通向包容性公共管理西方合作治理研究述評(píng)

通向包容性公共管理西方合作治理研究述評(píng)一、本文概述Overviewofthisarticle本文旨在深入探索并評(píng)述西方合作治理理論在通向包容性公共管理過(guò)程中的應(yīng)用與發(fā)展。合作治理理論作為公共管理領(lǐng)域的新興理論，強(qiáng)調(diào)多元主體的參與和協(xié)作，旨在解決復(fù)雜的社會(huì)問(wèn)題，實(shí)現(xiàn)公共利益的最大化。在西方社會(huì)，隨著全球化的推進(jìn)和社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)的多元化，傳統(tǒng)的政府管理模式已難以滿足日益復(fù)雜的社會(huì)需求，合作治理理論因此應(yīng)運(yùn)而生，成為推動(dòng)公共管理創(chuàng)新的重要途徑。ThisarticleaimstoexploreandevaluateindepththeapplicationanddevelopmentofWesterncooperativegovernancetheoryintheprocesstowardsinclusivepublicmanagement.Thetheoryofcooperativegovernance,asanemergingtheoryinthefieldofpublicmanagement,emphasizestheparticipationandcollaborationofmultiplestakeholders,aimingtosolvecomplexsocialproblemsandachievethemaximizationofpublicinterests.InWesternsociety,withtheadvancementofglobalizationandthediversificationofsocialstructures,traditionalgovernmentmanagementmodelsarenolongerabletomeettheincreasinglycomplexsocialneeds.Asaresult,cooperativegovernancetheoryhasemergedasanimportantwaytopromoteinnovationinpublicmanagement.本文將系統(tǒng)梳理和分析西方合作治理理論的發(fā)展歷程、核心要義和實(shí)踐案例，評(píng)估其在提升公共管理效能、促進(jìn)社會(huì)公平和增強(qiáng)包容性方面的作用。通過(guò)文獻(xiàn)綜述和案例研究，我們將揭示合作治理理論在西方公共管理實(shí)踐中的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)和面臨的挑戰(zhàn)，以期為我國(guó)的公共管理改革提供借鑒和啟示。Thisarticlewillsystematicallyreviewandanalyzethedevelopmentprocess,coreprinciples,andpracticalcasesofWesterncooperativegovernancetheory,andevaluateitsroleinimprovingpublicmanagementefficiency,promotingsocialequity,andenhancinginclusiveness.Throughliteraturereviewandcasestudies,wewillrevealthesuccessfulexperiencesandchallengesofcooperativegovernancetheoryinWesternpublicmanagementpractices,inordertoprovidereferenceandinspirationforChina'spublicmanagementreform.本文的研究不僅有助于深化我們對(duì)合作治理理論的理解，更能夠?yàn)槲覀兲峁┮环N全新的視角和方法，以應(yīng)對(duì)日益復(fù)雜多變的社會(huì)環(huán)境，推動(dòng)公共管理的創(chuàng)新與發(fā)展。Thisstudynotonlyhelpstodeepenourunderstandingofcooperativegovernancetheory,butalsoprovidesuswithanewperspectiveandmethodtocopewiththeincreasinglycomplexandchangingsocialenvironment,andpromoteinnovationanddevelopmentofpublicmanagement.二、合作治理理論框架Theoreticalframeworkofcooperativegovernance合作治理理論作為公共管理領(lǐng)域的新興理念，旨在通過(guò)多元主體間的協(xié)作與互動(dòng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)公共利益的最大化。在西方國(guó)家的公共管理中，合作治理理論逐漸得到了廣泛的關(guān)注和研究。本文將從理論背景、核心理念、實(shí)踐應(yīng)用以及挑戰(zhàn)與前景四個(gè)方面，對(duì)合作治理理論框架進(jìn)行深入的述評(píng)。Thetheoryofcooperativegovernance,asanemergingconceptinthefieldofpublicmanagement,aimstomaximizepublicintereststhroughcollaborationandinteractionamongmultiplestakeholders.InpublicmanagementinWesterncountries,thetheoryofcooperativegovernancehasgraduallyreceivedwidespreadattentionandresearch.Thisarticlewillprovideanin-depthreviewofthetheoreticalframeworkofcooperativegovernancefromfouraspects:theoreticalbackground,coreconcepts,practicalapplications,andchallengesandprospects.從理論背景來(lái)看，合作治理理論是在對(duì)傳統(tǒng)公共管理模式進(jìn)行反思的基礎(chǔ)上產(chǎn)生的。傳統(tǒng)的公共管理模式往往強(qiáng)調(diào)政府的主導(dǎo)地位，忽視了其他社會(huì)組織和公眾在公共管理中的作用。然而，隨著社會(huì)的多元化和復(fù)雜性的增加，傳統(tǒng)的公共管理模式已經(jīng)難以適應(yīng)新的形勢(shì)。因此，合作治理理論強(qiáng)調(diào)政府、社會(huì)組織、企業(yè)和公眾等多元主體之間的平等合作，共同參與公共管理過(guò)程。Fromatheoreticalperspective,thetheoryofcooperativegovernanceisbasedonreflectionontraditionalpublicmanagementmodels.Thetraditionalpublicmanagementmodeloftenemphasizesthedominantpositionofthegovernmentandoverlookstheroleofothersocialorganizationsandthepublicinpublicmanagement.However,withtheincreasingdiversityandcomplexityofsociety,traditionalpublicmanagementmodelshavebecomedifficulttoadapttothenewsituation.Therefore,thetheoryofcooperativegovernanceemphasizesequalcooperationamongdiverseentitiessuchasgovernment,socialorganizations,enterprises,andthepublic,andtheirjointparticipationintheprocessofpublicmanagement.合作治理理論的核心理念是多元主體間的協(xié)作與互動(dòng)。在這一理念下，政府不再是唯一的決策者和管理者，而是與其他社會(huì)組織和公眾共同參與決策和管理的過(guò)程。這種協(xié)作與互動(dòng)的過(guò)程不僅有助于充分發(fā)揮各主體的優(yōu)勢(shì)和資源，還能增強(qiáng)公共管理的有效性和可持續(xù)性。同時(shí)，合作治理理論還強(qiáng)調(diào)了信任、溝通和協(xié)商在協(xié)作與互動(dòng)中的重要性，認(rèn)為這些因素是促進(jìn)合作治理成功的關(guān)鍵因素。Thecoreconceptofcooperativegovernancetheoryisthecollaborationandinteractionamongmultiplesubjects.Underthisconcept,thegovernmentisnolongerthesoledecision-makerandmanager,butaprocessofparticipatingindecision-makingandmanagementtogetherwithothersocialorganizationsandthepublic.Thisprocessofcollaborationandinteractionnotonlyhelpstofullyleveragethestrengthsandresourcesofvariousentities,butalsoenhancestheeffectivenessandsustainabilityofpublicmanagement.Meanwhile,thetheoryofcooperativegovernancealsoemphasizestheimportanceoftrust,communication,andnegotiationincollaborationandinteraction,believingthatthesefactorsarekeyfactorsinpromotingthesuccessofcooperativegovernance.在實(shí)踐應(yīng)用方面，合作治理理論已經(jīng)在西方國(guó)家的公共管理中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。例如，在城市規(guī)劃、環(huán)境保護(hù)、公共服務(wù)等領(lǐng)域，政府、企業(yè)、社會(huì)組織和公眾等多元主體通過(guò)協(xié)作與互動(dòng)，共同參與到公共管理過(guò)程中。這些實(shí)踐不僅提高了公共管理的效率和效果，還增強(qiáng)了社會(huì)的凝聚力和穩(wěn)定性。Intermsofpracticalapplication,thetheoryofcooperativegovernancehasbeenwidelyappliedinpublicmanagementinWesterncountries.Forexample,inareassuchasurbanplanning,environmentalprotection,andpublicservices,multipleentitiessuchasgovernment,enterprises,socialorganizations,andthepublicparticipateintheprocessofpublicmanagementthroughcollaborationandinteraction.Thesepracticesnotonlyimprovetheefficiencyandeffectivenessofpublicmanagement,butalsoenhancesocialcohesionandstability.然而，合作治理理論也面臨著一些挑戰(zhàn)和前景。一方面，如何實(shí)現(xiàn)多元主體間的有效協(xié)作與互動(dòng)是一個(gè)難題。由于各主體的利益訴求和價(jià)值觀念存在差異，如何在協(xié)作與互動(dòng)中尋求共同點(diǎn)并達(dá)成共識(shí)是一個(gè)需要解決的問(wèn)題。另一方面，合作治理理論的發(fā)展還需要進(jìn)一步的完善和創(chuàng)新。隨著社會(huì)的不斷發(fā)展和變化，合作治理理論也需要不斷地適應(yīng)新的形勢(shì)和需求，不斷地完善和創(chuàng)新其理論框架和實(shí)踐模式。However,thetheoryofcooperativegovernancealsofacessomechallengesandprospects.Ontheonehand,achievingeffectivecollaborationandinteractionamongdiversesubjectsisachallenge.Duetodifferencesintheinterestsandvaluesofvariousstakeholders,seekingcommongroundandreachingconsensusincollaborationandinteractionisaproblemthatneedstobeaddressed.Ontheotherhand,thedevelopmentofcooperativegovernancetheorystillneedsfurtherimprovementandinnovation.Withthecontinuousdevelopmentandchangesofsociety,thetheoryofcooperativegovernancealsoneedstoconstantlyadapttonewsituationsandneeds,constantlyimproveandinnovateitstheoreticalframeworkandpracticalmodels.合作治理理論作為一種新興的公共管理理念，在西方國(guó)家得到了廣泛的關(guān)注和研究。通過(guò)多元主體間的協(xié)作與互動(dòng)，合作治理理論有助于實(shí)現(xiàn)公共利益的最大化，提高公共管理的效率和效果。然而，合作治理理論也面臨著一些挑戰(zhàn)和前景，需要不斷地完善和創(chuàng)新以適應(yīng)新的形勢(shì)和需求。Thetheoryofcooperativegovernance,asanemergingpublicmanagementconcept,hasreceivedwidespreadattentionandresearchinWesterncountries.Throughcollaborationandinteractionamongmultiplestakeholders,cooperativegovernancetheoryhelpstomaximizepublicinterestsandimprovetheefficiencyandeffectivenessofpublicmanagement.However,thetheoryofcooperativegovernancealsofacessomechallengesandprospects,whichrequirecontinuousimprovementandinnovationtoadapttonewsituationsandneeds.三、西方合作治理研究的發(fā)展歷程TheDevelopmentHistoryofWesternCooperativeGovernanceResearch合作治理，作為公共管理領(lǐng)域的一種新興理念與實(shí)踐，其發(fā)展歷程在西方社會(huì)經(jīng)歷了多個(gè)階段。初期，合作治理的理念主要根植于對(duì)新公共管理運(yùn)動(dòng)的反思。新公共管理運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)效率至上、市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和私營(yíng)部門的管理方式，但隨著實(shí)踐的發(fā)展，人們逐漸意識(shí)到這種管理模式忽視了公共部門間的協(xié)同合作，以及公眾在公共治理中的參與。Collaborativegovernance,asanemergingconceptandpracticeinthefieldofpublicmanagement,hasgonethroughmultiplestagesofdevelopmentinWesternsociety.Intheearlystages,theconceptofcooperativegovernancewasmainlyrootedinreflectiononthenewpublicmanagementmovement.TheNewPublicManagementMovementemphasizesefficiencyfirst,marketcompetition,andthemanagementstyleoftheprivatesector.However,withthedevelopmentofpractice,peoplegraduallyrealizethatthismanagementmodelignoresthecoordinationandcooperationbetweenpublicsectors,aswellastheparticipationofthepublicinpublicgovernance.隨后，合作治理理念開(kāi)始興起，強(qiáng)調(diào)政府、市場(chǎng)、社會(huì)等多元主體間的合作與協(xié)同。這一階段的研究主要關(guān)注合作治理的理論框架、合作機(jī)制以及合作效果的評(píng)估。學(xué)者們開(kāi)始探討如何通過(guò)合作治理來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)日益復(fù)雜的公共問(wèn)題，提高公共服務(wù)的質(zhì)量和效率。Subsequently,theconceptofcooperativegovernancebegantoemerge,emphasizingcooperationandcoordinationamongdiverseentitiessuchasgovernment,market,andsociety.Theresearchinthisstagemainlyfocusesonthetheoreticalframework,cooperationmechanism,andevaluationofcooperationeffectivenessofcooperativegovernance.Scholarshavebeguntoexplorehowtoaddressincreasinglycomplexpublicissuesandimprovethequalityandefficiencyofpublicservicesthroughcollaborativegovernance.進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)，隨著全球化和信息化的發(fā)展，公共問(wèn)題的跨國(guó)性和復(fù)雜性進(jìn)一步加劇，合作治理的研究也進(jìn)一步深化。這一階段的研究開(kāi)始關(guān)注跨國(guó)合作、跨部門合作以及跨領(lǐng)域合作等問(wèn)題。同時(shí)，隨著公民社會(huì)的崛起，公眾參與合作治理的途徑和方式也成為研究的熱點(diǎn)。Inthe21stcentury,withthedevelopmentofglobalizationandinformatization,thetransnationalnatureandcomplexityofpublicissueshavefurtherintensified,andresearchoncooperativegovernancehasalsodeepened.Atthisstage,researchhasbeguntofocusonissuessuchascross-bordercooperation,crossdepartmentalcooperation,andcrossdisciplinarycooperation.Meanwhile,withtheriseofcivilsociety,thewaysandmeansofpublicparticipationincollaborativegovernancehavealsobecomeahotresearchtopic.近年來(lái)，西方合作治理研究呈現(xiàn)出多元化、跨學(xué)科的特點(diǎn)。學(xué)者們開(kāi)始從政治學(xué)、社會(huì)學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)等多學(xué)科視角來(lái)審視合作治理問(wèn)題，探討合作治理在不同國(guó)家和地區(qū)、不同文化背景下的適用性和有效性。隨著大數(shù)據(jù)等技術(shù)的發(fā)展，合作治理的實(shí)踐也開(kāi)始向數(shù)字化轉(zhuǎn)型，如何利用現(xiàn)代科技手段提高合作治理的效率和效果成為新的研究熱點(diǎn)。Inrecentyears,researchoncooperativegovernanceintheWesthasshowndiversifiedandinterdisciplinarycharacteristics.Scholarshavebeguntoexaminetheissueofcooperativegovernancefromamultidisciplinaryperspectivesuchaspoliticalscience,sociology,andeconomics,exploringtheapplicabilityandeffectivenessofcooperativegovernanceindifferentcountries,regions,andculturalbackgrounds.Withthedevelopmentoftechnologiessuchasbigdata,thepracticeofcollaborativegovernancehasalsobeguntoshifttowardsdigitalization.Howtousemoderntechnologicalmeanstoimprovetheefficiencyandeffectivenessofcollaborativegovernancehasbecomeanewresearchhotspot.西方合作治理研究的發(fā)展歷程是一個(gè)不斷深化、拓展和創(chuàng)新的過(guò)程。從對(duì)新公共管理運(yùn)動(dòng)的反思到合作治理理念的興起，再到跨國(guó)、跨部門、跨領(lǐng)域的合作治理研究，以及數(shù)字化轉(zhuǎn)型背景下的合作治理實(shí)踐探索，都體現(xiàn)了合作治理理念在應(yīng)對(duì)復(fù)雜公共問(wèn)題、提高公共服務(wù)質(zhì)量和效率方面的獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢(shì)和巨大潛力。ThedevelopmentprocessofWesterncooperativegovernanceresearchisacontinuousprocessofdeepening,expanding,andinnovating.Fromreflectiononthenewpublicmanagementmovementtotheriseofcollaborativegovernanceconcepts,tocross-border,crossdepartmental,andcrossdomaincollaborativegovernanceresearch,aswellasexplorationofcollaborativegovernancepracticesinthecontextofdigitaltransformation,allreflecttheuniqueadvantagesandenormouspotentialofcollaborativegovernanceconceptsinaddressingcomplexpublicissues,improvingthequalityandefficiencyofpublicservices.四、西方合作治理的主要研究?jī)?nèi)容ThemainresearchcontentofWesterncooperativegovernance西方合作治理理論的研究?jī)?nèi)容廣泛而深入，涵蓋了合作治理的概念界定、理論基礎(chǔ)、實(shí)踐模式、困境與挑戰(zhàn)以及未來(lái)發(fā)展等多個(gè)方面。TheresearchcontentofWesterncooperativegovernancetheoryisextensiveandin-depth,coveringmultipleaspectssuchasthedefinitionofcooperativegovernanceconcepts,theoreticalfoundations,practicalmodels,challengesandchallenges,aswellasfuturedevelopment.對(duì)于合作治理的概念界定，學(xué)者們普遍認(rèn)為合作治理是一種多元主體共同參與、協(xié)商合作的公共管理模式。它強(qiáng)調(diào)政府、市場(chǎng)、社會(huì)等多元主體之間的平等合作，通過(guò)共同制定和執(zhí)行公共政策，實(shí)現(xiàn)公共利益的最大化。Scholarsgenerallybelievethatcooperativegovernanceisapublicmanagementmodelinwhichmultipleentitiesparticipatetogether,negotiateandcooperateindefiningtheconceptofcooperativegovernance.Itemphasizesequalcooperationamongdiverseentitiessuchasthegovernment,market,andsociety,andachievesthemaximizationofpublicintereststhroughthejointformulationandimplementationofpublicpolicies.合作治理的理論基礎(chǔ)主要來(lái)源于新公共管理理論、網(wǎng)絡(luò)治理理論、多中心治理理論等。這些理論為合作治理提供了理論基礎(chǔ)和支撐，同時(shí)也為合作治理的實(shí)踐提供了指導(dǎo)。Thetheoreticalbasisofcooperativegovernancemainlycomesfromnewpublicmanagementtheory,networkgovernancetheory,andmulticentergovernancetheory.Thesetheoriesprovideatheoreticalfoundationandsupportforcooperativegovernance,aswellasguidanceforthepracticeofcooperativegovernance.在實(shí)踐模式方面，西方合作治理主要形成了政府間合作、公私合作、社會(huì)合作等多種模式。政府間合作主要強(qiáng)調(diào)不同層級(jí)政府之間的合作與協(xié)調(diào)；公私合作則強(qiáng)調(diào)政府與企業(yè)之間的合作，共同提供公共服務(wù)和產(chǎn)品；社會(huì)合作則強(qiáng)調(diào)政府與社會(huì)組織、公民之間的合作，共同參與公共事務(wù)的管理。Intermsofpracticalmodels,Westerncooperativegovernancehasmainlyformedvariousmodelssuchasintergovernmentalcooperation,public-privatecooperation,andsocialcooperation.Intergovernmentalcooperationmainlyemphasizescooperationandcoordinationbetweengovernmentsatdifferentlevels;Publicprivatecooperationemphasizescooperationbetweenthegovernmentandenterprisestojointlyprovidepublicservicesandproducts;Socialcooperationemphasizesthecooperationbetweenthegovernment,socialorganizations,andcitizenstojointlyparticipateinthemanagementofpublicaffairs.然而，合作治理在實(shí)踐中也面臨著諸多困境和挑戰(zhàn)。例如，多元主體之間的利益沖突、權(quán)力分配問(wèn)題、信息不對(duì)稱等都可能影響合作治理的效果。合作治理也需要建立完善的合作機(jī)制、信任機(jī)制和監(jiān)督機(jī)制等，以確保合作治理的順利進(jìn)行。However,cooperativegovernancealsofacesmanydifficultiesandchallengesinpractice.Forexample,conflictsofinterest,powerdistributionissues,informationasymmetry,andotherfactorsamongdiverseentitiesmayallaffecttheeffectivenessofcooperativegovernance.Collaborativegovernancealsorequirestheestablishmentofsoundcooperationmechanisms,trustmechanisms,andsupervisionmechanismstoensurethesmoothprogressofcollaborativegovernance.對(duì)于合作治理的未來(lái)發(fā)展，學(xué)者們普遍認(rèn)為合作治理將成為未來(lái)公共管理的重要趨勢(shì)之一。隨著全球化和信息化的發(fā)展，公共事務(wù)的復(fù)雜性和多樣性不斷增加，合作治理將成為解決這些問(wèn)題的重要途徑。合作治理也需要不斷創(chuàng)新和完善，以適應(yīng)不斷變化的社會(huì)環(huán)境和公共需求。Forthefuturedevelopmentofcooperativegovernance,scholarsgenerallybelievethatcooperativegovernancewillbecomeoneoftheimportanttrendsinfuturepublicmanagement.Withthedevelopmentofglobalizationandinformatization,thecomplexityanddiversityofpublicaffairscontinuetoincrease,andcooperativegovernancewillbecomeanimportantwaytosolvetheseproblems.Collaborativegovernancealsorequirescontinuousinnovationandimprovementtoadapttotheconstantlychangingsocialenvironmentandpublicneeds.西方合作治理的研究?jī)?nèi)容豐富多樣，涵蓋了概念界定、理論基礎(chǔ)、實(shí)踐模式、困境與挑戰(zhàn)以及未來(lái)發(fā)展等多個(gè)方面。這些研究不僅為我們深入理解合作治理提供了重要參考，也為我們?cè)趯?shí)踐中推進(jìn)合作治理提供了有力支持。TheresearchcontentofWesterncooperativegovernanceisrichanddiverse,coveringmultipleaspectssuchasconceptdefinition,theoreticalfoundation,practicalmodels,difficultiesandchallenges,andfuturedevelopment.Thesestudiesnotonlyprovideimportantreferencesforustodeeplyunderstandcooperativegovernance,butalsoprovidestrongsupportforustopromotecooperativegovernanceinpractice.五、西方合作治理研究對(duì)中國(guó)的啟示TheEnlightenmentofWesternCooperativeGovernanceResearchonChina西方合作治理的理論與實(shí)踐，無(wú)疑為中國(guó)提供了一個(gè)獨(dú)特而寶貴的視角，以審視和推進(jìn)自身的公共管理體系建設(shè)。面對(duì)日益復(fù)雜多變的社會(huì)環(huán)境和公共問(wèn)題，中國(guó)需要構(gòu)建一個(gè)更加包容、協(xié)同和高效的公共管理體系。西方合作治理的理念和模式，可以為中國(guó)帶來(lái)以下幾個(gè)方面的啟示：ThetheoryandpracticeofWesterncooperativegovernanceundoubtedlyprovideChinawithauniqueandvaluableperspectivetoexamineandpromotetheconstructionofitsownpublicmanagementsystem.Facedwiththeincreasinglycomplexandchangingsocialenvironmentandpublicissues,Chinaneedstobuildamoreinclusive,collaborative,andefficientpublicmanagementsystem.TheconceptandmodelofWesterncooperativegovernancecanprovideChinawiththefollowinginspirations:強(qiáng)化多元主體的參與和合作。西方合作治理強(qiáng)調(diào)政府、市場(chǎng)、社會(huì)等多元主體在公共管理中的協(xié)同作用。中國(guó)也應(yīng)積極推動(dòng)政府、企業(yè)、社會(huì)組織、公眾等多元主體參與到公共管理中來(lái)，形成合力，共同應(yīng)對(duì)各種公共挑戰(zhàn)。Strengthentheparticipationandcooperationofdiversestakeholders.Westerncooperativegovernanceemphasizesthecollaborativeroleofmultipleentitiessuchasgovernment,market,andsocietyinpublicmanagement.Chinashouldalsoactivelypromotetheparticipationofdiverseentitiessuchasthegovernment,enterprises,socialorganizations,andthepublicinpublicmanagement,formingajointforcetojointlyaddressvariouspublicchallenges.推動(dòng)治理方式的民主化和科學(xué)化。西方合作治理注重公開(kāi)、透明和參與，提倡通過(guò)對(duì)話、協(xié)商和合作來(lái)解決問(wèn)題。中國(guó)可以借鑒這些經(jīng)驗(yàn)，推動(dòng)公共治理的民主化進(jìn)程，提高治理的科學(xué)性和有效性。Promotethedemocratizationandscientificizationofgovernancemethods.Westerncooperativegovernanceemphasizesopenness,transparency,andparticipation,advocatingforproblem-solvingthroughdialogue,consultation,andcooperation.Chinacandrawontheseexperiencestopromotethedemocratizationprocessofpublicgovernanceandimprovethescientificandeffectivenatureofgovernance.再次，構(gòu)建包容性的公共管理體系。西方合作治理強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)不同利益群體的包容和整合，以實(shí)現(xiàn)公共利益的最大化。中國(guó)也應(yīng)該在公共管理中注重包容性，尊重和保護(hù)不同群體的權(quán)益，促進(jìn)社會(huì)的和諧穩(wěn)定。Onceagain,buildaninclusivepublicmanagementsystem.Westerncooperativegovernanceemphasizesthetoleranceandintegrationofdifferentinterestgroupstoachievethemaximizationofpublicinterest.Chinashouldalsopayattentiontoinclusivityinpublicmanagement,respectandprotecttherightsandinterestsofdifferentgroups,andpromotesocialharmonyandstability.加強(qiáng)國(guó)際合作與交流。西方合作治理的研究和實(shí)踐，為我們提供了許多寶貴的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn)。中國(guó)應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)與國(guó)際社會(huì)的合作與交流，學(xué)習(xí)借鑒先進(jìn)理念和技術(shù)手段，不斷提升自身的公共管理水平。Strengtheninternationalcooperationandexchanges.TheresearchandpracticeofWesterncooperativegovernancehaveprovideduswithmanyvaluableexperiencesandlessons.Chinashouldstrengthencooperationandexchangeswiththeinternationalcommunity,learnanddrawonadvancedconceptsandtechnologicalmeans,andcontinuouslyimproveitslevelofpublicmanagement.西方合作治理的理論與實(shí)踐對(duì)中國(guó)具有重要的啟示意義。通過(guò)吸收借鑒西方合作治理的先進(jìn)理念和模式，結(jié)合中國(guó)的實(shí)際國(guó)情，構(gòu)建具有中國(guó)特色的包容性公共管理體系，是中國(guó)未來(lái)公共管理改革和發(fā)展的重要方向。ThetheoryandpracticeofWesterncooperativegovernancehaveimportantenlighteningsignificanceforChina.BuildinganinclusivepublicmanagementsystemwithChinesecharacteristicsbyabsorbingandborrowingadvancedconceptsandmodelsofWesterncooperativegovernance,combinedwithChina'sactualnationalconditions,isanimportantdirectionforChina'sfuturepublicmanagementreformanddevelopment.六、結(jié)論與展望ConclusionandOutlook本研究對(duì)西方合作治理理論及其在公共管理實(shí)踐中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)行了深入的梳理和述評(píng)。通過(guò)回顧西方合作治理理論的發(fā)展歷程，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)該理論從興起之初就強(qiáng)調(diào)多元主體參與、協(xié)商合作與共同治理，逐步發(fā)展成為一種回應(yīng)復(fù)雜社會(huì)問(wèn)題和促進(jìn)公共利益實(shí)現(xiàn)的新型治理模式。在公共管理領(lǐng)域，合作治理理論為解決政府與市場(chǎng)、社會(huì)之間的張力提供了新的視角和方法，推動(dòng)了公共管理的轉(zhuǎn)型和創(chuàng)新。Thisstudyprovidesanin-depthreviewandevaluationofWesterncooperativegovernancetheoryanditsapplicationinpublicmanagementpractice.ByreviewingthedevelopmentprocessofWesterncooperativegovernancetheory,wefindthatithasemphasizedtheparticipationofmultiplesubjects,negotiationandcooperation,andjointgovernancesinceitsinception,graduallydevelopingintoanewg