Unit2UnderstandingeachotherGrammarandUsage課件高中英語牛津譯林版（2020）選擇性

Unit2

GrammarandusageAExploringtherulesBelowisapersonalaccountbyaChinesestudentwhostudiedintheUKandtheUSA.Readitandfillinthefollowingtable.CommunicationstylesIntheUK:①____________________③________________________________IntheUSA:②___________________④________________________________directindirectBritishpeopleareespeciallypolitewhencommunicating.Americanpeopletendtogetstraighttothepointwhencommunicating.Findthesentenceswithrelativeclauses.SomepeoplesaythattheUKandtheUSAaretwocountriesthatareseparatedbya

commonlanguage.However,afterstudyingineachofthem,Ifounditismorethan

that.Apartfromthedifferencesinlanguagesuchaspronunciationandvocabulary,

thereisasignificantgap

intermsofcommunicationstyles.IspentonetermintheUK,wherethegreatestchallengewastheindirectmannerofspeaking.Britishpeopleareknowntobepolite.Sopolite,infact,thattheywillsometimessaythecompleteoppositeofwhattheyreallymean:acommonopinion

is“It’snotbad”,whichusuallytranslatesas“It’sawful”.NosoonerhadIbegunto

understandhowBritishpeoplecommunicatethanitwastimetoheadbackhome.

Butitsurelyleftanimpressiononme.Later,Ihadthe

opportunitytostudyasan

exchangestudentintheUSAforoneyear.Now,whenspeakingtoAmericans,who

haveapreferenceforthedirectstyle,IfoundthatIoftenfailedtogetstraighttothe

point.Thereweretimeswhenquestionslike

“Wouldyoumindpassingmethejam,

please?”wouldbemetwiththereply“WhywouldImind?”Ihadtolearnawhole

newwayofcommunicating.Bytheendoftheexchangeyear,Ihadasomewhatbetterunderstandingofhowtocommunicateinbothcountries,butIstillhavealottomaster.Asmyexperiencesclearlyshow,learningalanguageisjustthebeginning!√√√√√√FillinthetableRestrictiverelativeclauseNon-restrictiverelativeclause...twocountriesthatareseparatedbyacommonlanguage.Thereweretimeswhenquestionslike“Wouldyoumindpassingmethejam,...IspentonetermintheUK,

wherethegreatestchallengewastheindirectmannerofspeaking.acommonopinionis“It’snotbad”,whichusuallytranslatesas“It’sawful”.acommonopinionis“It’snotbad”,whichusuallytranslatesas“It’sawful”.Now,whenspeakingtoAmericans,whohaveapreferenceforthedirectstyle,...Asmyexperiencesclearlyshow,learningalanguageisjustthebeginning!Workingouttherules

Arestrictiverelativeclauseisusedtomodifyanoun,pronounornoun

phraseandgives(1)

_________________(necessary/additional)information

aboutit.Fortheclause,thereisnocommabeforeit.Anon-restrictiverelativeclausegives(2)

_________________(necessary/additional)informationaboutanoun,pronounornounphraseinthesentence,orthemainclause.Wecannotuse(3)

_________________(that/

which)tointroduceit.necessaryadditionalthat定語從句復(fù)習(xí)

定語從句有兩種，即限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。1限制性定語從句對先行項進(jìn)行限定或修飾，由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)。

主句和從句不用逗號隔開。(1)關(guān)系代詞在從句中通常用作主語、賓語、表語或定語，關(guān)系副詞在從句中通常

用作狀語。如：Mikeisoneofthosewholovenature.Canyouthinkofasituationwherethiswordcanbeused?(2)當(dāng)先行項是way

且在從句中表示“以……的方式”時，常由inwhich或that

引導(dǎo)定語從句，引導(dǎo)詞也可以省略。如：

Iliketheway(inwhich/that)yousmile.

(3)由關(guān)系代詞

whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句，其先行項可以指人，也可以指物,whose

在從句中充當(dāng)定語。如：Ihaveagoodfriendwhosemotherisanurse.I’dliketoliveinaroomwhosewindowfacessouth.(4)關(guān)系副詞

when、where、why有時可以用“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”替換。如：Theyfixedadatewhen/onwhichtheywouldmeetagain.Iwillvisitthemuseumwhere/inwhichnewrobotsareexhibited.Canyoutellmethereasonwhy/forwhichyouwerelateforschoolyesterday?2

非限制性定語從句對先行項進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明，由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)。

主句和從句用逗號隔開。(1)非限制性定語從句通常由which、who等關(guān)系代詞或when、where等

關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，一般不用that引導(dǎo)。如：Thisismyfavouritesong,whichIfirstheardtenyearsago.Let’sputoffourappointmentuntilnextMonday,whenwewillbeavailable.(2)which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，對整個主句或部分內(nèi)容進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。

which可充當(dāng)抽象名詞的限定詞。如：Jennysaidshecouldfinishtheprojectwithintwoweeks,whichIdoubtverymuch.BettyspentoneyearinBeijing,duringwhichtimeshepickedupsomeChinese.(3)非限制性定語從句有時也可以由as引導(dǎo)，意為“正如”。由as引導(dǎo)的定語從

句可以置于句首、句中或句尾。如：Asanybodycansee,Nanjingisabeautifulcity.BApplyingtherulesB1Fillintheblankswithproperrelativepronouns,relativeadverbsor“preposition+relativepronoun”structures.1.IntheUK,________punctualityisveryimportant,youshouldtrynottoarrivelate.2.InThailand,thefoot,________isconsideredanuncleanpartofthebody,shouldnotbepointed.3.InEurope,therearemanydifferenttypesofgreetings,________cheekkissingisjustoneexample,anditisimportanttoknowwhichonetouse.4.Whenwetravel,weshouldpayattentiontosituations________theremightbeunwrittenrules,suchasgiftgiving.5.Mysister,______worksinJapan,findsitoddthatshehastodoexerciseatthestartofherworkingday.whereofwhichwherewhowhichB2Thepassagebelowisabouttaboos.Completeitwiththecorrectrelativeclausesintheboxbelow.TherearetwoclausesyoudoNOTneedtouse.Writethelettersintheblanks.Atabooissocialbehaviourthatisnotallowed.Therearemanydifferenttaboosaroundtheworld,(1)

__________________________.Theyoftenvaryfromsocietytosociety.a

fewofwhichareuniversalb

thatwasnottoleratedbeforec

whoseesomeonebreakingatabood

whichmayseemunimportanttouse

whobreaktaboosf

whichmeans“toseparate”g

thatmakeuppartofacountry'sculturalidentitya

fewofwhichareuniversalTaboosareusuallyrelatedtocertainitemsorpeople.Those(2)

__________________arelikelytofeelupsetorembarrassed

eveniftheyhavenointentionofhurtingothers,andthesituationwillalsobeawkwardforthepeoplearoundthem.ewhobreaktaboosWhenyoumeetpeoplefromdifferentcultures,itisimportanttounderstandwhatyoucannotdo.Ifyouarenotawareofthedifferences,(3)

_______________________________,somestrangethingsmighthappen.Forexample,inChina,givinganumbrellaasagifttoyourfriendoramarriedcouple,exceptwhenitisactuallyraining,shouldbeavoided.Thisisbecausethewordthatcorrespondsto“umbrella”inChinesesoundslikeanotherChineseword(4)

___________________________.dwhichmayseemunimportanttousf

whichmeans“toseparate”Beforeyoutraveltoanewcountry,itisagoodideatofindoutaboutthelocaltaboos.Ifyouknowwhattoavoidandhowtobehave,youwillspareyourselfembarrassment.Mindthattabooschangewiththetimes.Somebehaviour(5)

_________________________mightbeacceptednow.bthatwasnottoleratedbeforea

fewofwhichareuniversalb

thatwasnottoleratedbeforec

whoseesomeonebreakingatabood

whichmayseemunimportanttouse

whobreaktaboosf

whichmeans“toseparate”g

thatmakeuppartofacountry'sculturalidentity實(shí)戰(zhàn)高考1.Moreover,fullyconsidereachoption.Itcanbeeasytoletaparticularschoolbecomeafront-runnerearlyoninyourdecision-makingprocess…,butbesuretocarefullyevaluateeveryschool______hasacceptedyou,sinceyouhadparticularreasonsforapplyingtoeachschool.（2021年八省聯(lián)考語言運(yùn)用第二節(jié)）that解析：空處引導(dǎo)定語從句，并在定語從句中作主語，從句修飾先行詞school；當(dāng)先行詞前有all,every,any等不定代詞修飾時，關(guān)系代詞用that。用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空。2.BMIisaninternationallyrecognizedmeasurementtool____________givesanindicationofwhethersomeoneisahealthyweight.

（2021年1月浙江卷語言運(yùn)用第二節(jié)）that/which解析：空處引導(dǎo)定語從句，并在定語從句中作主語，而先行詞tool為物，故此處要填關(guān)系代詞that或which。實(shí)戰(zhàn)高考3.Southbank,ataneasternbendintheThames,isthecenterofBritishskateboarding,________thecontinuouscrashingofskateboardsleftyourheadringing.

（2021年全國甲卷閱讀理解C篇）where解析：整句的謂語是is，ataneasternbendintheThames是后置定語，修飾主語Southbank;空處引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，修飾主語Southbank，并在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，故填where。實(shí)戰(zhàn)高考4.WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife….Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlers____followedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.[2021·新高考Ⅰ卷·閱讀理解C篇]who解析：空處引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞theexplorersandthesettlers，并在定語從句中作主語，故填who。實(shí)戰(zhàn)高考1.Thenaughtyboytoldtheheadmastereverything ______wasconnectedwiththetheft.2.ThroughmystayinMontreal,ImetlotsofChinesepeople________arestrugglingtosucceedandthenleadabetterlifeinCanada.3.Ididn'tbuythecellphone,_______pricewastoohighforme.4.Moreimportantly,thereareteachersonlineto______youcanturnforhelpwhenyouhaveproblems.5.ThecollectionoperationsfinishedonDec2,takingabout19hours,_______wasmuchquickerthanexpected.I.用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空。thatthat/whowhosewhomwhich6.We'rejusttryingtoreachapoint______bothsideswillsitdowntogetherandtalk.7.IntheU.S.,thefourthThursdayinNovember

iscalledThanksgivingDay,______Americansgivethanksfortheblessingstheyhaveenjoyedduringtheyear.8.Onereason_______thecourseissopopular

isthatitprovidespeoplewithmoreknowledge.9.Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontof

_______satasmallboy.wherewhenwhywhichⅡ.用定語從句合并句子。1.Doyourememberthevillage?Weworkedinthevillageforfiveyears.2.Noonebelievedthereason.Tonywaslateforschoolthismorningforthisreason.3.Sundayisaday.Veryfewpeoplegotoworkonthisday.Doyourememberthevillagewhere/inwhichweworkedforfiveyears?Noonebelievedthereasonwhy/forwhichTomwaslateforschoolthismorning.Sundayisadaywhen/onwhichveryfewpeoplegotowork.4.Doyouknowthelady?OurEnglishteacheristakingaphotoofher.5.Canadaisacountry.EnglishandFrencharespokenasofficiallanguagesinthiscountry.6.Mr.Lin'ssonisinNewYorkatthemoment.Hisworktakeshimallovertheworld.DoyouknowtheladyofwhomourEnglishteacheristakingaphoto?Canadaisacountrywhere/inwhichEnglishandFrencharespokenasofficiallanguages.Mr.Lin'sson,whoseworktakeshimallovertheworld,isinNewYorkatthemoment.7.Sueandherfriendbicycletowork.Ithelpsthemkeepfit.8.WewillhaveapicnicintheparkthisSunday.Theweathermaybebetteronthatday.9.TheyreachedBeijingyesterday.Ameetingwillbeheldthere.TheyreachedBeijingyesterday,whereameetingwillbeheld.Sueandherfriendbicycletowork,whichhelpsthemkeepfit.WewillhaveapicnicintheparkthisSunday,when