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ErnestHemingwayand
AFarewelltoArmsHemingway:lifeandwriting
Hemingwaywasamythinhisowntimeandhislifewascolorful.Name:Birth:Death:Nationality:Career:Rememberedas:ErnestHemingway
American1899
1961
oneofthegreatAmericanwritersofthe20thcentury
novelistandshort-storywriter
HewasborninOakPark,Illinois.Hemingwaylovedsportsandoftenwenthuntingandfishingwithhisfather,whichprovidedhimwithwritingmaterials.Afterhighschool,heworkedasareporter.DuringWorldWarIheservedasanhonorablejuniorofficerintheAmericanRedCrossAmbulanceCorpsandin1918wasseverelywoundedinbothlegs.Afterthewar,hewenttoParisasaforeignreporter.InfluencedandguidedbySherwoodAnderson,StephenCraneandGertrudeSteinhebecameawriterandbegantoattractattention.SherwoodAndersonGertrudeSteinHemingwaywasmarriedfourtimes.HemingwayspenttimeinKeyWest,Florida,Spain,andAfricaafter1927.Hewasawarcorrespondentfrom1936-1939duringtheSpanishCivilWar.Afterthewar,HemingwaymovedtoHavana,Cuba,andin1958movedtoIdaho.In1961,Hemingwayshothimselfwithguninhishome.Hemingwaybelievedthattowritewell,youshouldexperiencefirsthandthesubjectaboutwhichyouwrite.LiteraryAwardsHemingway’snovelTheOldManandtheSea,publishedin1952wonhimaPulitzerandNobelPrize.HemingwayreceivingtheNobelPrizeforLiteratureHismajorworksHisfirstbookInOurTime(1925)presentsaHemingwayherocalledNickAdams.Exposedtoandvictimizedbyviolenceinvariousforms,Nickbecomestheprototypeofthewoundedherowho,withallthedignityandcouragehecouldmuster,confrontssituationswhicharenotofhisownchoosingyetthreatenhisdestruction.HismajorworksTheSunAlsoRises(l926),Hemingway'sfirsttruenovel,castslighton"TheLostGeneration."Theyoungexpatriatesinthisnovelareagroupofwandering,amusing,butaimlesspeople,whoarecaughtinthewarandremovedfromthepathofordinarylife.HismajorworksHemingway'ssecondbigsuccess
AFarewelltoArms(1929)wrotetheepitaphtoadecadeandtothewholegenerationinthe1920s.IttellsusaboutthetragiclovestoryaboutawoundedAmericansoldierwithaBritishnurse.FrederickHenryrepresentstheexperienceofawholenation,whoiswoundedinwaranddisillusionedwiththeinsanityandfutilityoftheuniverse.HismajorworksForWhomtheBellTollsconcernsavolunteerAmericanguerrillaRobertJordanfightingintheSpanishCivilWar.Althoughfullyawareofthedoomedfailureofhisstruggle,hekeepsonstrivingbecauseitisacauseoffreedomanddemocracy.Intheend,themannerofhisdyingconvincespeoplethatlifeisworthlivingandtherearecausesworthdyingfor.
HismajorworksTheOldManandtheSea,cappinghiscareerandleadingtohisreceiptoftheNobelPrize,isaboutanoldCubanfishermanSantiagoandhislosingbattlewithagiantmarlin.Inatragicsense,itisarepresentationoflifeasastruggleagainstunconquerablenaturalforcesinwhichonlyapartialvictoryispossible.Nevertheless,thereisafeelingofgreatrespectforthestruggleandmankind.TheOldManandtheSea(1952)《老人與?!稩n1954,whenHemingwaywasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiterature,itwasfor"hismasteryoftheartofnarrative,mostrecentlydemonstratedinTheOldManandtheSea,andfortheinfluencethathehasexertedoncontemporarystyle".HismajorworksHemingway'sotherimportantworksincludeMenWithoutWomen(1927),DeathintheAfternoon(l932),TheGreenHillsofAfrica(1935),TheSnowsOfKilimanjaro(1936)ToHaveandHaveNot(1937).
AspokesmanfortheLostGenerationTheterm“l(fā)ostgeneration”wascoinedbyGertrudeStein,alostgenerationwriterherself,afterWorldWarI.ItwasbetweenthefirstandsecondWorldWars.SpeakingtoErnestHemingway,shesaid,"youareallalostgeneration."TheLostGenerationisatermusedtodescribeagroupofAmericanwriterswhowererebellingagainstwhatAmericahadbecomebythe1900’s.SeekingthebohemianlifestyleandrejectingthevaluesofAmericanmaterialism,anumberofintellectuals,poets,artistsandwritersfledtoFranceinthepostWorldWarIyears.Pariswasthecenterofitall.Fullofyouthfulidealism,theseindividualssoughtthemeaningoflife,drankexcessively,hadloveaffairsandcreatedsomeofthefinestAmericanliteraturetodate.Hemingway’sHeroesHemingway’sfictionusuallyfocusesonpeoplelivingessential,dangerouslives—soldiers,fishermen,athletes,bullfighters—whomeetthepainanddifficultyoftheirexistencewithstoiccourage.Thephrase,HemingwaycodeherooriginatedwithscholarPhilipYoung.HeusesittodescribeaHemingwaycharacterwholivescorrectly,followingcertainprinciplesofhonor,courage,andendurancewhichinalifeoftensionandpainmakeamanaman.TheHemingwayCodeHero
硬漢形象TheHemingwayCodeHero
硬漢形象ThroughoutmanyofHemingway’snovelsthecodeheroactsinamannerwhichallowedthecritictoformulateaparticularcode.
-
hedoesnottalkaboutwhathebelievesin.
-
Hedoesnottalktoomuch.
Heexpresseshimselfnotinwords,butinactions.
TheHemingwaymanisnotathinker,heisamanofaction.
Buthisactionsarebaseduponaconceptoflife.TheHemingwayCodeHero
硬漢形象TheHemingwaycodeheroesarebestrememberedfortheirindestructiblespirit.
Amancanbedestroyedbutnotdefeated.----FromTheOldManandtheSeaHemingway’sStyle
direct,terse,andoftenmonotonous
Theuseofshort,simpleandconventionalwordsandsentenceshasaneffectofclearness,tersenessandgreatcare.“Graceunderpressure”istheirmotto
Whateveristheresultis,theyarereadytolivewithgraceunderpressure.Nomatterhowtragictheendingis,theywillneverbedefeated.Finally,theywillprevailbecauseoftheirindestructiblespiritandcourage.
Theyhideasensitiveheartunderatoughexteriortheicebergtheory,sometimereferredtoas"theoryofomission."
Hemingwaybelievedthatagoodwriterdidnotneedtorevealeverydetailofacharacteroraction.“Thedignityofmovementofanice-bergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovewater.”Inhiswritingthefactsfloatabovewater;thesupportingstructureandsymbolismoperateout-of-sight.
1932年,海明威在他的紀實性作品《午后之死》中,第一次把文學創(chuàng)作比做漂浮在大洋上的冰山,他說:“冰山運動之雄偉壯觀,是因為他只有八分之一在水面上?!?/p>
簡潔的文字、鮮明的形象、豐富的情感和深刻的思想是構成”冰山原則”的四個基本要素。具體地說,文字和形象是所謂的“八分之一”,而情感和思想是所謂的“八分之七”。
Ifawriterofproseknowsenoughofwhatheiswritingabouthemayomitthingsthatheknowsandthereader,ifthewriteriswritingtrulyenough,willhaveafeelingofthosethingsasstronglyasthoughthewriterhadstatedthem.“如果一位作家對于他想寫的東西心里很有數,那么他可能省略他所知道的東西,讀者呢,只要作家寫得真實,會強烈的感覺到他所省略的地方,好象作者寫出來似的?!憋@而易見,作家在這里強調的是省略,主張水面下的的“八分之七”應該留給讀者去感受。AFarewelltoArmsThenovelisaboutHemingway'sWorldWarIexperiencesandhisrelationshipwithAgnesvonKurowskyinMilan.Onthesurface,atragicromanceBelowthesurface,aboutthewarIndividualtragedywithinthelargerpictureofgreatertragedyThenovelisdividedintofivebooks.Inthefirstbook,HenrymeetsandattemptstoseduceCatherineBarkleyandtheirrelationshipbegins.WhileontheItalianfront,HenryiswoundedinthekneebyamortarshellandsenttoahospitalinMilan.ThesecondbookshowsthegrowthofHenryandCatherine'srelationshipastheyspendtimetogetherinMilanoverthesummer.HenryfallsinlovewithCatherineandbythetimeheishealed,Catherineisthreemonthspregnant.SummaryofAFarewelltoArmsInthethirdbook,Henryreturnstohisunit,butnotlongafter,theAustro-GermansbreakthroughtheItalianlinesintheBattleofCaporetto,andtheItaliansretreat.Henrykillsanengineeringsergeantforinsubordination.Afterfallingbehindandcatchingupagain,Henryistakentoaplacebythe"battlepolice"whereofficersarebeinginterrogatedandexecutedforthe"treachery"thatsupposedlyledtotheItaliandefeat.However,afterhearingtheexecutionofaLt.Colonel,Henryescapesbyjumpingintoariver.
SummaryofAFarewelltoArmsInthefourthbook,CatherineandHenryreuniteandfleetoSwitzerlandinarowingboat.Inthefinalbook,HenryandCatherineliveaquietlifeinthemountainsuntilshegoesintolabour.Afteralongandpainfullabour,theirsonisstillborn.Catherinebeginstohaemorrhageandsoondies,leavingHenrytoreturntotheirhotelintherain.SummaryofAFarewelltoArmsMajorThemesLoveasaresponsetothehorrorsofwarandtheworld
Hemingwayrepeatedlyemphasizesthehorrificdevastationwarhaswroughtoneveryoneinvolved.Fromtheopeningaccountofcholerathatkills"only"7,000mentothegraphicdescriptionoftheartillerybombardmenttothecorruptviolenceduringtheItalianretreat,AFarewelltoArmsisamongthemostfrankanti-warnovels.Loveisapleasurablediversionthatdistractslo
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