AdamSmith亞當(dāng)斯密課件

AdamSmith亞當(dāng)斯密AScottishmoralphilosopherandapioneerofpoliticaleconomyBorn:in1723Died:in1790Graduatedfrom:theUniversityofGlasgowandBalliolCollege,OxfordNationality:ScottishRegion:westernphilosophySchool:classicaleconomicsMaininterests:political,philosophy,ethics,economicsNotableideas:classicaleconomicsModernfreemarketDivisionoflaborTheinvisiblehandInfluencedby:Aristotle,Hutcheson(哈奇深)，Montesquieu（孟德斯鳩）

andsoonInfluenced:Ricardo(李嘉圖)，Mill(密爾),Marx,

EngelsandsoonThetheoryofmoralsentiments--(道德情操論)1759TheWealthofNations--（國富論）1776EssaysonPhilosophicalSubjects--（哲學(xué)論文集）1795HistoryofAstronomy--（天文歷史學(xué)）1795MasterpiecesSmithwasborninKirkcaldy,fife,ScotlandbutthedateofSmith'sbirthisunknown.Hisfather,alsonamedAdamSmith,diedtwomonthsafterSmithwasborn.ThelifeofSmithWhenhewasfourteenSmithenteredtheUniversityofGlasgowandstudiedmoralphilosophyunderFrancisHutcheson.Here,Smithdevelopedhispassionforliberty,reason,andfreespeech.theUniversityofGlasgow

In1740SmithattendedBalliolCollege,Oxford.SmithconsideredtheteachingatGlasgowfarsuperiortothatatOxford,.HeleftOxfordUniversityin1746,beforehisscholarshipended.BalliolCollege,Oxford牛津大學(xué)貝利奧爾學(xué)院In1748,SmithbegandeliveringpubliclecturesinUniversityofEdinburgh,Attherehislecturesmetwithsuccess.UniversityofEdinburghIn1759,SmithpublishedTheTheoryofMoralSentiments,embodyingsomeofhisGlasgowlectures.

TheWealthofNations

waspublishedin1776andwasaninstantsuccess,sellingoutitsfirsteditioninonlysixmonths.In1783,smithbecameoneofthefoundingmembersoftheRoyalSocietyofEdinburgh,andfrom1787to1789heoccupiedthehonorarypositionofLordRectoroftheUniversityofGlasgow.On17July1790,HediedinEdinburghafterapainfulillness.Onhisdeathbed,Smithexpresseddisappointmentthathehadnotachievedmore.Smithleftbehindmanynotesandsomeunpublishedmaterial,butgaveinstructionstodestroyanythingthatwasnotfitforpublication.HementionedanearlyunpublishedHistoryofAstronomy

asprobablysuitable,anditdulyappearedin1795,alongwithothermaterialsuchasEssaysonPhilosophicalSubjectsTheoryofMoralSentiments(道德情操論）Dividedmoralphilosophyintofourparts:1)EthicsandVirtue（倫理道德）;2)PrivaterightsandNaturalliberty;3)Familialrights(calledEconomics);4)StateandIndividualrights(called Politics).

Morespecifically,Smithdividedmoralsystemsinto:Categoriesofthenatureofmorality.TheseincludedPropriety（禮貌）,Prudence（謹(jǐn)慎）,andBenevolence（仁慈）.Categoriesofthemotiveofmorality.TheseincludedSelf-love,Reason,andSentiment.

Synopsis（大綱）:Sympathyarosefromaninnatedesiretoidentifywiththeemotionsofothers.Itcouldleadpeopletostrivetomaintaingoodrelationswiththeirfellowhumanbeingsandprovidethebasisbothforspecificbenevolentactsandforthegeneralsocialorder.Thuswasformedwithinthebreastthepsychologicalbasisforthedesiretoobeynaturallaws.

OftheDivisionofLabour:Divisionoflabourhascausedagreaterincreaseinproductionthananyotherfactor.Thisdiversificationisgreatestfornationswithmoreindustryandimprovement,andisresponsiblefor"universalopulence"（共同富裕）inthosecountries.Agricultureislessamenablethanindustrytodivisionoflabour;hence,richnationsarenotsofaraheadofpoornationsinagricultureasinindustry.

OfthePrinciplewhichgivesOccasiontotheDivisionofLabour:Divisionoflaborarisesnotfrominnatewisdom,butfromhumans'propensity(習(xí)性）tobarter（物物交換）.Theapparentdifferenceinnaturaltalentsbetweenpeopleisaresultofspecialization,notacause.

ThattheDivisionofLabourisLimitedbytheExtentoftheMarket:Limitedopportunityforexchangediscouragesdivisionoflabor.Because"water-carriage"extendsthemarket,divisionoflabor,withitsimprovements,comesearliesttocitiesnearwaterways.CivilizationbeganaroundthehighlynavigableMediterraneanSea（地中海）...

OftheOriginandUseofMoney:Withdivisionoflabor,theproduceofone'sownlaborcanfillonlyasmallpartofone'sneeds.Differentcommodities（商品）haveservedasacommonmediumofexchange,butallnationshavefinallysettledonmetals,whicharedurableanddivisible,forthispurpose.Beforecoinage（貨幣制度）,peoplehadtoweighandassaywitheachexchange,orrisk"thegrossestfraudsandimpositions.（最嚴(yán)重的欺詐行為和懲罰）"OftheRealandNominalPriceofCommodities,oroftheirPriceinLabour,andtheirPriceinMoney:

AdamSmithdefinesthevalueofcommodities:bythelabourembeddedbythelabouragoodcommandsOftheNaturalandMarketPriceofCommodities:"Whenthequantityofanycommoditywhichisbroughttomarketfallsshortoftheeffectualdemand,allthosewhoarewillingtopay...cannotbesuppliedwiththequantitywhichtheywant...Someofthemwillbewillingtogivemore.Acompetitionwillbeginamongthem,andthemarketpricewillrise...Whenthequantitybroughttomarketexceedstheeffectualdemand,itcannotbeallsoldtothosewhoarewillingtopaythewholevalueoftherent,wagesandprofit,whichmustbepaidinordertobringitthither...Themarketpricewillsink...”(SupplyandDemand).OftheWagesofLabour:Inthissection,Smithdescribeshowthewagesoflabouraredictatedprimarilybythecompetitionamonglabourersandmasters.Whenlabourersbidagainstoneanotherforlimitedopportunitiesforemployment,thewagesoflabourcollectivelyfall,whereaswhenemployerscompeteagainstoneanotherforlimitedsuppliesoflabour,thewagesoflabourcollectivelyrise.However,thisprocessofcompetitionisoftencircumventedbycombinationsamonglabourersandamongmasters.Whenlabourerscombineandnolongerbidagainstoneanother,theirwagesrise,whereaswhenmasterscombine,wagesfall.BookII:OftheNature,Accumulation（積累）,andEmploymentofStockBookIII:OfthedifferentProgressofOpulenceindifferentNationsBookIV:OfSystemsofpoliticalEconomyBookV:OftheRevenueoftheSovereignorCommonwealthThemainconceptofabsoluteadvantageisgenerallyattributedtotheWealthofNationsinwhichhecounteredmercantilist（重商主義者）ideas.Smitharguedthatitwasimpossibleforallnationstobecomerichsimultaneously（同時地）byfollowingmercantilismbecausetheexportofonenationisanothernation’simportandinsteadstatedthatallnationswouldgainsimultaneouslyiftheypracticedfreetradeandspecializedinaccordancewiththeirabsoluteadvantage.Smithalsostatedthatthewealthofnationsdependsuponthegoodsandservicesavailabletotheircitizens,ratherthantheirgoldreserves.Whiletherearepossiblegainsfromtradewithabsoluteadvantage,thegainsmaynotbemutuallybeneficial.Comparativeadvantagefocusesontherangeofpossiblemutuallybeneficialexchanges.Acountryhasanabsoluteadvantageoveranotherinproducingagood,ifitcanproducethatgoodusingfewerresourcesthananothercountry.

ForexampleifoneunitoflaborinIndiacanproduce80unitsofwoolor20unitsofwine;whileinSpainoneunitoflabormakes50unitsofwoolor75unitsofwine,thenIndiahasanabsoluteadvantageinproducingwoolandSpainhasanabsoluteadvantageinproducingwine.IndiacangetmorewinewithitslaborbyspecializinginwoolandtradingthewoolforSpanishwine,whileSpaincanbenefitbytradingwineforwool.(AdamSmith,WealthofNations,BookIV,Ch.2.)Assumingthattheemployeesofbothpartiesarepaidequally,PartyBhasanabsoluteadvantageoverPartyAinproducingwidgets（小器具）perhour.ThisisbecausePartyBcanproducetwiceasmanywidgetsasPartyAcanwiththesamenumberofemployees.Anothersimpleexample

PoliticaleconomicsinAdamSmithhasgrownintoawhole,itisincludedinthescopeofacertainextent,hasbeenformedbyAdamSmithforthefirsttimethebasicproblemofpoliticaleconomicshasmadeasystematicstudy,establishedacompletetheorysystem,increasetheBritishbourgeoisclassicalpoliticaleconomicstoanewlevel.在亞當(dāng)·斯密那里，政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)已發(fā)展為某種整體，它所包括的范圍在一定程度上已經(jīng)形成。亞當(dāng)·斯密第一次對政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的基本問題做出了系統(tǒng)的研究，創(chuàng)立了一個完整的理論體系，把英國資產(chǎn)階級古典政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)提高到一個新的水平Amongmanyfactorscontributingtoourmodernwayoflife,thewealthofnations，theinfluenceofthisbookcanbecomparablewithanymodernclassics——famouscriticpepeReina在促成我們現(xiàn)代生活方式的許多因素之中，《國富論》這本書所發(fā)生的影響，可媲美任何一本現(xiàn)代的典籍。——著名批評家雷納西洋公學(xué)譯書院新譯亞當(dāng)·斯密《國富論》。歐洲200年前理財政策多與中國相似，自此書出，英國首先采用，遂立今日富強(qiáng)之基。今日中國患貧久矣，和議既立，必以整理財政為先，譯成是書以備參考?！?900年12月27日中國《新聞報》盡管之前已有其他學(xué)者論述了一些經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)思想和原理，但亞當(dāng)·斯密仍被世人尊稱為“經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)之父”。這一稱譽(yù)并非源于他富有創(chuàng)意的觀念或經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)分析的技巧，而是源于他將資本主義確立為使每個人的生活得到改善的一種經(jīng)濟(jì)制度，斯密是第一位將收益視作來源于更充分的競爭和提倡能夠刺激更多競爭的政策的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家，他認(rèn)為政府應(yīng)減少對經(jīng)濟(jì)的干預(yù)并應(yīng)擬訂政策來抑制壟斷的出現(xiàn)。However,Smithforfreetradeisnotunanimousapprovalexceptexpoundsoneconomicgrowth,Smithalsoattemptstoillustrateshowtheincomefromtheproductionofproductsa