大學(xué)英語深層語法

DeepGrammarofCollegeEnglishIntroductionOverviewofEnglishGrammarMorphologyTensesandVoicesClauseandpresencestructureNonfiniteverbsandindependentnominalcases目錄SubjectverbagreementandsubjunctivemoodSpecialpresencepatternsandidiomaticusage目錄01IntroductionCourseContentThiscourseaimstoprovidestudentswithacomprehensiveunderstandingofthegrammarstructuresandrulesofEnglish,includingsentencestructure,wordformation,andgrammarrulesCourseObjectivesBycompletingthiscourse,studentswillbeabletoanalyzeandunderstandcomplexEnglishsentences,improvetheirwritingandspeakingskills,andenhancetheirlanguagecomprehensionandproductioncapabilitiesCourseIntroductionKnowledgeandUnderstandingAftercompletingthiscourse,studentswillhaveaclearunderstandingofthefundamentalgrammarrulesandstructuresofEnglish,includingsentencestructures,wordclasses,andgraphicalfunctionsSkillsStudentswillbeabletoapplytheknowledgetheyhavegainedtoanalyzecomplexEnglishsentences,identifygraphicalerrors,andimprovetheirownlanguageproductionAttentionandValuesThroughthiscourse,studentswilldevelopapositiveattitudetowardslanguagelearning,appropriatethebeautyoftheEnglishlanguage,andunderstandtheimportanceofaccurategrammarineffectivecommunicationLearningobjectives02OverviewofEnglishGrammarEnglishgrammarisasummaryoftherulesoftheEnglishlanguageandthefoundationforformingcorrectsentences.SummaryGrammaristheruleofvocabularyandsentencestructureinlanguage,whichspecifieshowtocombinewordsintomeaningfulsentences.GrammarknowledgecanhelpusunderstandandgeneratecorrectEnglishsentences,avoidcommonlanguageerrors,andimproveourEnglishexpressionability.DetaileddescriptionThedefinitionandimportanceofgrammarSummaryEnglishgrammarhascomplexcharacteristicssuchastense,voice,andtone.DetaileddescriptionEnglishgrammarincludescomplexfeaturessuchastense(pasttense,presenttense,futuretense,etc.),voice(activevoice,passivevoice),andmood(declarativemood,interrogativemood,imperativemood,subjunctivemood).ThesecharacteristicsplayanimportantroleinformingEnglishsentences,expressingdifferenttime,actionstates,andemotionalcolors.TheCharacteristicsofEnglishGrammarThedifferencebetweenEnglishgrammarandChinesegrammarSummary:TherearesignificantdifferencesbetweenEnglishgrammarandChinesegrammar.Detaileddescription:TherearesignificantdifferencesbetweenEnglishgrammarandChinesegrammarinmanyaspects.Forexample,Englishsentencesusuallyhavethesubjectandpredicateasthecore,whileChinesesentencesfocusmoreonthetopicandstatement;InEnglish,therearechangesintenseandvoice,whileinChinese,temporalrelationshipsandactionstatesareexpressedthroughvocabularyandcontext;Inaddition,theuseofarticlesinEnglishismorecomplexthaninChinese,whiletheuseofquantifiersinChineseismoreabundant.UnderstandingthesedifferenceshelpsusbettermasterEnglishgrammar,avoidnativelanguageinterference,andimproveourEnglishexpressionability.03MorphologyNounisapartofspeechthatnamesaperson,place,thing,animal,orideaNounisapartofspeechthatnamesaperson,place,thing,animal,orideaItcanbeeitheracountnounoramassnounCountnounscanbesingularorplural,whilemassnounsaresingularonlyExamples:"cat","dog","city","love","water"NounVerbisapartofspeechthatexpressesactionorstateofbeingExamples:"run","write","be","go"VerbisapartofspeechthatexpressesactionorstateofbeingItcanbeeitherfinalorinfiniteFineverbshavetense,person,andnumberagreement,whilefineverbsdonotVerbAdjectivesandadvertisementsaredescriptivewordsthatmodifynouns,verbs,orotheradvertisementsAdjectivesarewordsthatdescribethecharacteristicsofnounsorpronouns,whileadvertisementsarewordsthatdescribetheMannerortimeofverbs,objections,orotheradvertisementsExamples:"beautiful","fast","happy","clearly"SubjectsandadvertisementsPositionsandconnectionsPositionsshowspatialortemporalrelationshipsbetweennounsandotherelementsinasense,whileconnectionsshowlogicalrelationshipsbetweenclassesorsensesPositionsandconnectionsarewordsthatshowrelationshipsbetweenwordsinasenseExamples:"in","on","with","and","but","or"04TensesandVoicesPresenttense010203IeatanappleeverydayShesingsbeautifullyPresentSimplePresenttense01TheyplayfootballonSaturdays02PresentContinuouslyIameatinganapple03SheissingingasongTheyareplayingfootballatthemomentPresenttense02030401PresenttensePresentPerfectIhaveeatenmydinnerShehassungthreesongsTheyhaveplayedfootballfortwohours010203PastSimpleHeliveinthecountryShelovesreadingbooksPasttensePasttenseTheyvisitedtheirgrandparentseveryyearPasttensePastContinuousHewaswatchingTVwhenIcalledhimShewassingingintheschoolPasttenseTheywereplayingintheparkatthattime01PastPerfect02Hehadfinishedhishomeworkbeforedinner03ShehadwrittenaletterbythetimeIarrived04TheyhavealreadyplayedfortwohourswhentheirmothercalledthemhomePasttense03Shewon'teatanymoreSweets01FutureSimple02IwillmeetyouatthestationtomorrowFuturetenseTheywillvisittheirgrandparentsnextweekFuturetense123FutureContinuousIwillbestudyingwhentheyarriveShewillbehavingdinneratsevenO'clockFuturetenseFuturetenseFuturetense01FuturePerfect02Iwillhavefinishedmyprojectbynextweek03Shewillhavelearnedtodrivebythetimesheis1804TheywillhavelivedinthecityforfiveyearsbytheendofthisyearTheboyChasedthedog(Thesubject,theboy,performstheaction.)PassiveVoiceThemousewascausedbythecat(Thesubject,themouse,receivestheaction.)ActiveVoiceThecatcausedthemouse(Thesubject,thecat,performstheaction.)Thedogwaschasedbytheboy(Thesubject,thedog,receivestheaction.)010203040506Voice:activeandpassive05ClauseandpresencestructureVSAnounclauseservesasanounfunctioninasentenceandcanserveasasubject,object,orpredicate.Nounclausesincludesubjectclauses,objectclauses,andpredicateclauses.Theseclausesareusuallyguidedbyconjunctions,relativepronouns,orrelativeadverbsandcanincludeacompletesentenceoranounphrase.NominalclauseAdjectiveclausesareusedtomodifynounsorpronouns,providingadditionalinformationaboutthem.Adjectiveclausesusuallyfollowcloselyafterthenounorpronounbeingmodified,guidedbyrelativepronounsoradverbs,todescribeorlimitthenounorpronoun.AttributiveclauseAdverbialclausesserveasadverbialfunctionsinsentences,describingthetime,place,andmannerinwhichactionsoccur.Adverbialclausescanbeguidedbyconjunctions,relativepronouns,orrelativeadverbs,usuallyimmediatelyfollowingthemainclausetosupplementormodifythemainclause.AdverbialclaimsSentencestructureanalysisisthekeytounderstandingsentencecompositionandmeaning,helpingtoidentifythesubject,predicate,objectandothercomponentsinasentence,aswellastherelationshipsbetweenclauses.Whenconductingsentencestructureanalysis,itisnecessarytopayattentiontothekeywordsandstructureinthesentence,understandthelogicalrelationshipsandfunctionsbetweenvariouscomponents,andaccuratelyunderstandthemeaningofthesentence.Sentencestructureanalysis06NonfiniteverbsandindependentnominalcasesInfinitive010203Infinitiveisthebasicformoftheverb,withoutanytension,person,ornumberItisusedasthesubjectorobjectofapresence,orasacompletionInfinitivecanbeeitheractiveorpassiveActiveinfinityisformedbyadding"to"beforetheverb,whilepassiveinfinityisformedbyadding"by"beforetheverbInfinitivecanalsobeusedasacompletiontoexpresspurpose,result,orcauseGerundisaverbformthatendsin"-ing"andfunctionsasanounItisusedasthesubjectorobjectofapresence,orasacompletionGerundcanbeeitheractiveorpassiveActivegerundareformedbyadding"-ing"aftertheverb,whilepassivegerundareformedbyadding"-ed"aftertheverbGerundcanalsobeusedasacompletiontoexpresspurpose,result,orcauseGerund要點(diǎn)三Articleisaverbformthatendsin"-ed"or"-ing"andfunctionsasanobjectiveItisusedtodescribethesubjectofthepresenceormodifyanoun要點(diǎn)一要點(diǎn)二ArticlecanbeeitheractiveorpassiveActiveparticleisformedbyadding"-ing"aftertheverb,whilepassiveparticleisformedbyadding"-ed"aftertheverbArticlecanalsobeusedasacompletiontoexpresspurpose,result,orcause要點(diǎn)三ParticleAbsolutestructureisagraphicalstructureinwhichaclauseisnotdependentonanyotherclauseinthesentenceItiscommonlyintroducedbyapreliminaryphraseorpartialphraseAbsolutestructureisoftenusedtoexpressbackgroundinformationorprovideadditionalinformationthatisnotessentialtothemainideaofthesentenceAbsolutestructure07SubjectverbagreementandsubjunctivemoodSubjectverbconsistency01Subjectverbconsistencyisthegraphicalrulethatrequiresthesubjectandverbofapresencetoagreeinpersonandnumber02Insimplepresentationtense,thesubjectandverbareconsistentwhenthesubjectissingular03Insimplepasttense,thesubjectandverbareconsistentwhenthesubjectisplural04Inthesubjectivemood,thesubjectandverbareconsistentwhenthesubjectissingularorpluralSubjunctivemoodThesubcriticalmoodisagraphicalstructurethatexpresseswishes,hypotheses,orconditionscontemporarytofactThepresentsubcriticalmoodisformedbyusingthebaseformoftheverbInthesubjectivemood,thesubjectandverbarenotconsistentinpersonandnumb