哈里伯頓水平井增產(chǎn)措施SurgiFracPresentation中文

哈里伯頓水平井增產(chǎn)措施SurgiFracPresentation中文OutlineWhatisSurgifrac?—什么是Surgifrac？ChallengesofHorizontalfracturing—水平壓裂的挑戰(zhàn)OverviewofTechnology-Howitworks—技術(shù)概述-工作流程CaseHistories–Proofthatitworks—實(shí)例-證明其作用Questions—問題SurgiFrac–Whatisit?什么是分段壓裂？Apatentedmethodtoaccuratelyplacemanyfracturesinawell(horizontalorvertical)oftenwithoutrequiredmechanicalseals(packers)—在井內(nèi)進(jìn)行精確壓裂的專利方法（水平或垂直）通常不要求機(jī)械密封（封隔器）Sealingdonedynamicallyusingvelocity(Bernoulli)—?jiǎng)恿γ芊庥盟俣萒heonlymethodusableinPre-perforatedliners—唯一可用于射孔前尾管的壓裂方法Allperforationscommunicatetothefracture—所有射孔通道和和壓裂裂縫相連Proppantoracidfracs—支撐劑或酸化壓裂CoiledTubingorJointedPipe—連續(xù)油管或連接管Instantaneousdownholefluidconcentrationmodificationfromsurface即時(shí)從地面改變濃度MultipleFracsinMultilaterals—多底井中多次壓裂CommonAssumptionAssociatedwithHorizontalCompletions:

與水平完井作業(yè)相關(guān)聯(lián)的假定“Completingwithlonghorizontallateralswillavoidtheneedforexpensivestimulationtreatments…”—水平井有長的水平井段可免除昂貴的增產(chǎn)措施… or

“Inopenholehorizontals,currentfracturingtechnologyistooexpensiveorhasverylimitedeffectiveness…”—在裸眼水平井中，現(xiàn)時(shí)壓裂技術(shù)太昂貴或作用很有限…Challenges挑戰(zhàn)DamageRemoval移除損害VerticalPermeability垂直滲透性Depletion能量損失程度Complexity/Risk復(fù)雜性/風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Cost費(fèi)用1600maxTypicalImplementations典型實(shí)施oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

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oooooooMultiplefracsinpre-perfedlinerMultiplefracsinopenholeMulti-LateralIdealisticConceptofResultforLongitudinalHydraulicFractures(AlongWellboreAxis)縱向液壓壓裂結(jié)果的理想概念（井眼軸同平行）IdealisticConceptofResultforTransverseHydraulicFractures(PerpendiculartoWellbore)橫向液壓壓裂結(jié)果的理想概念（與井眼垂直）ThisisWhatYouWant這是你想要的MostCommon

ResultforOpenholeHydraulic

Fracturing—最常用裸眼井液壓壓裂LongitudinalHydraulicFractures(AlongWellboreAxis)縱向液壓壓裂（與井眼軸同步）TransverseHydraulicFractures(PerpendiculartoWellbore)橫向液壓壓裂（與井眼垂直）Time時(shí)間WellborePressure井眼壓力PumpRate泵級PropConc.FracBHPressureBehavior—壓裂BH壓力性能ConventionalFracInitiationPressureResponse常規(guī)壓裂初始壓力反應(yīng)SurgiFracWellborePressureResponse分段壓裂井眼壓力反應(yīng)SixSurgiFracWaterfracsperformedconsecutivelyforanOpenholeCharthorizontalwellbore—裸眼井水平井眼六種連續(xù)外部水力壓裂0.72psi/ft0.98psi/ftFractureInitiationPressure&Stress

壓裂初始壓力-應(yīng)力CreationofLongitudinalandDominantTransverseFractures

徑度增長和顯性橫向壓裂2holes2diam2holes4diamMultipleholes多眼10diam1hole2holes1diamObservedBreakdownPressures

觀測破裂壓力HorizontalWellTestConclusions:—水平井測試結(jié)論ItiseasiertoinitiateLongitudinalFractures—更容易啟動(dòng)縱向裂縫Thisleadstocomplexpathsfromthewellboretothedominanttransversefractureperpendiculartominimumhorizontalstress—這會導(dǎo)致復(fù)雜的壓裂通道，從井眼到主要橫向裂縫，垂直于最小水平應(yīng)力的方向。DominantTransverseFrac主要橫向裂縫Short,LongitudinalFracs短縱向裂縫High-RateUncementedLiner—高流量未固井的尾管

(PortedSub-LimitedEntry)High-RateWaterfracs--OpenHole

高速水力壓裂—裸眼井BarnettShaleHorizontal-MapView巴尼特頁巖水平線-地圖AllStagesUpperBarnettLowerBarnettBarnettShaleHorizontal-SideView巴尼特頁巖水平線-側(cè)視圖AllStagesCementedLiner

固井的尾管RunLiner下尾管CementLiner固井尾管TCPPerforateTCP射孔Frac壓裂BridgePlug橋塞Repeatperforate-frac-BP重復(fù)射孔－壓裂－橋塞Drill-outBP’s鉆橋塞ProduceWell投產(chǎn)$$$$$$WhatIfWeCould….我們能做的……Placefractureswherewewant在需要壓裂處進(jìn)行壓裂Initiatefracturesintoaspecificdirection在特殊方向產(chǎn)生裂縫Placeasmanyfracturesasdesired盡量造多的裂縫Placefractureswithouttheneedofmechanicalisolationdevicessuchaspackersorbridgeplugs壓裂無須使用機(jī)械隔離裝置如封隔器或橋塞…andevenusedifferentfluidsystemsinonewellatthesametime在一口井內(nèi)同時(shí)使用多種流體系統(tǒng)SurgiFracSurgiFracMechanics外部壓裂力學(xué)6,500psi7,000psiTubingRate(afunctionof#ofJets)油管級別Bernoulli’sequation:v2/2+p/

=CAnnulusRate環(huán)空速度(afunctionofLeakoff)50,000HHP60ft120ftHowSurgiFracWorks...外部壓裂工作流程Jetplacesperforationtunnelsinthefracplane射流將射孔隧道置于壓裂平面Stagnationpressureplusannuluspressurecreatesthefracture穩(wěn)定的地面壓力加環(huán)空壓力產(chǎn)生裂縫Boostpressureplusannuluspressureextendsthefracture增壓加環(huán)空壓力增大裂縫Bernoullieffectmaintainsfractureentrypointtohavethelowestpressureinthewellbore伯努利作用保持住壓裂入口點(diǎn)以在最低壓力井眼Annularflowsupplementsfracgrowth環(huán)空增大流量加大裂縫增長Hydra-JetPerforating液壓噴射射孔Hydra-JettingPerforations射流射孔ErodedPerfTunnels受沖蝕射孔隧道ReducedNear-WellboreFractureEntryIssues減小的井眼附近的裂縫入口HighConcentrationofProppantatthePerforations高度集中的射孔孔道ReducedProppantFlowback減小的支撐劑回流SchematicofJetStreaminaHydra-jettedPerforationTunnel射孔中噴流圖示JetStreamDivergenceandFullReturns噴流散度和無漏失回流10“PenetrationvsTimeFullReturns射孔－時(shí)間

無漏失回流SPE421

AbrasivesVelocities,FullReturns

SPE421SPE–August,1960

ThresholdErosionVelocities

SPE—1960年八月沖蝕速度SchematicofJetStreaminaHydra-jettedPerforationTunnelwithInducedFracture

水力壓裂誘導(dǎo)的裂縫噴流射孔圖解6ftPenetration孔道長度(Erosion)沖蝕

Distance距離

Full,全部Partial,部分&

NoReturns無回返

API906-5-N

March1960JettingintoaFractureLaboratoryEvidenceofFracturingusingSurgiFrac分段壓裂實(shí)驗(yàn)室數(shù)據(jù)FRACTURESurgiFracConcept–Phase1分段壓裂概念-第一階段StartJettingPumpDownAnnulus泵送環(huán)空SurgiFracConcept–Phase2分段壓裂概念-第二階段SandpillhitsandcreatescavityAnnuluspressureis~200psibelowFIPSurgiFracConcept–Phase3分段壓裂概念-第三階段Initially,jettingfluidbackflushesintoannulusPressureonbottomofcavityIncreases孔底部壓力上升SurgiFracConcept–Phase4分段壓裂概念-第四階段FluidbecomestrappedcausingpressuretoexceedFIPPressureonbottomofcavityincreasesevenmoreSurgiFracConcept–Phase5分段壓裂概念-第五階段AnnularFluidis“pulled”intocavitybyjetFracturestartstoinitiate;fluidcanenterformationSurgiFracConcept–Phase6分段壓裂概念-第六階段Annularfluidcontinuestobe“pulled”intocavitybyjetHighestpressurelocationFracturecontinuestoextendKinetic&PotentialEnergy

動(dòng)力學(xué)-潛在能量Furthermore,Bernoulliassumedthatprovidedtheliquidwasidealandincompressible,thenatanytwopointsalongatube,thesumofthesethreeformsofenergyisconstant.Mathematically,wecanstatethisas,此外，伯努利假定液體是理想的不可壓縮的，在油管的任兩點(diǎn)三種形式的能量是不變的。從數(shù)學(xué)角度看我們可以把它看作，AnimportantconsequenceofthisBernoulliequationistheexperimentalobservationmadebyBernoullithatthepressureinaflowingliquidisleastwherethespeedofflowisgreatest.伯努利方程的一種重要結(jié)論就是伯努利通過實(shí)驗(yàn)觀察得出流動(dòng)速度最快的地方流體壓力最小。Velocity&Pressure速率-壓力TosummarizeBernoulli‘sequation,whichappliestoliquidsandgases,wecanstatethatwherethevelocityofafluidishigh,thepressureislowandwherethevelocityislow,thepressureishigh.總結(jié)針對液體和氣體的伯努利方程，我們可得出流體速度快的地方壓力低，流體速度慢的地方壓力高。JetPumpTechnology射流泵技術(shù)Theartoftransformingkineticenergyofonefluidstreamtoapressureenergyofamixtureoftwoormorefluidstreams將一種液體流的動(dòng)能轉(zhuǎn)成兩種或更多液體流的壓力能的技術(shù)Boostpressure:Theincrementalpressureincreaseachievedbythelowenergyfluid加壓：低能量流體使壓力增量增高Usedinartificiallift,mixingsystems用于人工舉升，混合系統(tǒng)WjWaWfWellSiteEquipment井場設(shè)備HighHorsepowerTubingPumpingSystem大馬力油管泵系統(tǒng)AnnulusPumpingSystem環(huán)空泵系統(tǒng)WellheadEquipmentRam/Hydril/etc井口設(shè)備PossibleSurgiFracCompletions

外部壓裂完井可能性Sandstone砂巖noacidincurveforre-entryshowofhydrocarbon碳?xì)浠衔颽cidfrac酸化壓裂sandfrac加砂壓裂Limestone石灰?guī)rSandfracwithacid加酸加砂壓裂Surface&BHAEquipment

地面-BHA設(shè)備SurgiFracTool壓裂工具Ballsub球座接頭HydrillSlickWater注入水BOP’s---PipeRAM’s防噴器Cross-LinkedProp-LadenFluidorAcidWellheadandBHA井口和BHAUpperBallsub上球座接頭WellControl井控Fig.1.BOPAssemblyFig.2.BladdertypeBOPFig3.StripperRubberTubingbackpressurevalve

油管回壓閥Useshighpressurejettingtoforcefluidintothewellborewalls.高壓射流迫使流體進(jìn)入井眼。Primarilyforcoiltubinguse,sincecontinuouspipemovementisexpected(a