bone骨和軟骨課件

Chapter4

Cartilage&Bone

Gao,Qing

Dept.ofHistology&Embryology,Email:IntruductionCartilage–mainlycartilagetissue;Bone–mainlybonetissue;Bothcartilageandbonebelongtoconnectivetissue;Samepoint–solidextracellularmatrixDifferentpoint–characteristicsandproportionofgroundsubstanceandfiberCartilage(軟骨)Structure&feature:Cartilage:cartilagetissue+perichondrium(軟骨膜）Cartilagetissue:chondrocyte(軟骨細(xì)胞）+cartilagematrix(fiber+groundsubstance)NobloodV.,lymphaticV.andnerves,nourishedfromdiffusion.Function:Support,connection,slidingsurfaceforjoints.Classification:accordingtothetypeoffibersA.hyalinecartilage(透明軟骨）B.elasticcartilage（彈性軟骨）C.fibrocartilage（纖維軟骨）ABCHyalinecartilage(透明軟骨）Structure:1.CartilagetissueA.Cartilagematrix(軟骨基質(zhì)）

①Groundsubstance:

basophilic,similarchemicalstoLCT--proteoglycan(蛋白多糖）

+glycoprotein(糖蛋白)，alsoformmolecularsieve（分子篩）；

cartilagelacunae（軟骨陷窩)：matrixcavitywithcartilagecells;cartilagecapsule(軟骨囊)：surroundthelacunae,strongbasophilic-morechondroitinsulphate.C．軟骨囊

Ch．軟骨細(xì)胞IG.同源細(xì)胞群L．軟骨陷窩M.軟骨基質(zhì)

P．軟骨膜②Collagenousfibril

,D=10-20nm,composedoftypeIIcollagen,invisibleinLM(thin&samerefractiveindexasthegroundsubstance).Location:embryonicskeleton,articularcartilage,ribcartilage,trachealcartilage（胚胎期骨骼，肋軟骨，關(guān)節(jié)軟骨，呼吸道壁）B.Chondrocyte（軟骨細(xì)胞）:Locatedincartilagelacunae,basophiliccytoplasm,roundorovoidnucleus;LM:

peripheralchondrocyte:small,immature,single,immature;deepcentralchondrocyte:bigger,mature,roundorovoid,group,2-8chondrocyteseachgroup,cellsofsamegroupcomefromthesameimmaturechondrocyte,calledisogenousgroup(同源細(xì)胞群);EM:manyprocessesandfoldsonthecellsurface,abundantRER,developedGolgicomplex,glycogen&lipiddroplet.Function:synthesizeandsecretfiberandgroundsubstance.C．軟骨囊

Ch．軟骨細(xì)胞IG.同源細(xì)胞群L．軟骨陷窩M.軟骨基質(zhì)

P．軟骨膜2.Perichondrium(軟骨膜）:denseCT,covercartilagetissue.outerlayer:densercollagenousfibers,protection;Innerlayer:looserfibers,morecells,chondroblast(成軟骨細(xì)胞）→

chondrocyte,bloodvesselssupplynourishforcartilagetissue.Function:protection,nutrition,repairElasticcartilage(彈性軟骨）Location:externalear;eustachiantube;epiglottis.(耳廓,外耳,咽鼓管,會(huì)厭）Structure:Similarto

hyalinecartilage,lotsofelasticfibersincartilagematrix,formweb,denserelasticfibersinthecenterofthecartilage,butlesscollagenoufibrils,perichondrium.Feature:yellow,non-transparent,strongelasticityE．彈性纖維LC．軟骨陷窩和軟骨細(xì)胞P．軟骨膜Fibrocartilage(纖維軟骨）Location:

intervertebraldisk;symphysispubis;（椎間盤(pán)，恥骨聯(lián)合等）Structure:

Parallelorinterweavearrangementcollagenousfibersbuddle(typeIandtypeIIcollagen),lesscartilagematrix,linesofchondrocytesamongbuddles,noperichondrium.Feature:Ivory,strongextensibility,anti-pressureandanti-friction.3種軟骨的比較透明軟骨彈性軟骨纖維軟骨分布肋、關(guān)節(jié)面、鼻、喉、氣管、支氣管、骺板、早期胚胎的骨架耳郭、外耳道、咽鼓管、會(huì)厭、喉椎間盤(pán)、關(guān)節(jié)盤(pán)、半月板、恥骨聯(lián)合、肌腱和韌帶插入部軟骨基質(zhì)Ⅱ型膠原原纖維、聚集蛋白聚糖彈性纖維、Ⅱ型膠原原纖維、聚集蛋白聚糖Ⅰ型膠原纖維、Ⅱ型膠原原纖維、多功能蛋白聚糖細(xì)胞軟骨細(xì)胞、成軟骨細(xì)胞軟骨細(xì)胞、成軟骨細(xì)胞軟骨細(xì)胞、成纖維細(xì)胞軟骨膜有（除關(guān)節(jié)軟骨和骺板）有無(wú)功能對(duì)抗壓力，減少摩擦，提供結(jié)構(gòu)支持，軟骨內(nèi)成骨，長(zhǎng)骨生長(zhǎng)提供柔韌的結(jié)構(gòu)支持對(duì)抗壓力和應(yīng)力，吸收震蕩鈣化可（軟骨內(nèi)成骨）否可（骨折修復(fù)）生長(zhǎng)間質(zhì)生長(zhǎng)和外加生長(zhǎng)（成人的軟骨生長(zhǎng)有限）再生再生能力很弱，損傷后通常形成致密結(jié)締組織瘢痕或纖維軟骨GrowthofcartilageTwoways(differentoccurrencesite)Interstitialgrowth(間質(zhì)生長(zhǎng)):軟骨內(nèi)生長(zhǎng)Chondrocyteinthecartilagetissue→division&proliferationandsynthetize&secretefibersandgroundsubstance→increasecartilagetissuefrominterior（yoougcartilage)Appositionalgrowth（外加生長(zhǎng)):軟骨膜下生長(zhǎng)Osteoprogenitor(骨祖細(xì)胞)attheinnerlayerofperichodrium→division&differentiation→chondroblast(成軟骨細(xì)胞）→

chondrocyte→synthesize&secretefibersandgroundsubstance→increasecartilagetissuefromsurfaceBone(骨）Structure&feature:Bone:bonetissue+bonemarrow(骨髓）+periosteum(骨膜）Bonetissue:cells

+bonematrix(fibers+calcifiedgroundsubstance)Function:support,protection,movement,calcium&phosphorusstorageI.BonetissueStructure:A.Bonematrix(骨基質(zhì)）

Mineralization(礦化）orcalcification(鈣化）Organic(35%)+inorganic(65%)Organicpart:

collagenousfibers(90%)+lessamorphousgroundsubstance(glycosaminoglycanandglycoprotein)collagenousfibers—bonecollagenfiber(骨膠纖維)Function:keeptoughnessInorganicpart(bonemineral)骨鹽:mainlyhydroxyapatite（羥磷灰石）

crystal-lieamongcollagenousfibrils.Function:keepbonehardness.Bonelamella(骨板)Primarybonetissue(初級(jí)骨組織)/

wovenbone(編織骨)

thickbonecollagenfiber,irregulararrangement,lessbonemineral,manybonecells.Secondarybonetissue(次級(jí)骨組織)/lamellarbone（板層骨）thinregulararrangementbonecollagenfiber,tightlycombinewithbonemineralandgroundsubstance,formbonelamella(骨板）Fibersofthesamelayeroflamellaparalleleachother,fibersoftwoadjacentlayersoflamellasverticaleachother.

在HE染色的骨切片上呈不同折光的紅色B.Cellsofbonetissue5types-osteoprogenitorcell,osteoblast,osteocyte,osteoclast,boneliningcell.(骨祖細(xì)胞，成骨細(xì)胞，骨細(xì)胞，骨被覆細(xì)胞，破骨細(xì)胞）Osteocyteinbonematrix,otherson

thesurfaceofbonetissue.1.Osteoprogenitorcell(骨祖細(xì)胞）Location:surfaceofbonetissue;LM:small,spindle,weakbasophiliccytoplasm,lightnucleu;EM:lessorganelles;Function:division&differentiateintoosteoblast.2.Osteoblast(成骨細(xì)胞）Location:surfaceofbonetissue,lineinonelayer;LM:big,cuboidalorshortcolumn,smallprocesses(formgapjunction),basophiliccytoplasm,big&roundnucleuwithlightstaining,clearnucleolus;EM:abundantRER&ribosomedevelopedGolgicomplex.Function:embeddedosteoblastsosteoblastfiber—bonecollagenfiberorganicgroundsubstanceosteoid(類(lèi)骨質(zhì))osteoblastmatrixvesicle(基質(zhì)小泡）Ca++osteoidbonematrixosteoblastosteocytebonetissue3.Osteocyte(骨細(xì)胞）Location:singledistributioninorbetweenbonelamellas.LM:small,flat,ovoid,manyprocesses,weakbasophiliccytoplasm.Flat&ovoidcellbodyinbonelacunae(骨陷窩);Longandthinprocessinbonecanaliculus(骨小管);tissuefluidinlacunae&canaliculus.EM:gapjunctionbetweenadjacentprocesses.Function:maintain&renewbonematrix,exchangeCa2+betweenbloodandtissuefluid,keepCa2+concentrationofblood.B．骨基質(zhì)L．骨陷窩↑骨小管和骨細(xì)胞突起4.Boneliningcell(骨被覆細(xì)胞）Location:surfaceofbonetissueLM:flatepithelialcell,onelayer,lesscytoplasmandorganelle,processesEM:gapjunctionbetweenadjacentprocesses.inactiveosteoblastorspecialosteoprogenitorcell→ostocyte(getstimulation),participateinossificationandboneresorption,maintainCa2+concentrationaroundostocyte.5.Osteoclast（破骨細(xì)胞）Location:Indepression(resorptionbay吸收凹

orHowshiplacuna)ofbonetissuesurface.LM:few,Irregular,multinucleatedgiantcell(多核巨細(xì)胞）(2-100,fusionofmonocytes),foamyacidophiliccytoplasm,ruffledborder(皺褶緣）-lightband,nearbonematrix.EM:ruffledborder-figureprocesses(sameasmicrovillus)→cellsurfacearea↑;clearzone(亮區(qū)）-cytoplasmsurroundingruffledborder,containmicrofilament;manylysosomes(溶酶體）;phagocytosisvacuoles(吞飲小泡）,Mit.&RER.Function:dissolve&absorbbonematrix.II.Longbonestructure:compactbone(骨密質(zhì)),

spongebone（骨松質(zhì)),periosteum(骨膜),jointcartilage,bonemarrow,bloodvessels,nerveetc.A.Compactbone(骨密質(zhì)）Location:surfaceofdiaphysis（骨干)andepiphysis（骨骺)oflongboneStructure:Regulararrangementlamellae,accordingtoarrangementoflamellae:

Circumferentiallamella(環(huán)骨板）Osteon(Haversiansystem)

（骨單位）Interstitiallamella（間骨板）Circumferentiallamella(環(huán)骨板）Outerandinnersurfaceofdiaphysis.Outercircumferentiallamella(外環(huán)骨板)-outersurfaceofdiaphysis,thick,10-40layers,regularparellelarrangement.innercircumferentiallamella(內(nèi)環(huán)骨板）

-

innersurfaceofdiaphysis,thin,fewerlayers,accordwithbonecavity.Volkmanncanal

(perforatingcanal,穿通管)withb.v./n./tissuefluid–connectinner~andouter~

,connectwithcentralcanal(中央管).Osteon/Haversiansystem(骨單位）B/w

outer~&inner~,structureunitofcompactbone;Cylindrical,longitudinalaxisparallelwithlongitudinalaxisofdiaphysis;4-20layersosteonlamellae(Haversian~)concentriccirclesarrangement,centralcanal/(Haversian~)inthecenter(b.v./n./tissuefluid)connectwithVolkmanncanal;Cementline

(粘合線):alayerofbonematrix(morebonemineral&lesscollagenousfibers)onthesurfaceofosteon;Canaliculi(骨小管):sameosteon:connecteachother;differentosteon:notconnect;innermost~opentocentralcanal;blood?ostecyte.Interstitiallamella(間骨板）amongtheosteons/amongosteonsandinner/outerlamellas;Irregularlamellae,remainofoldosteonorinner/outerlamella,nobloodvessels.BL．骨板C．中央管I．間骨板CL．黏合線LC．骨陷窩和骨細(xì)胞Location:Epiphysisandinteriorsurfaceofdiaphysisoflongbone.Structure:Lotsofspikesandsheetsofbonetrabeculas

(骨小梁),formnetwork;Spaceofamongtrabeculas-bonemarrowcavitywithbonemarrow.Severallayersofparallellamellaes+osteocytes→bonetrabeculaCanaliculiopentothemarrowcavity.BM．紅骨髓BT．骨小梁B.Spongybone（骨松質(zhì))C.Periosteum

(骨膜）Location:

Periosteum(骨外膜）-outersurfaceofbonetissue(exp.articularsurface(關(guān)節(jié)面）.Endosteum(骨內(nèi)膜)-surfaceofbonemarrowcavity/innersurfaceofVolkman’s¢ralcanals/surfaceofbonetrabeculas.Function:Protect&nourishbonetissue,supplynewosteoblastsforgrowthandrepairofbone.Structure:Periosteum:denseCT,thicker,twolayers;

outerlayer:dense,bundleofcollagenousfibers,formnetwork,somefibersinsertouterC.L.,calledperforatingf.(穿通纖維)

fixingtheperiosteumtobone;Innerlayer:looser,lessfibers,osteoprogenitorcell(骨祖細(xì)胞),smallb.v.&n.Endosteum:thinner,thin&lessfibers,onelayerofboneliningcell（骨被覆細(xì)胞）.III.Osteogenesis

(骨發(fā)生）Basicprocess:

mesenchymalcells

→

osteoprogenitorcells→osteoblastsfibers+g.s.osteoidsCa2+bonematrixosteoblastsosteocytesosteoids→bonetissueFormbonetissue?dissolve&absorbbonetissuetwoways:Intramembranousossification(膜內(nèi)成骨）Intracartilaginousossification

(軟骨內(nèi)成骨）A.Intramembranousossification(膜內(nèi)成骨）Location:parietalbone,frontalbone,clavicle(頂骨、額骨、下頜骨和鎖骨)mesenchymalcells↑→osteoprogenitorcells→osteoblastsfibers+g.s.osteoidsCa2+bonematrixosteoblastsosteocytesprimarybonetissue(primaryossificationcenter)初級(jí)骨化中心primitivespongybone(trabecula)os