數(shù)控技術(shù)和裝備發(fā)展趨勢(shì)及對(duì)策-外文翻譯及土木工程外文翻譯-建設(shè)項(xiàng)目管理

PAGEPAGE14附錄二數(shù)控技術(shù)和裝備發(fā)展趨勢(shì)及對(duì)策正文：

數(shù)控技術(shù)是指用數(shù)字信息對(duì)機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng)和工作過(guò)程進(jìn)行控制的技術(shù)。而數(shù)控裝備是以數(shù)控技術(shù)為代表的新技術(shù)對(duì)傳統(tǒng)制造產(chǎn)業(yè)和新興制造業(yè)的滲透形成的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品，即所謂的數(shù)字化裝備。其中數(shù)控技術(shù)和數(shù)控裝備的范圍覆蓋很多領(lǐng)域：(1)機(jī)械制造技術(shù)；(2)信息處理、加工、傳輸技術(shù)；(3)自動(dòng)控制技術(shù)；(4)伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)技術(shù)；(5)傳感器技術(shù)；(6)軟件技術(shù)等。在未來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)發(fā)展的大趨勢(shì)下數(shù)控技術(shù)和數(shù)控裝備都有其相應(yīng)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，同時(shí)，為適應(yīng)世界潮流的變化，中國(guó)在這些方面必定有自己的研究方向與發(fā)展策略。（一）、數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)數(shù)控技術(shù)的應(yīng)用不但給傳統(tǒng)制造業(yè)帶來(lái)了革命性的變化，使制造業(yè)成為工業(yè)化的象征，而且隨著數(shù)控技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展和應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的擴(kuò)大，他對(duì)國(guó)計(jì)民生的一些重要行業(yè)（IT、汽車(chē)、輕工、醫(yī)療等）的發(fā)展起著越來(lái)越重要的作用，因?yàn)檫@些行業(yè)所需裝備的數(shù)字化已是現(xiàn)代發(fā)展的大趨勢(shì)。從目前世界上數(shù)控技術(shù)及其裝備發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)來(lái)看，其主要研究熱點(diǎn)有以下幾個(gè)方面［1～4］。

1、

高速、高精加工技術(shù)及裝備的新趨勢(shì)效率、質(zhì)量是先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的主體。高速、高精加工技術(shù)可極大地提高效率，提高產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和檔次，縮短生產(chǎn)周期和提高市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力。為此日本先端技術(shù)研究會(huì)將其列為5大現(xiàn)代制造技術(shù)之一。國(guó)際生產(chǎn)工程學(xué)會(huì)（CIRP）將其確定為21世紀(jì)的中心研究方向之一。在轎車(chē)工業(yè)領(lǐng)域，年產(chǎn)30萬(wàn)輛的生產(chǎn)節(jié)拍是40秒/輛，而且多品種加工是轎車(chē)裝備必須解決的重點(diǎn)問(wèn)題之一；在航空和宇航工業(yè)領(lǐng)域，其加工的零部件多為薄壁和薄筋，剛度很差，材料為鋁或鋁合金，只有在高切削速度和切削力很小的情況下，才能對(duì)這些筋、壁進(jìn)行加工。近來(lái)采用大型整體鋁合金坯料“掏空”的方法來(lái)制造機(jī)翼、機(jī)身等大型零件來(lái)替代多個(gè)零件通過(guò)眾多的鉚釘、螺釘和其他聯(lián)結(jié)方式拼裝，使構(gòu)件的強(qiáng)度、剛度和可靠性得到提高。這些都對(duì)加工裝備提出了高速、高精和高柔性的要求。從EMO2001展會(huì)情況來(lái)看，高速加工中心進(jìn)給速度可達(dá)80m/min，甚至更高，空運(yùn)行速度可達(dá)100m/min左右。目前世界上許多汽車(chē)廠，包括我國(guó)的上海通用汽車(chē)公司，都已經(jīng)采用以高速加工中心組成的生產(chǎn)線部分替代組合機(jī)床。美國(guó)CINCINNATI公司的HyperMach機(jī)床進(jìn)給速度最大達(dá)60m/min，快速為100m/min，加速度達(dá)2g，主軸轉(zhuǎn)速已達(dá)60000r/min。加工一個(gè)薄壁飛機(jī)零件，只用30min，而同樣的零件在一般高速銑床加工需3h，在普通銑床加工需8h；德國(guó)DMG公司的雙主軸車(chē)床的主軸速度及加速度分別達(dá)120000r/mm和1g。在加工精度方面，

10年來(lái)，近普通級(jí)數(shù)控機(jī)床的加工精度已由10m提高到5m，精密級(jí)加工中心則從3～5m，提高到1～1.5m，并且超精密加工精度已開(kāi)始進(jìn)入納米級(jí)(0.01m)。在可靠性方面，國(guó)外數(shù)控裝置的

MTBF值已達(dá)6000h以上，伺服系統(tǒng)的MTBF值達(dá)到30000h以上，表現(xiàn)出非常高的可靠性。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)高速、高精的加工，與之配套的功能部件如電主軸、直線電機(jī)得到了快速的發(fā)展，應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大。2、五軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工和復(fù)合加工機(jī)床快速發(fā)展采用5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)對(duì)三維曲面零件的加工，可用刀具最佳幾何形狀進(jìn)行切削，不僅光潔度高，而且效率也大幅度提高。一般認(rèn)為，1臺(tái)5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)床的效率可以等于2臺(tái)3軸聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)床，特別是使用立方氮化硼等超硬材料銑刀進(jìn)行高速銑削淬硬鋼零件時(shí)，5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工可比3軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工發(fā)揮更高的效益。但過(guò)去因5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、主機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜等原因，其價(jià)格要比3軸聯(lián)動(dòng)數(shù)控機(jī)床高出數(shù)倍，加之編程技術(shù)難度較大，制約了5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)床的發(fā)展。當(dāng)前由于電主軸的出現(xiàn)，使得實(shí)現(xiàn)5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工的復(fù)合主軸頭結(jié)構(gòu)大為簡(jiǎn)化，其制造難度和成本大幅度降低，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的價(jià)格差距縮小。因此促進(jìn)了復(fù)合主軸頭類型5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)床和復(fù)合加工機(jī)床（含5面加工機(jī)床）的發(fā)展。在

EMO2001展會(huì)上，新日本工機(jī)的5面加工機(jī)床采用復(fù)合主軸頭，可實(shí)現(xiàn)4個(gè)垂直平面的加工和任意角度的加工，使得5面加工和

5軸加工可在同一臺(tái)機(jī)床上實(shí)現(xiàn)，還可實(shí)現(xiàn)傾斜面和倒錐孔的加工。德國(guó)DMG公司展出DMUVoution系列加工中心，可在一次裝夾下實(shí)現(xiàn)5面加工和5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工，可由CNC系統(tǒng)控制或CAD/CAM直接或間接控制。3、

智能化、開(kāi)放式、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化成為當(dāng)代數(shù)控系統(tǒng)發(fā)展的主要趨勢(shì)21世紀(jì)的數(shù)控裝備將是具有一定智能化的系統(tǒng)，智能化的內(nèi)容包括在數(shù)控系統(tǒng)中的各個(gè)方面：為追求加工效率和加工質(zhì)量方面的智能化，如加工過(guò)程的自適應(yīng)控制，工藝參數(shù)自動(dòng)生成；為提高驅(qū)動(dòng)性能及使用連接方便的智能化，如前饋控制、電機(jī)參數(shù)的自適應(yīng)運(yùn)算、自動(dòng)識(shí)別負(fù)載自動(dòng)選定模型、自整定等；簡(jiǎn)化編程、簡(jiǎn)化操作方面的智能化，如智能化的自動(dòng)編程、智能化的人機(jī)界面等；還有智能診斷、智能監(jiān)控方面的內(nèi)容、方便系統(tǒng)的診斷及維修等。為解決傳統(tǒng)的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)封閉性和數(shù)控應(yīng)用軟件的產(chǎn)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)存在的問(wèn)題。目前許多國(guó)家對(duì)開(kāi)放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行研究，如美國(guó)的NGC(TheNextGenerationWork-Station/MachineControl)、歐共體的OSACA(OpenSystemArchitectureforControlwithinAutomationSystems)、日本的OSEC(OpenSystemEnvironmentforController)，中國(guó)的ONC(OpenNumericalControlSystem)等。數(shù)控系統(tǒng)開(kāi)放化已經(jīng)成為數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的未來(lái)之路。所謂開(kāi)放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)就是數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的開(kāi)發(fā)可以在統(tǒng)一的運(yùn)行平臺(tái)上，面向機(jī)床廠家和最終用戶，通過(guò)改變、增加或剪裁結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)象（數(shù)控功能），形成系列化，并可方便地將用戶的特殊應(yīng)用和技術(shù)訣竅集成到控制系統(tǒng)中，快速實(shí)現(xiàn)不同品種、不同檔次的開(kāi)放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，形成具有鮮明個(gè)性的名牌產(chǎn)品。目前開(kāi)放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的體系結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)范、通信規(guī)范、配置規(guī)范、運(yùn)行平臺(tái)、數(shù)控系統(tǒng)功能庫(kù)以及數(shù)控系統(tǒng)功能軟件開(kāi)發(fā)工具等是當(dāng)前研究的核心。網(wǎng)絡(luò)化數(shù)控裝備是近兩年國(guó)際著名機(jī)床博覽會(huì)的一個(gè)新亮點(diǎn)。數(shù)控裝備的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化將極大地滿足生產(chǎn)線、制造系統(tǒng)、制造企業(yè)對(duì)信息集成的需求，也是實(shí)現(xiàn)新的制造模式如敏捷制造、虛擬企業(yè)、全球制造的基礎(chǔ)單元。國(guó)內(nèi)外一些著名數(shù)控機(jī)床和數(shù)控系統(tǒng)制造公司都在近兩年推出了相關(guān)的新概念和樣機(jī)，如在EMO2001展中，日本山崎馬扎克（Mazak)公司展出的“CyberProductionCenter”（智能生產(chǎn)控制中心，簡(jiǎn)稱CPC)；日本大隈（Okuma）機(jī)床公司展出“ITplaza”（信息技術(shù)廣場(chǎng)，簡(jiǎn)稱IT廣場(chǎng))；德國(guó)西門(mén)子(Siemens)公司展出的OpenManufacturingEnvironment（開(kāi)放制造環(huán)境，簡(jiǎn)稱OME）等，反映了數(shù)控機(jī)床加工向網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)。4、

重視新技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、規(guī)范的建立。（1）關(guān)于數(shù)控系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)發(fā)規(guī)范如前所述，開(kāi)放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)有更好的通用性、柔性、適應(yīng)性、擴(kuò)展性，美國(guó)、歐共體和日本等國(guó)紛紛實(shí)施戰(zhàn)略發(fā)展計(jì)劃，并進(jìn)行開(kāi)放式體系結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)規(guī)范(OMAC、OSACA、OSEC)的研究和制定，世界3個(gè)最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)體在短期內(nèi)進(jìn)行了幾乎相同的科學(xué)計(jì)劃和規(guī)范的制定，預(yù)示了數(shù)控技術(shù)的一個(gè)新的變革時(shí)期的來(lái)臨。我國(guó)在2000年也開(kāi)始進(jìn)行中國(guó)的ONC數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的規(guī)范框架的研究和制定。（2）關(guān)于數(shù)控標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)控標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是制造業(yè)信息化發(fā)展的一種趨勢(shì)。數(shù)控技術(shù)誕生后的

50年間的信息交換都是基于ISO6983標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，即采用G，M代碼描述如何加工，其本質(zhì)特征是面向加工過(guò)程，顯然，他已越來(lái)越不能滿足現(xiàn)代數(shù)控技術(shù)高速發(fā)展的需要。為此，國(guó)際上正在研究和制定一種新的

CNC系統(tǒng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ISO14649（STEP－NC)，其目的是提供一種不依賴于具體系統(tǒng)的中性機(jī)制，能夠描述產(chǎn)品整個(gè)生命周期內(nèi)的統(tǒng)一數(shù)據(jù)模型，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)整個(gè)制造過(guò)程，乃至各個(gè)工業(yè)領(lǐng)域產(chǎn)品信息的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。

STEP-NC的出現(xiàn)可能是數(shù)控技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的一次革命，對(duì)于數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展乃至整個(gè)制造業(yè)，將產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響。首先，STEP-NC提出一種嶄新的制造理念，傳統(tǒng)的制造理念中，NC加工程序都集中在單個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)上。而在新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下，NC程序可以分散在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上，這正是數(shù)控技術(shù)開(kāi)放式、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化發(fā)展的方向。其次，STEP-NC數(shù)控系統(tǒng)還可大大減少加工圖紙（約75％）、加工程序編制時(shí)間（約35％）和加工時(shí)間（約50％）。目前，歐美國(guó)家非常重視

STEP-NC的研究，歐洲發(fā)起了

STEP-NC的IMS計(jì)劃(1999.1.1～2001.12.31)。參加這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃的有來(lái)自歐洲和日本的20個(gè)CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC用戶、廠商和學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)。美國(guó)的STEPTools公司是全球范圍內(nèi)制造業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)交換軟件的開(kāi)發(fā)者，他已經(jīng)開(kāi)發(fā)了用作數(shù)控機(jī)床加工信息交換的超級(jí)模型(SuperModel)，其目標(biāo)是用統(tǒng)一的規(guī)范描述所有加工過(guò)程。目前這種新的數(shù)據(jù)交換格式已經(jīng)在配備了SIEMENS、

FIDIA以及歐洲OSACA-NC數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的原型樣機(jī)上進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證。（二）對(duì)我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的基本估計(jì)我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)起步于

1958年，近50年的發(fā)展歷程大致可分為3個(gè)階段：第一階段從1958年到1979年，即封閉式發(fā)展階段。在此階段，由于國(guó)外的技術(shù)封鎖和我國(guó)的基礎(chǔ)條件的限制，數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展較為緩慢。第二階段是在國(guó)家的“六五”、“七五”期間以及“八五”的前期，即引進(jìn)技術(shù)，消化吸收，初步建立起國(guó)產(chǎn)化體系階段。在此階段，由于改革開(kāi)放和國(guó)家的重視，以及研究開(kāi)發(fā)環(huán)境和國(guó)際環(huán)境的改善，我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究、開(kāi)發(fā)以及在產(chǎn)品的國(guó)產(chǎn)化方面都取得了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)步。第三階段是在國(guó)家的“八五”的后期和“九五”期間，即實(shí)施產(chǎn)業(yè)化的研究，進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)階段。在此階段，我國(guó)國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控裝備的產(chǎn)業(yè)化取得了實(shí)質(zhì)性進(jìn)步。在“九五”末期，國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控機(jī)床的國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)占有率達(dá)50％，配國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)（普及型）也達(dá)到了10％?？v觀我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)近50年的發(fā)展歷程，特別是經(jīng)過(guò)

4個(gè)5年計(jì)劃的攻關(guān)，總體來(lái)看取得了以下成績(jī)。（1）奠定了數(shù)控技術(shù)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)，基本掌握了現(xiàn)代數(shù)控技術(shù)。我國(guó)現(xiàn)在已基本掌握了從數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)、數(shù)控主機(jī)、專機(jī)及其配套件的基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)，其中大部分技術(shù)已具備進(jìn)行商品化開(kāi)發(fā)的基礎(chǔ)，部分技術(shù)已商品化、產(chǎn)業(yè)化。（2）初步形成了數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)基地。在攻關(guān)成果和部分技術(shù)商品化的基礎(chǔ)上，建立了諸如華中數(shù)控、航天數(shù)控等具有批量生產(chǎn)能力的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)廠。蘭州電機(jī)廠、華中數(shù)控等一批伺服系統(tǒng)和伺服電機(jī)生產(chǎn)廠以及北京第一機(jī)床廠、濟(jì)南第一機(jī)床廠等若干數(shù)控主機(jī)生產(chǎn)廠。這些生產(chǎn)廠基本形成了我國(guó)的數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)基地。（3）建立了一支數(shù)控研究、開(kāi)發(fā)、管理人才的基本隊(duì)伍。雖然在數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究開(kāi)發(fā)以及產(chǎn)業(yè)化方面取得了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)步，但我們也要清醒地認(rèn)識(shí)到，我國(guó)高端數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究開(kāi)發(fā)，尤其是在產(chǎn)業(yè)化方面的技術(shù)水平現(xiàn)狀與我國(guó)的現(xiàn)實(shí)需求還有較大的差距。雖然從縱向看我國(guó)的發(fā)展速度很快，但橫向比（與國(guó)外對(duì)比）不僅技術(shù)水平有差距，在某些方面發(fā)展速度也有差距，即一些高精尖的數(shù)控裝備的技術(shù)水平差距有擴(kuò)大趨勢(shì)。從國(guó)際上來(lái)看，對(duì)我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)水平和產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平估計(jì)大致如下。（1）技術(shù)水平上，與國(guó)外先進(jìn)水平大約落后10～15年，在高精尖技術(shù)方面則更大。（2）產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平上，市場(chǎng)占有率低，品種覆蓋率小，還沒(méi)有形成規(guī)模生產(chǎn)；功能部件專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)水平及成套能力較低；外觀質(zhì)量相對(duì)差；可靠性不高，商品化程度不足；國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)尚未建立自己的品牌效應(yīng)，用戶信心不足。（3）可持續(xù)發(fā)展的能力上，對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)前數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究開(kāi)發(fā)、工程化能力較弱；數(shù)控技術(shù)應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域拓展力度不強(qiáng)；相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范的研究、制定滯后。分析存在上述差距的主要原因有以下幾個(gè)方面。（1）

認(rèn)識(shí)方面：對(duì)國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)進(jìn)程艱巨性、復(fù)雜性和長(zhǎng)期性的特點(diǎn)認(rèn)識(shí)不足；對(duì)市場(chǎng)的不規(guī)范、國(guó)外的封鎖加扼殺、體制等困難估計(jì)不足；對(duì)我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)應(yīng)用水平及能力分析不夠。（2）體系方面：從技術(shù)的角度關(guān)注數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)化問(wèn)題的時(shí)候多，從系統(tǒng)的、產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的角度綜合考慮數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)化問(wèn)題的時(shí)候少；沒(méi)有建立完整的高質(zhì)量的配套體系、完善的培訓(xùn)、服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)等支撐體系。（3）機(jī)制方面：不良機(jī)制造成人才流失，又制約了技術(shù)及技術(shù)路線創(chuàng)新、產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新，且制約了規(guī)劃的有效實(shí)施，往往規(guī)劃理想，實(shí)施困難。（4）技術(shù)方面：企業(yè)在技術(shù)方面自主創(chuàng)新能力不強(qiáng)，核心技術(shù)的工程化能力不強(qiáng)。機(jī)床標(biāo)準(zhǔn)落后，水平較低，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)研究不夠。附錄三NumericalcontroltechnologyandequipmenttrendsandcountermeasuresText：

NCtechnologyistheuseofdigitalinformationonthemechanicalmovementandtheworkprocesscontroltechnologyCNCequipmentisbasedonCNCtechnologyastherepresentativeofthenewtechnologytotraditionalindustryandburgeoningmanufacturingindustryformtheinfiltrationofelectromechanicalintegrationproducts,theso-calleddigitalequipment。Inwhich，Numericalcontroltechnologyandequipmentcoveringmanyfields：（1）Mechanicalmanufacturingtechnology;（2）Informationprocessing,processing,transmissiontechnology;（3）Automaticcontroltechnology;(4)

Servodrivetechnology;(5)

Sensortechnology;(6)

Softwaretechnology,

andsoon.

Inthefutureeconomicandtechnologicaldevelopmenttrendofnumericalcontroltechnologyandequipmenthasitscorrespondingdevelopmenttrend.

Atthesametime,inordertoadapttothetrendoftheworldchanges,Chinaintheseareaswillhavetheirownresearchanddevelopmentstrategy.(一)ThedevelopmenttrendofnumericalcontroltechnologyTheapplicationofnumericalcontroltechnologynotonlytothetraditionalmanufacturingindustryhasbroughtrevolutionarychanges,themanufacturingindustrytobecomeasymbolofindustrialization,

ButwiththecontinuousdevelopmentofNCtechnologyandtheexpansionofapplicationfields,

ButwiththecontinuousdevelopmentofNCtechnologyandtheexpansionofapplicationfields,hetothebeneficialtothepeople'slivelihoodofsomeimportantindustrydevelopmentplaysanincreasinglyimportantrole,becausetheseindustriesneededequipmentdigitalisamoderndevelopmenttrend.(IT,automobiles,lightindustry,medicalandother)。Fromthenumericalcontroltechnologyandequipmentdevelopmenttrend,itsmainresearchfocushasthefollowingseveralaspects(1～4).1.Highspeed,highprecisionprocessingtechnologyandequipmentofthenewtrendsinefficiency,qualityandadvancedmanufacturingtechnologyisthesubject.Highspeed,highprecisionmachiningtechnologycangreatlyimproveefficiency,improveproductqualityandgrades,toshortentheproductioncycleandimprovemarketcompetitionability.

ThereforetheJapaneseadvancedtechnologyresearchcanbeclassifiedas5largemodernmanufacturingtechnologies.

InternationalProductionEngineeringInstitute(CIRP)whichisidentifiedasoneoftheresearchdirectionsinthecenteroftwenty-firstCentury.

Intheaerospaceindustry,theprocessingofpartsandcomponentsforthethinwallandathinband,rigidityispoor,madeofaluminumoraluminumalloy,onlyathighcuttingspeedandthecuttingforceissmall,canthesetendons,wallprocessing.

Recentlythelargeintegralaluminumalloyblank"tunneling"approachtomanufacturingwing,fuselageandotherlargepartstoreplacemultiplepartsthroughalargenumberofrivets,screwsandotherconnectionwayofassembling,makecomponentstrength,stiffnessandreliabilitywereimproved.All

oftheprocessingequipmentforhigh-speed,highprecisionandhighflexibilityrequirements.

FromEMO2001showsituation,highspeedmachiningcenterfeedrateupto80m/min,orevenhigher,emptyrunningspeedsofuptoabout100m/min.

Manyoftheworld'scurrentautomobilefactoryinChina,includingtheShanghaiGeneralMotorsCo,hasbeenusedinhighspeedmachiningcenterproductionlineconsistingofpartialsubstitutionofmodularmachinetool.TheUnitedStatesofAmericaCINCINNATIcompanyHyperMachmachinetoolfeedspeedofthebig60m/min,fast100m/min,accelerationofupto2G,spindlespeedhasreached60000r/min.

Processingofathin-walledaircraftparts,only30min,whilethesamepartsinthegeneralhighspeedmillingmachineprocessingneeds3h,intheordinarymillingmachineprocessing8h;DMGGermany'sdoublespindlelathespindlespeedandaccelerationarerespectively120000r/mmand1G.

Inthemachiningaccuracy,10years,nearlythegenerallevelthemachiningaccuracyofNCmachinetoolhasbeenimprovedfrom10mto5m,precisionmachiningcenterfrom3～5m,increasedto1～1.5m,andultraprecisionmachiningaccuracyhasbeguntoenter

thenanoscale(0.01M).Inordertorealizethehighspeed,highprecisionmachining,withmatchingfunctionpartssuchaselectricspindle,linearmotorhasbeenrapiddevelopment,applicationdomainexpandsfurther.2.Fiveaxismachiningandrapiddevelopmentofcompositeprocessingmachinewith5axislinkageon3Dsurfacemachining,cuttingtoolgeometrycanbebestcutting,notonlyhighsmoothness,butalsogreatlyimprovetheefficiencyof.

Generally,1setsof5axismachinetoolefficiencycanbeequalto2setsof3axismachinetools,particularlytheuseofcubicboronnitridesuperhardmaterialssuchasmillingcutterforhighspeedmillingofhardenedsteelparts,5axismachiningcanbemorethan3axismachiningmorebenefits.

Butinthepastfor5axisNCsystem,thehostofcomplexstructureandotherreasons,itspricethan3axislinkageCNCmachineseveraltimeshigher,andtheprogrammingtechnologydifficultyisgreater,restrictedthedevelopmentof5axismachinetool.

Becauseoftheelectricspindle,maketheimplementationof5axismachiningcompositespindlestructureissimplified,themanufacturingdifficultyandcostaregreatlyreduced,CNCsystemtonarrowthepricegap.

Ithaspromotedthecompoundheadtype5axismachinetoolandcompoundprocessingmachinetool(including5machinetools)thedevelopment.

IntheEMO2001exhibition,SNK5processingmachineusingthecompoundhead,canachieve4perpendiculartotheplaneofanypointofprocessingandprocessing,sothatthe5surfaceprocessingand5axismachiningcanberealizedinthesamemachine,butalsocanrealizetheinclinedplaneandthebacktaperholeprocessing.

TheGermancompanyDMGexhibitedDMUVoutionseriesmachiningcenter,beinoneclampingsurfaceprocessingandRealizationof55axismachining,canbecontrolledbytheCNCsystemorCAD/CAMdirectorindirectcontrol。1.Intelligent,open,networkhasbecomethemaintrendofthedevelopmentofmodernCNCsystemCNCequipmentwillbetwenty-firstCenturywithintelligentsystem,intelligentcontentincludedinthenumericalcontrolsysteminallaspects:

Forthepursuitofthemachiningefficiencyandqualityaspectsofintelligence,suchastheprocessofselfadaptivecontrol,processparametersautomaticgeneration;inordertoimprovethedrivingperformanceandtheuseofconvenientconnectionofintelligence,suchasfeedforwardcontrol,motorparameteradaptivearithmetic,automaticrecognitionandautomaticloadselectionmodel,self-adjusting;simplify,simplifyoperationaspectsofintelligence,suchasintelligentautomaticprogramming,intelligenthuman-machineinterface;andtheintelligentdiagnosis,intelligentmonitoringcontent,convenientforsystemdiagnosisandrepair.

InordertosolvethetraditionalNCsystemclosureandCNCsoftwareindustrializationproductionproblems.

ManyofthecurrentstateoftheopenCNCsystemwerestudied,suchastheUnitedStatesNGC(TheNextGenerationWork-Station/MachineControl),OSACA(OpenSystemArchitecturetheforControlwithinAutomationSystems),Japan(OpenSystemOSECEnvironmentforController),China(OpenNumericalControlONCSystem).

OpenCNCsystemhasbecomeanumericalcontrolsystemoftheroadtothefuture。Theso-calledopennumericalcontrolsystemisthenumericalcontrolsysteminthedevelopmentofaunifiedoperatingplatform,themachinetoolmanufacturersandendusers,throughthechange,increaseorcutstructuralobject(numericalcontrolfunction),formedaseries,andeasilytheuser'sspecialapplicationandtechnicalknow-howisintegratedintothecontrolsystem,fastrealizationofdifferentspecies,differentgradesofopenNCsystem,formingadistinctpersonalityofthenamebrandproducts.

TheopenCNCsystemstructure,communicationprotocolspecification,configurationspecification,operationplatform,NCsystemandtheNCsystemfunctionssuchassoftwaredevelopmenttoolsisthecoreofthecurrentstudy.Networknumericalcontrolequipmentisnearlytwoyearsofwell-knowninternationalMachineToolFairinanewwindow.

Numericalcontrolequipmentofthenetworkwillgreatlymeettheproductionlines,manufacturingsystem,manufacturingenterpriseinformationintegrationondemand,butalsocreateanewmodelsuchasagilemanufacturing,virtualenterprise,theglobalmanufacturingbaseunit.Somewell-knowndomesticandforeignnumericalcontrolmachinetoolsandCNCsystemmanufacturingcompanyinthepasttwoyears,introducedtherelatedconceptsandprototypes,suchasinEMO2001,JapanYamazaki(Mazak)ondisplay"CyberProductionCenter"(intelligentproductioncontrolcenter,referredtoasCPC);Japan'sOkuma(Okuma)machinetoolcompanyexhibited"ITPlaza"(InformationTechnologySquare,referredtoasITSquare);GermanSiemens(Siemens)OpenManufacturingEnvironment(companyfeaturingopenmanufacturingenvironment,referredtoasOME),reflectingtheNCmachinetoolmachiningtothedirectionofnetworkdevelopmenttrend.1.Attentiontonewtechnologies,theestablishmentofStandardSpecificationfor.（1）Onthenumericalcontrolsystemdesignspecificationasmentionedbefore,openCNCsystemhasbetteruniversal,flexible,adaptability,scalability,theUnitedStates,EuropeanCommunityandJapanandothercountrieshavebeenimplementingthedevelopmentstrategy,andtheopenarchitectureNCsystemspecification(OMAC,OSACA,OSEC)researchanddevelopment,3intheworldoneofthelargesteconomiesintheshorttermarealmostthesameasthatofthescienceprogramandstandardformulation,adumbrativeNCtechnologyanewreformera.

In2000ChinaalsostartedtheChinaONCCNCsystemofthenormativeframeworkofresearchanddevelopment.（2）OnthenumericalcontrolNCstandardisastandardofinformatizationofmanufacturingindustrydevelopmenttendency.

Numericalcontroltechnologyisborn50yearsaftertheexchangeofinformationisbasedonISO6983standard,whichusestheG,Mcodedescribeshowtoprocessing,itsessencefeatureisprocess-oriented,apparently,hehasbecomeincreasinglyunabletomeettheneedsoftherapiddevelopmentofmodernCNCtechnology.

Tothisend,theworldisresearchinganddevelopinganewCNCsystemstandardISO14649(STEPNC),itspurposeistoprovideadoesnotdependonthespecificsystemneutralmechanism,isabletodescribethewholelifecycleofproductwithintheunifieddatamodel,soastorealizethewholeprocessofmanufacture,andvariousindustrialproductsinthefieldofinformationstandardization.

TheemergenceofSTEP-NCmaybearevolutioninthefieldofnumericalcontroltechnology,thedevelopmentofnumericalcontroltechnologyandthemanufacturingindustry,willproducefar-reachingeffect.

Firstofall,STEP-NCproposedanewconceptofmanufacturing,traditionalmanufacturingidea,NCprocessingprogramsareconcentratedinasinglecomputer.Inthenewstandard,theNCprocedurecanbedistributedontheInternet,itisthenumericalcontroltechnologyofopen,networkdevelopmentdirection.

Secondly,STEP-NCCNCsystemalsocangreatlyreducethemanufacturingdrawings(approximately75%),processingproceduresforthepreparationoftime(approximately35%)andprocessingtime(approximately50%).Atpresent,inEuropeandtheUnitedStatesattachesgreatimportancetothestudyofSTEP-NC,EuropehaslaunchedtheSTEP-NCIMSplan(1999.1.1～2001.12.31).InthisprogramhavecomefromEuropeandJapan20CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNCusers,manufacturersandacademicinstitutions.

TheUnitedStatesofAmericaSTEPToolscompanyisaglobalmanufacturingindustrydataexchangesoftwaredeveloper,hehasdevelopedasaCNCmachininginformationexchangesupermodel(SuperModel),thegoalistouseuniformstandardtodescribeallprocess.

ThepresentnewdataexchangeformathasbeenequippedwithSIEMENS,FIDIAandtheEuropeanOSACA-NCCNCsystemprototypeverified.(二)NumericalcontroltechnologytoChinaanditsindustrydevelopmentbasicestimation

NumericalcontroltechnologyinChinastartedin1958,nearly50yearsofthedevelopmentprocesscanbedividedinto3stages:thefirststageisfrom1958to1979,i.e.closedtypedevelopmentstage.

Atthisstage,becauseforeigntechnologyblockadeandourbasicconditions,thedevelopmentofnumericalcontroltechnologyisrelativelyslow.

Thesecondstageisinthenational"sixfive","sevenfive"and"eightfive"duringprophase,namelytechnologyintroduction,digestionandabsorption,preliminarybuildlocalizationsystemstage.

Atthisstage,asaresultofreformandopenpolicyandthenationalattention,aswellastheresearchanddevelopmentofenvironmentandinternationalenvironment,ourcountrynumericalcontroltechnologyresearch,developmentandthelocalizationofproductshavemadeconsiderableprogress.

Thethirdstageisinthenational"eightfive"and"NineFive"ofthelateperiod,namelytheimplementationindustrializationresearch,intothemarketcompetitionstage.

Atthisstage,China'sdomesticCNCequipmentindustryhasmadesubstantialprogress.Inthe"NineFive"stage,domesticCNCmachinetool's50%shareofthedomesticmarket,withdomesticNCsystem(Universal)alsoreached10%.

LookingatChina'sCNCtechnologydevelopmentcourseofnearly50years,especiallyafterthe45yearsplanresearch,overallobtainedthefollowingresults.

（1）LaytheCNCtechnologydevelopmentfoundation,basicknowledgeofmodernNCtechnique.ChinahasnowmasteredfromtheNCsystem,servodrive,NCmachine,specialmachinesandaccessoriesbasedtechniques,mostofwhichtechnologyhascommercialdevelopmentfoundation,partoftechnologycommercialization,industrialization.

(2)theinitialformationoftheindustrialbaseofcnc.Theresearchachievementsandsometechnicalcommodityonthebasisoftheestablishment,suchasCNC,aerospacehasaproductioncapacityoftheNCsystemproductionplant.

Lanzhoumotorfactory,andanumberofservosystemofCNCandservomotorproductionplant,Beijingfirstmachinetoolplant,Ji'nanfirstmachinetoolplantofmachinemanufacturingplant.Thesefactoriesbasicallyformedourcountrynumericalcontrolindustrybase.

(3)theestablishmentofaCNCresearch,development,managementpersonnelofthebasicteam.AlthoughintheCNCtechnologyresearchdevelopmentandindustrializationhasmadeconsiderableprogress,butwealsoshouldrealisesoberly,ourhigh-endCNCtechnologyresearchanddevelopment,especiallyintheindustrializationleveloftechnicalcurrentsituationandtherealityofChina'sdemandstillhavebiggerdifference.

Althoughfromalongitudinallookatourcountrydevelopsveryfast,buttransversethan(contrastwithabroad)notonlytechnicalleveltohavedifference,insomeaspectsofdevelopmentspeedalsohasdifference,i.e.thenumberofsophisticatedCNCequipmenttechnicalleveldifferencehasdistensibletendency.

Fromtheinternationalperspective,toourcountrynumericalcontroltechnologyandindustrializationlevelisestimatedasfollows.

(1)theleveloftechnology,withforeignadvancedlevellagsbehindabout10~15years,inthesophisticatedtechnologyislarger.

(2)industrializationlevel,themarketishadrateislow,breedcoverage,hasformedthescaleofproduction;functionalcomponentsofprofessionalproductionlevelandcompletesetsofcapacityislow;theappearancequalityisrelativelypoor;thereliabilityisnothigh,lackofcommercialization;domesticCNCsystemhasnotbeenestablishedtheirownbrand,customerconfidence.

(3)theabilityofsustainabledevelopment,thecompetitionbeforeNCtechnologyresearchanddevelopment,engineeringabilityisweaker;CNCtechnicalapplicationfieldstrengthisnotstrong;relatedstandards,research,developlag.

Analysisoftheexistenceofthegapbetweenthemainreasonhasthefollowingseveralaspects.

(1):understandingofCNCindustrialprocessdifficulty,complexityandlong-termsexcharacteristicunderstandinginsufficiency;themarketisnotstandardized,overseasblockadewithstrangulation,systemdifficultunderestimate;toourcountrynumericalcontroltechnologyapplicationlevelandabilityanalysisisnotenough.

(2)system:fromatechnicalperspectiveonCNCindustrializationproblemwhenmuch,fromthesystem,thepointofviewofindustrychainintegratedintotheCNCindustrializationproblemwhenlittle;nottheestablishmentofacompletequalitysystem,perfecttraining,servicenetworksupportsystem.

(3)mechanisms:adversemechanismscausingthelossoftalentedpeople,andrestrictedtechnologyandtechnicalrouteofinnovation,productinnovation,andrestrictstheeffectiveimplementationoftheproject,oftentheplanningideal,implementationdifficulties.

(4)thetechnicalaspects:enterprisetechnologyindependentinnovationcapabilityisnotstrong,thecoretechnologyofengineeringabilityisnotstrong.Machinetoolstandardisbackward,levelislow,thenewstandardisnotenoughresearchofCNCsystem.武漢工業(yè)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文參考文獻(xiàn)譯文本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)譯文出處：萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)題目：建設(shè)項(xiàng)目乙施工組織設(shè)計(jì)院（系）土木工程與建筑學(xué)院專業(yè)名稱工程管理學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生學(xué)號(hào)指導(dǎo)教師CONSTRUCTIONPROJECTMANAGEMENTThisworktriestodefineandpresentthecharacteristicsandofprojectmanagementandconstructionprojects.Onecanfindargumentsfortheneedtouseprojectmanagementintheconstructionindustryandthemainmanagementproceduresmakingtheessenceofconstructionprojectmanagement.Keywords:project,management,construction,invest1.ProjectManagement-definition,characteristicsProjectmanagementisaspecializedbranchofmanagementappearedin1950forcoordinationandcontrolofcomplexmodernindustry.ItsemergenceanddevelopmentaremainlyrelatedtotheinitiationandconductoftheNASAspaceprograms,tothecompetitionbetweennationsforsupremacyinthemilitaryfield,tothepressureoftheclientswhowantedtheirprojectstobecompletedassoonaspossiblesothattheycouldrecoverfastertheirinvestment.Intheconstructionindustry,projectmanagementbegantobeusedonlyinthelatter20-30years,butdevelopmentinthisfieldhasbeenverypronouncedwhereascorrespondsverywelltotheneedsofthisindustry.AlthoughitappearedintheU.S.,projectmanagementwasquicklyapprehendedinEurope.Thefirstattemptstostandardizepracticesinthefielddatefrom1979andbelongtoaninstituteintheUK-TheCharteredInstituteofBuilding.Ithasnowbecome,alongwithotherorganizationssuchasProjectManagementInstitute,anorganizationthatcertifiesbothprojectmanagersandtrainingprogramsinthefieldthroughouttheworld.AlsoatEuropeanlevel,therehavebeendevelopedqualityproceduresforprojectmanagement,proceduresincludedinISOstandards.Projectmanagementincludesprogressiveandlogicaldecision-makingprocesses,anappropriateorganization,financialmanagementandeffectivemarketing,aspecialattentioninpreparingdocumentsandadministrativetasksandapplicationofmethodsandtechniquesoftraditionalmanagementadaptedaccordingly."ConstructionProjectsmanagement”consistsofplanning,organizing,coordinatingandmonitoringoftheproject,fromthebeginningtotheend,withtheaimofachievingcustomerrequirementsonproducingaviableproject,financiallyandfunctionally,incompliancewithqualitystandards,costsandimplementationdeadlinesagreedupon.Projectmanagementinvolvessettingofbenchmarksaccordingtowhichthereshallbeestablishedguidelinestobefollowed,observingtheprogressinachievingthecorrectexecutionoftasksandprojects,accordingtothedifferencesobservedbetweentheactualandtheplannedbenchmarks.Inordertorealizeaconstructionprojecttheremustbeinvolvedvariousentities:beneficiary,investor,fundingbodies,builder,draftsman,consultants,suppliersofmaterialsandequipment,etc..,whichrequiresfocusoncoordinatingandadjustingallthenecessaryinputs.Thus,theprojectmanagermustworkpredominantlywithpeoplefromotherorganizationsthantheonehebelongsto.Insuchcircumstances,hisauthorityisconferredbycontracttermsandislessdirectthanthatofaregularmanager.Projectmanagementisconducted,inmostcases,bystaffbelongingtodifferentorganizations,closelycooperatingtoachievedifferentobjectives,oftencontradictory,ofthepartiesinvolved.Responsibilityfortheprojectmanagementlies,asmentioned,todifferentorganizations,dependingoncustomer’spreferencesandcompetencesandonthenatureofthecontractualtermsbetweenparties.Whetherprojectmanagementisexercisedbytheclient,thedesigner,thebuilderorbyaspecializedindependentorganization,relevantmanagerialproceduresarelargelythesame.Inordertohaveanunitarypointofview,managementmethodspresentedinthisworkwillbeapproachedfromthegeneralcontractor’sperspective.2.ConstructionProjectThemainsubjectintheconstructionprojectsmanagementistheconstructionproject.Theconstructionprojectisanentitywithlimitedtimeofaction,designedforachievement,rehabilitationordemolitionofabuildingobjective,executingvariableandnon-standardwo