Unit+10+Connections+Lesson+1+How+Closely+Connected+Are+We-+課件【知識(shí)精講】高中英語北師大版（2019）選擇性必修第四冊(cè)

Unit10Lesson1HowCloselyConnectedAreWe?Learninggoals:Attheendofthethisperiod,studentswillbeableto:1.understandanddescribewhatthe“SixDegreesofSeparation”theoryis;2.acquireandgeneralizetheinformationaboutthedevelopmentofthetheory;3.talkaboutthe“SixDegreesofSeparation”theory.Step1:Lead-in1.Whoisyouridol(偶像)?2.Doyouwanttocontactwithher/him?Theory:SixDegreesofSeparationWeareclosertotherestoftheworldthanwethink!When：Who：SixDegreesofSeparationWhat：Inthe1920swhichmeansanypersononEarthcanbeconnectedtoanyotherpersonthoroughachainofnomorethanfiveotherpeople.Readthefirsttwoparagraphs:Whatdoes“SixDegreesofSeparation”theorymean?Whenwastheconceptfirsttalkedabout?Whointroducedthetheory?FrigyesKarinthyDoyoubelieveSixDegreesofSeparation?

“SixDegreesofSeparation”.SixDegreesofSeparation六度分隔，又稱為“小世界現(xiàn)象”。大意是說，任何兩個(gè)素不相識(shí)的人中間最多只隔著六層關(guān)聯(lián)，即只需要不超過五個(gè)人就可以將兩個(gè)陌生人聯(lián)系在一起。FrigyesKarinthy匈牙利佐加弗里吉斯·考林蒂（1887-1938）。他的短篇故事《鏈條》（Chains）中的角色認(rèn)為至多需要五個(gè)人（在認(rèn)識(shí)其中一人的情況下），僅通過人際關(guān)系，他就可以聯(lián)系到自己想找的人。因此，一些學(xué)者認(rèn)為考林蒂是最早發(fā)現(xiàn)六度分隔現(xiàn)象的人。他的觀點(diǎn)對(duì)最早期社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)的構(gòu)想產(chǎn)生了一定影響。Thefounders—FrigyesKarinthyHow-HechosearandomsampleofpeopleinthemiddleofAmericaandaskedthemto_________________toastrangerinthestateofMassachusetts.Who-______________In1967Findings/Results-Itonlytookbetween______________peopletogettheparcelsdelivered.sendpackagesfiveandsevenExamplestoprovethetheoryLine21:“small-worldproblem”Task2:Careful-readingStanleyMilgramLearnsomebackgroundinformationaboutthetheory“SixDegreesofSeparation”.StanleyMilgram斯坦利·米爾格蘭姆（1933-1984），美國社會(huì)心理學(xué)家。1967年，他根據(jù)“六度分隔”進(jìn)行了一次名為“小世界”的連鎖信實(shí)驗(yàn)，該實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)一封信函平均經(jīng)受五位陌生人即可到達(dá)目標(biāo)收件人手中。該實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果于1967年發(fā)表。How-They_________agame,theideaofwhichwastolinkanyactortoKevinBaconthrough_______________sixlinks.Who-TwocollegestudentsintheUnitedStatesInthemid-1990sFindings/Results-Thegame__________________inuniversitiesacrosstheUnitedStates.inventednomorethanwasbeingplayedExamplestoprovethetheoryKevinBacon美國著名影星，曾獲得第67屆金球獎(jiǎng)最佳男主角和第16屆美國演員工會(huì)獎(jiǎng)最佳男主角。theOscar-winningfilmBabel奧斯卡獲獎(jiǎng)影片《通天塔》。該影片講述的是四個(gè)不同國家、不同種族、不同語言的家庭，在短短11天內(nèi)歷經(jīng)各種不幸，而所有的不幸?guī)缀醵荚从跍贤ú粫??！锻ㄌ焖敷w現(xiàn)了六度分隔理論?！睹允А罚↙ost）本劇主要講述大洋航空815客機(jī)墜落在太平洋的熱帶神秘孤島上，48名乘客僥幸生還。面對(duì)這種荒蕪人煙的小島，生還者形形色色，國籍、人種、文化背景、個(gè)性各異，有父親，有兒子，有朋友，也有敵人。他們既要克服惡劣的天氣，在荒蠻的熱帶叢林中尋找食物、水源，還有一只在夜晚發(fā)出令所有人膽戰(zhàn)叫聲的神秘生物；更困難的是他們必須戰(zhàn)勝個(gè)人私欲，排除隔閡與分歧，同舟共濟(jì)，求得生存。How-ColumbiaUniversitytriedto

recreateMilgram’sexperimentontheInternet.Itinvolved24,163emailchainswith__________________in13differentcountries.Who-ColumbiaUniversityIn2003Findings/Results-It____________thattheaveragenumberoflinksinthechainwas____.

18targetpeopleconfirmedExamplestoprovethetheorysixLine51:“ColumbiaSmall-worldProject”How-Theexperimentanalysedtherelationshipbetween721million______________users.Who-theUniversityofMilanIn2011Findings/Results-92%were__________byonlyfourstages,orfivedegreesofseparation.socialmediaconnectedExamplestoprovethetheorysixfour/fivedegreesofseparation.Inthemid-1990sHowCloselyConnectedAreWeIn1967Textbuilder—HowCloselyConnectedAreWe?In2011In2003ExamplestoprovethetheoryIntroductionConclusionThetheory“SixDegreesofSeparation”wasfirsttalkedaboutinthe1920s.Peoplearecloselyconnected.Apersoncanbeconnectedtoanyonethroughnomorethanfiveotherpeopleaccordingtothetheory.GroupWork

Readthearticleagain.Taketurnstoexplainthe“SixDegreesofSeparation”theory.UsethediagramtohelpyouReadAndExplore1.WhydidMilgramandColumbiaUniversitybothlabeltheirexperiments“Small-world”?2.Whydoyouthinkpeoplestudyhowpeopleareconnected?Discussthequestionsingroups.1.Because

they

believed

that

any

person

on

Earth

couldbe

connected

to

any

other

person

through

a

chain

of

no

more

than

five

other

people.

In

this

sense

the

worldis

small.1.WhydidMilgramandColumbiaUniversitybothlabeltheirexperiments“Small-world”?

Probablypeoplewanttostudythestructuresofhumansociety,therulesofhumansocialactivities,andhowpeopleareconnectedwitheachother.2.Whydoyouthinkpeoplestudyhowpeopleareconnected?think&share1.Inwhataspectsdoesthetheoryenlightenyou?1.establishgoodinterpersonalrelationships2.reachoutto..3.meetnewfriends4.beopento/tolerate2.Sharewithusyourstoryrelatedtosixdegreesofseparation.1.In1967,a__________StanleyMilgramdidanexperimenttofindouthowmanydegreesofseparationtherewerebetweenstrangersindifferentpartsofAmerican.2.Allofthe_________inMilgram’sexperimentweredeliveredtotherightpeopleafterpassingthroughthehandsofbetweenfiveandsevenpeople.3.TheresultsofMilgram’sexperiment_____________inthemagazinePsychologyToday.4.Theresultofthe“ColumbiaSmall-worldProject”confirmedthattheaveragenumberoflinksinthe________wassix.5.Peopledoingexperimentsinto“SixDegreesofSeparation”usuallychoosea_______sampleofpeopletotakeparttomaketheresultsmorereliable.6.Recently,creatingandgrowingyoursocial_______hasbecomemoreimportantthaneverbeforeduetothegrowthofsocialmedia.sociologistpackageswerepublishedchainrandomnetworkrandomsociologistnetworkpublishpackagechainCompletethesentenceswiththecorrectformofthewords.GameYouareastudentingrade2.Youaregoingtosendabooktoastudent,whoyoudon’tknow,ingrade1,butyouonlyknowhisname.Howwillyoudo?Youcannotaskateacherforhelp!ReferringtothetheorythatanypersononEarthcanbeconnectedtoanyotherpersonthroughachainofnomorethanfiveotherpeople,

“SixDegreesofSeparation”wasfirsttalkedaboutas1.

_________(early)asthe1920s.Inthe1950s,twoscientistsmadeanattempt2._________(prove)thetheory3.

_______________(mathematic),

butfailed.

In1967,

AmericansociologistStanleyMilgramtestedthetheorywithanewmethodcalledthe“small-worldproblem”,

anditwasthisresearch4.______inspiredthephrase“SixDegreesofSeparation”.Withthetheoryandthephrase5._______________(appear)againinthelastfewdecades,thenameof“SixDegreesofSeparation”wasused6._____thetitleofaplayandthenamovie.

Afterwards,

7.___________(base)ontheconcept,

moremoviesandTVprogrammesweremadeandbroadcast.