connectionsNecessary!RefinementInheritanceCouplin26ExtensionInheritanceCoupling

thesubclassonlyaddsmethodsandinstancevariablesbutneithermodifiesnorrefinesanyoftheinheritedonesIfaclientusingaparentref,onlytheparentisneeded1connectionExtensionInheritanceCoupling27HowInheritancereducecoupling?Remember:inRefinementandExtensioninheritancecoupling,theinteractioncouplingbetweensuper-classandsubclassisignoredHowInheritancereducecouplin28PrinciplesofInheritCoupling

AllderivedclassesmustbesubstituteablefortheirbaseclassBarbaraLiskov,1988Functionsthatusepointersorreferencestobaseclassesmustbeabletouseobjectsofderivedclasseswithoutknowingit.R.Martin,1996Principle7:LiskovSubstitutionPrinciple(LSP)PrinciplesofInheritCoupling29LSP:

exampleLSP:example30LSP:

exampleLSP:example31InheritanceAppearsSimple

IsaSquareaRectangle?

Rectr=newRect();setWidth=4;setHeight=5;assert(20==getArea());classSquareextendsRect{//Squareinvariant,height=widthsetWidth(x){setHeight()=x}setHeight(x){setWidth(x)}}//violateLSP?InheritanceAppearsSimple

Is32InheritanceAppearsSimpleclassBird{

//hasbeak,wings,...

public:virtualvoidfly();

//Birdcanfly};classParrot

:publicBird{//Parrotisabird

public:virtualvoidmimic();

//CanRepeat

words...};classPenguin:publicBird{

public:voidfly(){

error(“Penguinsdon’tfly!”);}};InheritanceAppearsSimpleclas33PenguinsFailtoFly!voidPlayWithBird(Bird&abird)

{

abird.fly();

//OKifParrot.

//ifbirdhappenstobePenguin...OOOPS!!}Doesnotmodel:

“Penguinscan’tfly”Itmodels

“Penguinsmayfly,butiftheytryitiserror”

Run-timeerrorifattempttoflynotdesirable

ThinkaboutSubstitutability-FailsLSPPenguinsFailtoFly!voidPlay34LSPSummaryLSPisaboutSemanticsandReplacementUnderstandbeforeyoudesignThemeaningandpurposeofeverymethodandclassmustbeclearlydocumentedLackofuserunderstandingwillinducedefactoviolationsofLSPReplaceabilityiscrucialWheneveranyclassisreferencedbyanycodeinanysystem, anyfutureorexistingsubclassesofthatclassmustbe100%replaceableLSPSummaryLSPisaboutSemant35LSPSummaryDesignbyContractAdvertisedBehaviorofanobject:advertisedRequirements(Preconditions)advertisedPromises(Postconditions)Whenredefiningamethodinaderivateclass,youmayonlyreplaceitspreconditionbyaweakerone,anditspostconditionbyastrongeroneB.Meyer,1988Derivedclassservices

shouldrequireno

moreandpromisenoless

LSPSummaryDesignbyContractW36南京大學(xué)-軟件工程-14面向?qū)ο竽K化課件37Principle8:FavorCompositionOverInheritanceUseinheritforpolymorphismUsedelegatenotinherittoreusecode!Principle8:FavorCompositio38Coad'sRulesofUsingInheritanceUseinheritanceonlywhenallofthefollowingcriteriaaresatisfied:Asubclassexpresses"isaspecialkindof"andnot"isaroleplayedbya"AninstanceofasubclassneverneedstobecomeanobjectofanotherclassAsubclassextends,ratherthanoverridesornullifies,theresponsibilitiesofitssuperclassAsubclassdoesnotextendthecapabilitiesofwhatismerelyanutilityclassCoad'sRulesofUsingInherita39Inheritance/CompositionExample1Inheritance/CompositionExampl40Inheritance/CompositionExample1(Continued)Inheritance/CompositionExampl41Inheritance/CompositionExample2Inheritance/CompositionExampl42classObject{ public:virtualvoidupdate(){}; virtualvoiddraw(){}; virtualvoidcollide(Objectobjects[]){};};classVisible:publicObject{public:virtualvoiddraw(){ /*drawmodelatpositionofthisobject*/};private:Model*model;};classSolid:publicObject{public:virtualvoidcollide(Objectobjects[]){ /*checkandreacttocollisionswithobjects*/};};classMovable:publicObject{ public:virtualvoidupdate(){ /*updateposition*/};};classObject{43MainContentsCouplingofOOInteractionCouplingComponentCouplingInheritCouplingCouplingMetricofOOCohesionofOOMainContentsCouplingofOO44CouplingMetricsbetweenclassesCouplingbetweenobjectclasses(CBO)Acountofthenumberofotherclasses:whichaccessamethodorvariableinthisclass,orcontainamethodorvariableaccessedbythisclassNotincludingInheritanceWanttokeepthislowCouplingMetricsbetweenclass45CouplingMetricsbetweenclassesDataabstractioncoupling(DAC)ThenumberofattributehavinganADTtypedependentonthedefinitionsofotherclassesWanttokeepthislowCouplingMetricsbetweenclass46CouplingMetricsbetweenclassesCeand&D(efferentandafferentcoupling)Ca:Thenumberofclassesoutsidethiscategorythatdependuponclasseswithinthiscategory.Ce:ThenumberofclassesinsidethiscategorythatdependuponclassesoutsidethiscategoryWanttokeeptheselowCouplingMetricsbetweenclass47CouplingMetricsbetweenclassesDepthoftheInheritancetree(DIT)themaximumlengthfromthenodetotherootofthetreeasDITgrows,itbecomesdifficulttopredictbehaviorofaclassbecauseofthehighdegreeofinheritancePositively,largeDITvaluesimplythatmanymethodsmaybereusedCouplingMetricsbetweenclass48CouplingMetricsbetweenclassesNumberofchildren(NOC)countofthesubclassesimmediatelysubordinatetoaclassasNOCgrows,reuseincreasesasNOCgrows,abstractioncanbecomedilutedincreaseinNOCmeanstheamountoftestingwillincreaseCouplingMetricsbetweenclass49MainContentsCouplingofOOInteractionCouplingComponentCouplingInheritCouplingCouplingMetricofOOCohesionofOOMainContentsCouplingofOO50CohesionofAttributesSeparablerepresentmultipleunrelateddataabstractionscombinedinoneobjectmultifacetedrepresentmultiplerelateddataabstractionsNon-delegatedSomeattributerepresentapartofanotherclass:notinthirdnormalformConcealedsomeattributeandreferencingmethodswhichmayberegardedasaclassofitsownModel:informationalstrengththeclassrepresentsasinglesemanticallymeaningfulconceptualCohesionofAttributesSeparabl51CohesionofmethodsMethodsofaClassareCommoncouplingAllmethodsserveOneResponsibilityInformationalCohesionRelativefunctions(functionalCohesion)Principle9:SingleResponsibilityPrincipleCohesionofmethodsMethodsof52SingleResponsibilityPrinciple(SRP)AclassshouldhaveonlyonereasontochangeRobertMartinRelatedtoandderivedfromcohesion,i.e.thatelementsinamoduleshouldbecloselyrelatedintheirfunctionResponsibilityofaclasstoperformacertainfunctionisalsoareasonfortheclasstochangeSingleResponsibilityPrincipl53SRPExampleSRPExample54SRPExampleSRPExample55SRPSummaryClassshouldhaveonlyonereasontochangeCohesionofitsfunctions/responsibilitiesSeveralresponsibilitiesmeanseveralreasonsforchanges→morefrequentchangesSoundssimpleenoughNotsoeasyinreallifeTradeoffswithcomplexity,repetition,opacitySRPSummaryClassshouldhaveo56南京大學(xué)-軟件工程-14面向?qū)ο竽K化課件57MeasureclasscohesionLackofcohesioninmethods(LCOM)WanttokeepthislowManyotherversionsofLCOMhavebeendefinedMeasureclasscohesionLackof58MeasureclasscohesionIfLCOM>=1,thentheclassshouldbeseparatedMeasureclasscohesionIfLCOM59PrinciplesofinteractioncouplingPrinciplesfromModularization1:《GlobalVariablesConsiderHarmful》2:《TobeExplicit》3:《DonotRepeat》4:ProgrammingtoInterfacePrinciplesofinteractioncoup60MorePrinciples4:ProgrammingtoInterface(DesignbyContract)5:TheLawofDemeter6:InterfaceSegregationPrinciple(ISP)7:LiskovSubstitutionPrinciple(LSP)8:FavorCompositionOverInheritance9:SingleResponsibilityPrincipleMorePrinciples4:Programming61《計算與軟件工程II》

Ch14“面向?qū)ο蟆钡哪K化《計算與軟件工程II》

Ch14“面向?qū)ο蟆钡哪K化62ModuleApieceofcodeMethodsClassModule(package)Coupling:amongpiecesCohesion:internalapieceModuleApieceofcode63What’sthedifferencebetweenStructuralmethodsandOOmethodsCouplingCouplingisthemeasureofthestrengthofassociationestablishedbyaconnection

fromonemoduletoanotherStructuralmethodsAconnectionisareferencetosomelabeloraddressdefinedelsewhereOOmethodsInteractioncouplingComponentcouplingInheritancecouplingWhat’sthedifferencebetween64MainContentsCouplingofOOInteractionCouplingComponentCouplingInheritCouplingCouplingMetricofOOCohesionofOOMainContentsCouplingofOO65SingleinteractioncouplingMethodInvokeorAttributeAccessbetweentwoclassMostsimilartotheclassicaldefinitionofcouplingbetweenmodulesNotincludinginheritanceParameterandAttributenotincludingClassTypeSingleinteractioncouplingMet66StrengthofSingleinteractioncouplingStrengthofSingleinteraction67PrinciplesofinteractioncouplingPrinciplesfromModularization1:《GlobalVariablesConsiderHarmful》2:《TobeExplicit》3:《DonotRepeat》4:ProgrammingtoInterfacePrinciplesofinteractioncoup68MainContentsCouplingofOOInteractionCouplingComponentCouplingInheritCouplingCouplingMetricofOOCohesionofOOMainContentsCouplingofOO69ComponentcouplingAbstractionDefineoneplace,usingmanyplaceClass-Level,Object-LevelComponentcouplingThecomponentrelationshipbetweenclassesisdefinedbytheuseofaclassasdomainofsomeinstancevariableofanotherclassNotincludingInheritanceUsuallyClass-LevelneededAttributeType:howtoexplicitComponentcouplingAbstraction70FourKindsofComponentcouplingWholevariable:AggregationParameter:MethodParameterCreator:Creatorinsomemethod’slocalHidden:GivenbyanotherobjectFourKindsofComponentcoupli71HiddenComponentcouplingTheworstcoupling:ImplicitThecouplingbetweentwoclassesCandC’

isratedhiddenifC’

showsupneitherinthespecificationnorintheimplementationofCalthoughanobjectofC’

isusedintheimplementationofamethodofCAsimilarproblemisencounteredifthereturnvalueofamethodinvocationisimmediatelyusedasinputparameterinanothermethodinvocationdisallowtheuseofcascadingmessagesTobeexplicit!HiddenComponentcouplingThew72HiddenComponentcouplingHiddenComponentcoupling73TheLawofDemeterExampleTheLawofDemeterExample74PrinciplesofComponentCouplingPrinciple5:TheLawofDemeterYoucanplaywithyourself.Youcanplaywithyourowntoys,butyoucan'ttakethemapartYoucanplaywithtoysthatweregiventoyou.Youcanplaywithtoysyou'vemadeyourself.PrinciplesofComponentCoupli75南京大學(xué)-軟件工程-14面向?qū)ο竽K化課件76ScatteredComponentCouplingWeratetwoclassesCandC’

asscatteredcoupledifC’

isusedasdomaininthedefinitionofsomelocalvariableorinstancevariableintheimplementationofCyetC’

isnotincludedinthespecificationofCCommonandacceptableAggregation:GlobalLocalinstance:LocalWhichisbetter?ManyConnectionsVSStrongerSingleConnectionScatteredComponentCouplingWe77SpecifiedComponentCouplingWeratetwoclassesCandC’

asspecifiedcoupledifC’

isincludedinthespecificationofCwheneveritisacomponentofCGetSpecified,DesignbyContract——SufferedInterfaceVSRequiredInterfaceSufferedInterface:SpecifiedRequiredInterface:UsedScatteredComponentCouplingcanbeimprovedtoSpecifiedcomponentcouplingwithcommentsSpecifiedComponentCouplingWe78PrinciplesofComponentCouplingPrinciple4:ProgrammingtoInterfaceProgrammingtoRequiredInterface,notonlySufferedInterfaceDesignbyContractContractofModule/ClassRequiredmothods/ProvidedmethodsContractofMethodsPreCondition,PostCondition,InvariantPrinciplesofComponentCoupli79PrinciplesofComponentCoupling

Principles6:InterfaceSegregationPrinciple(ISP)ProgrammingtoSimplerInterfaceManyclient-specificinterfacesarebetter

thanonegeneralpurposeinterfaceClientsshouldnotbeforcedtodependuponinterfacesthattheydonotuse.R.Martin,1996PrinciplesofComponentCoupli80PrinciplesofComponentCoupling

——ISPExplainedMultipurposeclassesMethodsfallindifferentgroupsNotallusersuseallmethodsCanleadtounwanteddependenciesClientsusingoneaspectofaclassalsodependindirectlyonthedependenciesoftheotheraspectsISPhelpstosolvetheproblemUseseveralclient-specificinterfacesPrinciplesofComponentCoupli81PrinciplesofComponentCoupling

——ISPExample:UIsUIsareisolatedfromeachotherCanaddaUIwithchangesinServer→otherUIsnotaffectedTheServer"collects"interfacesNewUI→ServerinterfacechangesAllotherUIsrecompilePrinciplesofComponentCoupli82南京大學(xué)-軟件工程-14面向?qū)ο竽K化課件83MainContentsCouplingofOOInteractionCouplingComponentCouplingInheritCouplingCouplingMetricofOOCohesionofOOMainContentsCouplingofOO84InheritanceCouplingParentinformationisspecifiedforchildrenWithaparentreference,howmanyinformationaclientneededwheninteracting?ModificationRefinementExtensionInheritanceCouplingParentinf85ModificationInheritanceCouplingModifyingwithoutanyrulesandrestrictsWorstInheritanceCouplingIfaclientusingaparentref,theparentandchildmethodareallneededImplicitTherearetwoconnections,morecomplexHarmtopolymorphismModificationInheritanceCoupl86RefinementInheritanceCouplingdefiningnewinformationtheinheritedinformationisonlychangedduetopredefinedrulesIfaclientusingaparentref,thewholeparentandrefinementofchildareneeded1+connectionsNecessary!RefinementInheritanceCouplin87ExtensionInheritanceCoupling

thesubclassonlyaddsmethodsandinstancevariablesbutneithermodifiesnorrefinesanyoftheinheritedonesIfaclientusingaparentref,onlytheparentisneeded1connectionExtensionInheritanceCoupling88HowInheritancereducecoupling?Remember:inRefinementandExtensioninheritancecoupling,theinteractioncouplingbetweensuper-classandsubclassisignoredHowInheritancereducecouplin89PrinciplesofInheritCoupling

AllderivedclassesmustbesubstituteablefortheirbaseclassBarbaraLiskov,1988Functionsthatusepointersorreferencestobaseclassesmustbeabletouseobjectsofderivedclasseswithoutknowingit.R.Martin,1996Principle7:LiskovSubstitutionPrinciple(LSP)PrinciplesofInheritCoupling90LSP:

exampleLSP:example91LSP:

exampleLSP:example92InheritanceAppearsSimple

IsaSquareaRectangle?

Rectr=newRect();setWidth=4;setHeight=5;assert(20==getArea());classSquareextendsRect{//Squareinvariant,height=widthsetWidth(x){setHeight()=x}setHeight(x){setWidth(x)}}//violateLSP?InheritanceAppearsSimple

Is93InheritanceAppearsSimpleclassBird{

//hasbeak,wings,...

public:virtualvoidfly();

//Birdcanfly};classParrot

:publicBird{//Parrotisabird

public:virtualvoidmimic();

//CanRepeat

words...};classPenguin:publicBird{

public:voidfly(){

error(“Penguinsdon’tfly!”);}};InheritanceAppearsSimpleclas94PenguinsFailtoFly!voidPlayWithBird(Bird&abird)

{

abird.fly();

//OKifParrot.

//ifbirdhappenstobePenguin...OOOPS!!}Doesnotmodel:

“Penguinscan’tfly”Itmodels

“Penguinsmayfly,butiftheytryitiserror”

Run-timeerrorifattempttoflynotdesirable

ThinkaboutSubstitutability-FailsLSPPenguinsFailtoFly!voidPlay95LSPSummaryLSPisaboutSemanticsandReplacementUnderstandbeforeyoudesignThemeaningandpurposeofeverymethodandclassmustbeclearlydocumentedLackofuserunderstandingwillinducedefactoviolationsofLSPReplaceabilityiscrucialWheneveranyclassisreferencedbyanycodeinanysystem, anyfutureorexistingsubclassesofthatclassmustbe100%replaceableLSPSummaryLSPisaboutSemant96LSPSummaryDesignbyContractAdvertisedBehaviorofanobject:advertisedRequirements(Preconditions)advertisedPromises(Postconditions)Whenredefiningamethodinaderivateclass,youmayonlyreplaceitspreconditionbyaweakerone,anditspostconditionbyastrongeroneB.Meyer,1988Derivedclassservices

shouldrequireno

moreandpromisenoless

LSPSummaryDesignbyContractW97南京大學(xué)-軟件工程-14面向?qū)ο竽K化課件98Principle8:FavorCompositionOverInheritanceUseinheritforpolymorphismUsedelegatenotinherittoreusecode!Principle8:FavorCompositio99Coad'sRulesofUsingInheritanceUseinheritanceonlywhenallofthefollowingcriteriaaresatisfied:Asubclassexpresses"isaspecialkindof"andnot"isaroleplayedbya"AninstanceofasubclassneverneedstobecomeanobjectofanotherclassAsubclassextends,ratherthanoverridesornullifies,theresponsibilitiesofitssuperclassAsubclassdoesnotextendthecapabilitiesofwhatismerelyanutilityclassCoad'sRulesofUsingInherita100Inheritance/CompositionExample1Inheritance/CompositionExampl101Inheritance/CompositionExample1(Continued)Inheritance/CompositionExampl102Inheritance/CompositionExample2Inheritance/CompositionExampl103classObject{ public:virtualvoidupdate(){}; virtualvoiddraw(){}; virtualvoidcollide(Objectobjects[]){};};classVisible:publicObject{public:virtualvoiddraw(){ /*drawmodelatpositionofthisobject*/};private:Model*model;};classSolid:publicObject{public:virtualvoidcollide(Objectobjects[]){ /*checkandreacttocollisionswithobjects*/};};classMovable:publicObject{ public:virtualvoidupdate(){ /*updateposition*/};};classObject{104MainContentsCouplingofOOInteractionCouplingComponentCouplingInheritCouplingCouplingMetricofOOCohesionofOOMainContentsCouplingofOO105CouplingMetricsbetweenclassesCouplingbetweenobjectclasses(CBO)Acountofthenumberofotherclasses:whichaccessamethodorvariableinthisclass,orcontainamethodorvariableaccessedbythisclassNotincludingInheritanceWanttokeepthislowCouplingMetricsbetweenclass106CouplingMetricsbetweenclassesDataabstractioncoupling(DAC)ThenumberofattributehavinganADTtypedependentonthedefinitionsofotherclassesWanttokeepthislowCouplingMetricsbetweenclass107CouplingMetricsbetweenclassesCeand&D(efferentandafferentcoupling)Ca:Thenumberofclassesoutsidethiscategorythatdependuponclasseswithinthiscategory.Ce:ThenumberofclassesinsidethiscategorythatdependuponclassesoutsidethiscategoryWanttokeeptheselowCouplingMetricsbetweenclass108CouplingMetricsbetweenclassesDepthoftheInheritancetree(DIT)themaximumlengthfromthenodetotherootofthetreeasDITgrows,itbecomesdifficultto