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AdvertisingResearch:Instructor’sManual
Copyright?2012PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHall
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AdvertisingResearch:Instructor’sManual
Copyright?2012PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHall
20.Post-ProductionAdvertisingTestingandOptimization
ChapterGoals
Whenstudentshavecompletedthischaptertheyshouldhaveabetterunderstandingof:
? howresearchcontributestoimprovedadvertisingdecision-makingaftercommunicationsareproducedandaired.
? thesituationsinwhicheachofthefourmaintypesofpost-productionresearcharemostappropriate.
? thestrengthsandlimitationsofeachtypeofpost-productionresearch.
? howcopytestingisusedtodetermineadvertisingdeceptiveness.
NotestotheInstructor
TheChapterLectureprovidesaguidetokeytopicsandcontent.ThePowerPointslidesarenamed:davis_adresearch_ch20.ppt.
Twoonlinesupplementalreadingsprovideexamplesoftestingperformedatbothendsofthepost-productioncontinuum:copytestingandcampaigntrackingevaluationresearch.
MapesandRossNaturalExposureCopyTest
Asdiscussedearlierinthischapter,acopytestmustsatisfyseveralcriteriainordertobeusefultoanadvertiser.Thetestmusthaveasound,validatedmethodologyandappropriatenorms.Additionally,theresultsmustbereportedinawaythatallowstheadvertisertoclearlyseetheimplicationsofthefindingsfordecision-making.TheMapesandRosscopytesttoplinereportprovidedintheonlinesupplementalreadingssatisfiesallthesecriteria.ThereportpresentstheresultsofacopytestoftheGeneralElectric(GE)televisionadvertisement
“GEReveal?-LightBulb.”Notehowtheorganizationofthereportaddresseskeyresearch-
relatedissuesdiscussedinChapter1:therationalefortheresearchisexplicitlystated,keyevaluativemeasuresareidentified,themethodologyisdescribedinsufficientdetail,samplecharacteristicsarenoted,andtheresultsandtheirimplicationsareclearlycommunicated.
Thetoplinereport’sdetailedfindings(reportpages9through13)illustratethecontributionofcopytestingtodecisionsregardingwhetherornottoairaparticularcommercial.
? Persuasion(theprimarymetric)isaddressedonpage9,wheretwotypesofanalysesarepresented.First,thetestcommercial’spersuasionscoreiscomparedtotwoofMapesandRoss’overallnorms,inthiscasethenormforcomparativeproducts(consumerpackagedgoodsmiscellaneousproducts)andtheoverallallproductsnorm.Second,thecommercial’spersuasiveness
amongimportantsubgroupsisnoted.Inallcases,thetestcommercial’spersuasionscoresignificantlyexceededthenorms.
? Aspectsofcommercialrecallareaddressedonpages10through12.ProvenRecallreflectsthepercentageofindividualswhowereabletospontaneouslymentionauniquevisualortextualcomponentofthecommercial.UnaidedBrandNameRecallreflectsthepercentageofindividualswhowereable(withoutprompting)torecalltheGEbrandnameaftercommercialviewing.Notehowinbothcasescomparisonsaremadetooverallnormsforboththetotalsampleandforkeysubgroups.VisualElementRecallprovidesinsightintowhichcommercialcomponentsorideasweremoreattention-gettingormemorable,ashigherscoresindicateagreaterpercentageofindividualsmentioningthespecificaspectofthecommercial.
? Priortocopytestinganadvertisement,itisimportanttoidentifythecommercial’sintendedcommunication.Thisallowsthecopytestingmethodologytodeterminetheextenttowhichthisintendedcommunicationwasactuallycommunicatedtothetargetaudience.TheanalysisofMainIdeaCommunicationispresentedonpage13,wherethereportnotesoverallcommunicationoftheintendedmainideaandthencomparesthisleveltorelevantnorms.
Keepinmindthatwhileeachindividualmeasureisimportant,thefinaldecisiononcommercialairingtypicallyisbasedontheoverallpatternofresponse.Whileallmeasuresinthiscasearequitehigh,imagineacasewherepersuasionishighbutrecallislow,orrecallishighbutpersuasionislow.Itistheoverallpatternofresponse,especiallyresponsesamongkeysubgroupsthatleadsthedecision-makingprocess.
Finally,itisimportanttorememberthatitisthecopytestingcompany’sresponsibilitytoprovideadetailedandobjectiveanalysisnarrowlyfocusedontheresearchresults.Itistheadvertiser’sresponsibilitytobringanindependentpointofviewtothereport,detailingareasinwhichs/heagreesordisagreesandprovidingdeeperbackgroundwithregardtodatainterpretation.GEmight,forexample,placetheinterpretationofthepersuasionscoresinthecontextofitsmarketshare.GEmightnotethat:
GeneralElectrichasthedominantshareofthelightbulbcategory.Asaresult,mostconsumersareeitheralreadypositivetowardGEorareGElightbulbpurchasers.Giventhissituation,thescopetoconvinceindividualsto“switch”toGE,issmall.Understandingthis,itwasthereforeGE’smandatetodevelop
anadthatnotonlyhelpedpromotethenewlightbulb“Reveal”insuchawaythatitwasbothpersuasiveandmemorable,butalsotoconveythemessageofpurecleanlight.Despitethestrongmarketdominance,GE’screativityworkedhardandachievedthisbyexceedingtheapplicableMapesandRossnormsforcommercialpersuasiveness.
NationalTobaccoYouthCampaignEvaluation
TheAustralianDepartmentofHealthandAgeinghasthegoalofhelpingallAustraliansachievebetterhealththroughouttheirlifespan.TheDepartmentachievesthisgoalthroughstrengthenedevidence-basedpolicyadvising,improvedprogrammanagement,research,regulationandpartnershipswithothergovernmentagencies,consumersandstakeholders.Inthiscontext,aspecificfocusisontheencouragementofhealthylifestylesandthepreventionorreductionofunhealthylifestyles.
TheNationalTobaccoYouthCampaign(NTYC)isonespecificwaythattheDepartmentofHealthandAgeingattemptstoencouragehealthylifestyles.TheNTYCwasanational,multimediacampaignthataimedtoreducetheinitiationandprevalenceofsmokingamongyoungAustralians.Thecampaign’sprimarygoalwastoencourageyouthaged12to24yearstorejectsmoking.Thesecondarygoalofthecampaignwastoencourageparentstoquitsmokinginordertodiscouragetheirchildrenfromsmoking.
Trackingevaluationresearchwasusedtodeterminecampaigneffectiveness.Baselinedatawascollectedbeforethecampaignran(November/December,2006)andpost-exposuredatawascollectedafterthecampaignhadrun.(April/May,2007)Bothsurveysmeasuredthetargetaudience’sknowledge,attitudes,intentionsandbehaviorswithrespecttotobaccosmokingaswellastheirawarenessoftheNTYCcampaignandmessages.Thetotalsamplesizewas
nearly3,000.
Thefullcampaignevaluationreportisprovidedintheonlinesupplementalreadings.Theresearchreportedinthereportisasuperiorexampleofwell-designedtrackingresearch.Notehowtheuseofthebaselinesampleallowsonetoclearlyassesscampaignimpactandhowtheareasexploredareexplicitlydefinedanddirectlyrelatedtothecampaign’sgoalsandobjectives.Beyondtheresearchitself,thereportisamodelofexcellenceindatapresentation.Thereportisorganizedtoallowthereadertomovethroughasignificantamountofdatainawaythatfostersunderstanding.Inspiteoftheamountofdatapresented,thereaderisneveroverwhelmedbythedetail.Finally,notehowthedatawascollected.Questionnairepre-testingwasusedtomakecertainthattherewerenoproblemswithquestionnairefloworwordingandthequestionnaireitself(providedinthereport’sappendices)illustratemanyoftheguidelinesdiscussedinChapters12and13.
ChapterLecture
Onceanadisproduced,copytestingresearchisconductedtodetermine
whetherornotthatadvertisementshouldbeplacedinmedia.Copytestingisthereforeevaluativeinorientationandisusedtomake“go-nogo”decisionsaboutaparticularadvertisement.Itismostcommonlyperformedontelevisionadvertising,althoughmagazineandradioadsmayalsobecopytested.
I.CopyTestingTelevisionAdvertising
Almostalwaysconductedbyindependentresearchcompanieswhichvaryacrossfourdimensions:
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? Thenaturalnessoftheviewingsituation.Companiesgenerallytakeoneoftwoapproachestoadvertisingexposure.Someexposerespondentstotestcommercialincontextofactualtelevisionprogrambroadcast.OthersprovideuseaVHStapeor
aDVDthatcontainsaprerecordedtelevisionprograminwhichatestadhasbeeninserted.
? Thenumberofadvertisingexposures.Datacollectioncantakeplaceafteroneormoreexposurestotestadvertising.
? Thetimingofdatacollection.Companiesvaryintermsofamountoftimeelapsedbetweencommercialexposureanddatacollection.Somecollectdataimmediatelyafterexposurewhileothersmaywaitoneormoredays.
? Thetypesofdatacollected.Availablemeasuresvary.Normativemeasurescanincludeoneormoreoffollowing:advertisingrecall,messagecommunication,brandattitudeshift,buyingintention,pre-postbrandpreference,attitudestowardtheadvertising,attitudetowardthemessage.
DifferencesinapproachestotelevisioncopytestingareillustratedinthemethodologiesusedbyGallup&RobinsonandMapesandRoss.
A.Gallup&RobinsonInTeleTest
Gallup&Robinson’stestsadinprerecordedtelevisionprogramdistributedtorespondentsviaVHSorDVD.
Sampletypically150menor150womenaged18andolderchosenfromtengeographicallydispersedmetropolitanareas.Personallyrecruitedattheirhomesunderguiseofstudytomeasuretelevisionviewinghabits.RespondentsgivenVHSorDVD,instructedtowatchitthatday,andtoldafollow-uptelephoneinterviewwilltakeplacefollowingday.Nextdayrespondentscontactedbytelephoneandinterviewedregardingtestad’sintrusiveness,
(recall)persuasion,aswellaspost-exposurebrandratingandcommercialreactions.Measuresareoperationalizedas:
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? Intrusivenessisdefinedascommercial'sabilitytobreakthroughclutterandcommunicateadvertiserorbrandname.Threelevelsofintrusiveness:(1)UnaidedRecallispercentageofviewerswho,whenpromptedbytheproductorsubjectcategory,claimtohaveseencommercialandcorrectlyidentifysponsororbrandname;(2)ProvedUnaidedRecallisthesubsetofthepriorgroupwhoarealsoabletodescribeaccuratelythecommercial;and(3)ProvedBrandAidedRecallispercentageofviewerswho,aidedbyacompanyorbrandnamecue,canproverecallofthecommercial.
? Persuasionandbrandratingsmeasurecommercial'sabilitytofosterfavorableattitudestowardtheadvertisedproduct.Twolevelsofpersuasion:(1)FavorableBuyingAttitudemeasurespurchaseintentaftersingleexposureandreflectspercentofsamplewhosaidthattheirinterestinpurchasingtheproductincreasedsomewhatorconsiderably,and(2)BrandRatingispercentofsamplewhoratebrandexcellentorverygood.
? Commercialreactionsmeasuretwoaspectsofconsumers'affectiveresponsestocommercial:(1)CommercialLikingmeasuredon
five-pointscale(withendpointsof"Ilikeditverymuch"to"I
dislikeditverymuch"),and(2)CommercialExcellenceusesfour
pointagree-disagreescaletomeasureagreementwiththestatement:"ThiscommercialisoneofthebestI'veseenrecently."
NormsareavailableforallstandardInTeleTestmeasures.Afterthese
questions,respondentsviewtestcommercialagainandareaskeddiagnosticandcustomquestions.
B.MapesandRossNaturalExposure
Exposesrespondentstotestadincontextofanon-airprogram.Recruitsasampleofbetween150and200individualstoviewaspecifictelevisionprogramundertheguiseoftelevisionprogramevaluation.Respondentstoldthattheirreactionstotheprogramarethefocusofresearch.
Methodologyallowsdatatobecollectedacrossrangeofcommercialresponse:persuasion(theprimarymetric),recall,mainideacommunication,anddetaileddiagnosticsthatmeasurehowwellthesalesideasarecommunicatedinalikeablemannerandtheaditselfonvariousattributes.
Measuresareoperationalizedasfollows:
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? Persuasion(theprincipalmetric)measuresad’sabilitytochangeormaintainpreferenceandinteresttowardstheadvertisedbrand.
? Unaidedrecallmeasuresrespondents’abilitytolinkadvertisedbrandtocommercialfromcategorydescription,forexample,“brandsofautomobiles.”Provenrecallmeasuresrespondents’abilitytorememberanddescribespecificand/oruniqueelementsandideasfromcommercial.
? Ideacommunicationmeasuredbyaskingrespondentstodescribewhattheysawandheardinordertodeterminehowwellvisualelementsattractattention.Alsoaskedaboutwhattheybelieveisthemainideaofthecommercialandtoratetheimportanceofthemainidea.Respondentslastlyaskedtowhatextentcommercialhasalteredtheirinterestinbuyingadvertisedbrand.
Recruitedrespondentsarethosewhoareintheadvertisement’stargetaudience,generallydefinedonbasisofdemographicsandcategory/brand-usage
behaviors.Attimeofrecruitment,MapesandRossobtainsbrandpreferencesinsixproductcategories(includingthecategoryofthetestcommercial)using
open-endedquestioning.Open-ended,nondirectivequestionsinarangeofcategoriesareusedtoreduceanypotentialrespondentsensitizationtothetest
productortestcommercial.Thetestcommercialappearsduringprogramtherespondentsareinstructedtowatch.
Dayfollowingcommercialexposure,eachrespondentiscontactedbytelephoneand,afterconfirmingprogramviewership,post-exposurebrandpreferencesarecollected.Percentageshiftfrompre-topost-exposurelevelsofbrand
preferenceinterpretedascommercial'spersuasiveness.Greatershiftsinpurchaseintentfrompre-topost-exposureindicategreaterlevelsofpersuasiveness.Followingpreferencequestions,recalllevelsareobtainedinresponsetocategoryandbrandprompts.AllrespondentswhoclaimrecallarequestionedtodetermineifthespecificcontentNormsforallkeymeasuresareavailable.
C.EvaluatingAlternativeCopyTestingMethodologies
Whenevaluatingrelativeappropriatenessofalternativecopytestingmethodologies,keepthefollowinginmind:
? Thecloseramethodologyisto"realworld"exposure,themoreaccuratelytheresultswillreflect"realworld"advertisingperformanceandconsumerresponse.
? Respondentsaremorelikelytoprovide"realworld"responsestocommercialswhentheyarenotawarethattheyareparticipatingincopytestingresearch.
? Multiplemeasuresanddiagnosticsprovideamultifacetedlookatcommercialperformance.Therefore,methodologiesthatprovidemultiplemeasuresaregenerallymoreinformativeandusefultoanadvertiserversusthosethatprovideasinglemeasure.
? Amongcopytestingmethodologies,measureswithsamenamemaynothavesamedatacollectionmethodology.Importanttobeawareofmethodologyunderlyingthecollectionofdataforspecificmeasure.Differentmethodologiesmeasurepersuasiondifferently.Preferredmethodologyforanyparticularcopytestisonewhoseapproachtomeasurementbestcorrespondstoadvertiser'sviewofhowcommercialisintendedtoaffecttargetconsumer.
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Finally,preferredcopytestingmethodologiesprovidenormsandevidenceofvalidation.
? Normsallowadvertiserstocomparereactionstotheirtestcommercialtoanobjective,externalcriterion.Importantthatnormsarecurrent,reflect
asampleofadequatesize,andareappropriatetotheproductandproductcategoryshowninthecommercial.
? Validationempiricallydemonstratesacceptablelevelsofreliabilityandvalidity.
II.Split-RunandA/BTests
Approachespermitadvertisertocompareacurrentapproachtoadvertisingtooneormorepotentialalternatives.“Split-run”islabelgiventothistestwhenconductedinprintmediawhile“A/Btest”islabelwhenconductedinanonlineenvironment.
A.Split-RunTests
Printyellowpagesandmagazinesusesplit-runtests.“Split-run”referstopublishersplittingtestadswithintheadvertisingmedium.Yellowpagespublisherwouldconductsplit-runtestbyprintingcurrentadinhalfofcity’sdirectoriesandtestadinremaininghalf.Directorieswouldthenbedistributed
astheynormallywould.Similarly,magazinepublishercoulddivideaparticular
issueofthemagazineintotwogroups,withthetestadbeingprintedinone
groupandthecontroladbeingprintedinthesecondgroup.
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Split-runtest,asillustratedinSlide20-17,isvariationofpost-testonlyresearchdesignwheredatafromtworandomlyselectedgroupsiscollectedafteradvertisingexposure.
Twoimportanttaskswithregardtoasplit-runtest.
? “Better”mustbeoperationalized.Advertisermustdeterminecriteriabywhichadswillbecomparedand“better”adidentified.Incaseofyellowpages“better”mightbeoperationalizedasnumberoftelephonecallsgeneratedbyeachad.Inthecaseofmagazinead“better”mightbeoperationalizedasnumberofwebsitevisitsgeneratedbyeachad.
? Oncetheadvertiserhasoperationalized“better,”adsmustbecodedinawaythatallowsaccuratecollectionofrequireddata.Forayellowpagessplit-runtest:
Eachyellowpagesadinasplit-runtestwouldcontainatelephonenumberuniquetothatad,thatis,thetelephonenumberappearingintheadwouldnotbeavailablefromanyothersource.Theuniquetelephonenumberineachadisthenmonitoredbyaspecializedresearchcompanyhiredbythedirectorypublisheroradvertiser.Whenaconsumerplacesacall(usingthespecialnumberintheyellowpagesad)thecallisseamlesslytransferredtotheregularbusinessnumberoftheadvertiser,andishandledintheusualway.Neitherthe
consumercallingin,northepersonatthebusinessansweringthe
call,areawarethatthecallisbeingmeasured.
Foramagazinesplit-runtest:Twomagazineadsmaybothhavethegoalofmotivatingvisitstoadvertiser’swebsite.Similartotheapproachusedintheyellowpagessplit-runtest,auniqueURLwouldbeplacedineachad.VisitorsusingeachURLwouldbecountedandthenimmediatelyforwardedtotheadvertiser’swebsite.
Statisticaltestsareusedtocompareeachad’sperformance.
B.A/BTests
Takessamegeneralapproachasasplit-runtestandisalsoavariationofthepost-testonlyresearchdesign.A/Btestsaremoreflexibleversussplit-runtestsinthatA/Bcantestanycontrolstimulusagainstatestcounterpart,forexample:
? Aproposedbanneradvertisementcanbetestedagainstthecurrentbannerad.
? AproposedwordingchangeinaGoogleAdwordsadcanbetestedagainstthewordingappearinginthecurrentad.
? Thecurrentwebsitelandingpagecanbetestedagainstaproposedrevisedpage.
? Anewemailsubjectlinecanbetestedagainstthesubjectlineusedincurrentemailing.
? Arevised“PurchaseNow”buttoncanbetestedagainstthebuttoncurrentlyused.
? Atwo-stepcheckoutprocedurecanbetestedagainstthecurrentthree-stepprocedure.
Similartosplit-runtests,advertisermustfirstoperationalize“better”andthenmustcreateawaytocollectthedataappropriateforthisoperationalizedmeasure.
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Example:testingtwoGoogleAdwordsadswherecurrentad(the“A”ad)usesword“free”withoutmentionofbrandnameswhilesecondad(the“B”ad)doesnotuse“free”butrathermentionsthreebrandnames.Googlerotatestheadssotheyhaveequivalentexposure.Onewaytoevaluate“better”istotrackthepercentageofexposedindividualswhoclick-througheachad.ThisdataisshowninSlide20-21.
Statisticaltestsindicatethatwhilepercentofindividualsclicking-throughisgreaterforthecurrentad,individualsclicking-throughfromthetestadaremuchbettercustomers.Percentageofindividualsmakingapurchaseafterclick-throughandtotalrevenuegeneratedbypurchasersshowsthattestadissignificantly“better”thancontrolad:moreindividualsmakeapurchaseandtheseindividualsmakealargeraveragepurchase.
Advertiserwouldlikelyselectthetestadforfurtheruse.
C.AdditionalA/BTestConsiderations
Beyonddecisionsrelatedtooperationalizationof“better,”advertisersengagedinA/Btestsarefacedwiththreeadditionaldecisions.
1.LengthofTest
LengthofanA/Btestshouldreflecttheamountoftimerequiredforparticipantstotakeactionandamountoftimerequiredforasufficientsamplesizetobeobtained.
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2.ExposureRotation
AlwaysariskinA/Btestingthatteststimuluswillperformpoorerthancontrol.Giventhisrisk,exposingequalnumbersofindividualstotestandcontroladsmayhaveaseriousnegativebusinessimpact.Asaresult,advertisersusingA/Btestingtypicallyexposearelativelylowpercentageoftheirtotalaudienceto
testadandthenrunthetestlongerinordertoacquiresufficientsamplesize.
3.CharacteristicsofControlandTestStimuli
Advertiserhastwooptionswithregardtocharacteristicsofteststimuli:
? First,usingcontroladasthefoundation,incrementalchangescanbemadeoneatatimetothetestad.Approachworkswellwhenitisimportanttoidentifytheeffectofasinglechangetothecurrentapproach.Disadvantageisthatittakesmultiple,sequentialA/Bteststodeterminetheimpactofseveralproposedchanges.
? Second,anentirelynewadvertisementcouldbecreatedandtested.Advantageisthatdoesnotrestricttestadtoonlyincrementalmodificationsofcurrentad.Disadvantageisthattheresultsaredifficulttointerpret.Whileresearchmightindicatetestadis“better,”verydifficultifnotimpossibletoisolatespecificreasonswhyadperformedasitdid.
III.FullFactorialDesigns
Appropriatewheneveradvertiserneedstodeterminesimultaneouseffectofrelativelyfewmanipulationswithmultiplelevels.ThesituationshowninSlide
20-27showsoneuseofthefullfactorialdesign.Fullfactorialdesignsappropriatewhen:
? Thetotalnumberofmanipulationsislow;allofthesituationshaveonlytwoorthreemanipulations.
? Thetotalnumberofcellsislessthanten.Sincestimulusmaterialsneedtobecreatedforeachcell,tenisgenerallytheupperpracticallimit.
Advantageofthefullfactorialdesignliesinitsabilitytoisolatetheeffectsof
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eachmanipulationindependentlyaswellasinteractionbetweenfactors.Example:
ImaginethatChevronOilwantstoairanadvertisingcampaignthatdescribesChevron’scommitmenttotheenvironment.ThecampaigngoalistoimproveattitudestowardChevron.Chevronisunsurehowtoapproachthecampaign.Companyhasidentifiedfourpossiblefociforthemessages:thecompany’srecyclingefforts,thecompany’scommitmenttohabitatpreservation,thecompany’sdonationstoNongovernmental(NGO)environmentalorganizations,andthecompany’scommitmenttoelementaryschoolenvironmentaleducation.Inaddition,Chevronisunsureastohowtodescribethiscommitment.Oneoptionistodiscussdonationsintermsofapercentageofsaleswhileasecondoptionnamesaspecificmonetaryamount.
Fullfactorialtestoftheadvertisingoptionsisrecommendedwhereeightdifferentadswouldneedtobecreated.Thisisbecausethefullfactorialdesignhaseightcells(theresultsoffourmessagestrategiesandtwodonationoptions.
ThetableshowninSlide20-27showsalleightcombinationsandthenamesgiventoeachcombination.
Individualsfromarandomlyselectedsamplearerandomlyassignedtotheeightconditionsandshownanadvertisementappropriateforcondition.Afterviewingthead,eachrespondentcompletessurveywhichasksforagreement/disagreementwitheightstatementsdesignedtoelicitattitudestowardChevron.
Keyoutcomemeasureistheaverageofthesescaleswherehighernumbersindicatemorepositivebrandimage.
Firststepinanalysiscalculatesaveragesforeachfactorindependentlyandforeachcombinationoffactors.OutcomeofthesecalculationsareshowninSlide
20-28.
F-valuesandlevelsofsignificancethencomputedforeachfactorandforinteractionasshowninSlide20-29.
Thepriortwochartsareinterpretedasfollows:
? Therewasasignificantinteractionbetweenthetwofactorsaslevelofsignificancefortheinteractionislessthan.05.
? TypeofDonationasamaineffectexertedasignificant,independentinfluenceonattitudestowardChevron.MeanscoresindicatethatattitudestowardChevronweresignificantlymorepositivewhendonationtypewasastraightdonationratherthanapercentageofsales.However,significantinteractiontermindicatesthatitisnecessarytoexaminescoresofindividualadspriortodrawingafinalconclusion.Here,itcanbeseenthatacombinationofhabitatandsetamounthadthemostpositiveimpactonattitudeswhilecombinationofhabitatandsaleshadmostnegativeimpactonattitudes.
? MessagefocusasamaineffectexertednoindependentinfluenceonattitudestowardChevron(aisgreaterthan.05).
FindingsindicatethatthebestapproachforthecampaignwouldbetheHabitat-SetAmountapproach.
IV.MultivariateTesting
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Fullfactorialdesignshavepracticallimits.Asthenumberoffactorsandlevelsincreasessodothemethodologicaldemands.Wouldbenearlyimpossible,forexample,toexecuteafullfactorialdesignforsixfactorswithmultiplelevelsperfactors.Asixfactordesignofform3x3x5x2x5x4wouldrequire
1,800differentstimuliandasamplesizeof180,000withonly100individualspercell.
Multivariatetestingprovidessolutionbyusingonlyasubsetofallpossiblecombinationsinordertoestimatetheeffectsofallcombinations.
A.AnEmailMultivariateTest
Example:ImaginethatAmericanSavingsAssociation(ASA)wantstoimproveefficiencyofitsemailcampaigns,withparticularinterestineffectsofrecipientpersonalizationandpresence/absenceofimageswithintheemail.“Click-through”fromanemailtotheASAwebsitewillbehowefficiencyismeasured.
ASAidentifiedfiveareasofmanipulationfortheemailtestwithtwooptionsforeachlevel,asshowninSlide20-32.Notethatonl
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