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考研英語(yǔ)詞匯基礎(chǔ)第一節(jié)名詞的理解與運(yùn)用二.常用的后綴①.表示“人”意義的名詞后綴-Antimmigrant(移民) applicant(申請(qǐng)人) assistant(助手)descendant(后代) pollutant(污染物) inhabitant(居民)-An–ian人Arabian(阿拉伯人) Asian(亞洲人) Australian(澳大利亞人)Italian(意大利人) musician(音樂(lè)家) librarian(圖書管理員)physician(內(nèi)科醫(yī)生) politician(政治家) technician(技術(shù)工)historian(歷史學(xué)家) magician(魔術(shù)師) comedian(喜劇家)-Ee人(被動(dòng))employee(雇員) refugee(難民) payee(收款人)absentee(缺席者) examinee(考生) trainee(受訓(xùn)者)-Er/-eer/-or人Daughter/owner, lawyer,trainer(教練) barber(理發(fā)師)butcher(屠戶) carrier(運(yùn)輸者) /ancestor(祖先)bachelor(單身漢) conductor(指揮者) director(主任)senator(議員) operator(操作者) sponsor(贊助者)worshipper(崇拜者) mountaineer(登山人) profiteer(投機(jī)倒把者)sightseers(觀光者) volunteer(志愿者)pioneer(先驅(qū))-Ent人correspondent(記者) client(客戶) parent,resident(居民)patient(病人) agent(代理人,中介) patent(專利)-ist人,主義者Scientist linguist(語(yǔ)言學(xué)家) therapist(治療家)controversialist(好爭(zhēng)論者) activist(活動(dòng)家) novelist(小說(shuō)家)nationalist(民族主義者) physicist(物理學(xué)家) psychologist(心理學(xué)家)tourist(游客) geneticist(基因?qū)W家) motorist(汽車司機(jī))②.表示“關(guān)系、特征”等意義的名詞后綴-ship狀態(tài),性質(zhì)friendship(友誼) hardship(困境) leadership(領(lǐng)導(dǎo)身份)membership(會(huì)員資格) ownership(所有關(guān)系) relationship(關(guān)系)scholarship(學(xué)者身份)comradeship(同志身份) professorship(教授身份)-hood身份,性質(zhì),時(shí)代childhood(兒童時(shí)代) neighborhood(鄰里) likelihood(可能性)livelihood(生計(jì)) boyhood(男孩時(shí)代)-ance/-ence性質(zhì),狀態(tài)acceptance acquaintance(熟識(shí)) advance(進(jìn)步)allowance(補(bǔ)貼) appearance(出現(xiàn),外表) appliance(器具)conscience(良知) resistance(阻擋) insurance(保險(xiǎn))nuisance(討厭)performance(表現(xiàn))resemblance(相似性)-cion-sion–tion動(dòng)作,狀態(tài)consumption(消費(fèi)) assimilation(吸收、同化) comprehension(理解)depression(沮喪,蕭條) desperation(絕望) invention(發(fā)明)invasion(侵略) modernization(現(xiàn)代化) permission(容許)possession(擁有) suspicion(懷疑) tension(緊張)transmission(輸送,傳遞) industrialization(工業(yè)化) notification(通知)-ism主義Americanism(美國(guó)主義)heroism(英雄主義) consumerism-mania反常行為或狂熱 soccermania=soccer-mad-holic癡迷者,瘋狂者 workaholic(工作狂)-ment運(yùn)動(dòng)agreement(協(xié)議) appointment(約定,任命) argument(觀點(diǎn))arrangement(安排) monument(紀(jì)念碑) movement(運(yùn)動(dòng))parliament(議會(huì)) payment(支付) replacement(替換)requirement(要求) settlement(解決) treatment(治療,待遇)-ness性質(zhì),狀態(tài)casualness(隨意) illness(疾病) carelessness(粗心)sleeplessness(失眠) awareness(意識(shí)) richness(富裕)friendliness(友好) greatness(偉大) happiness-cide—suicide(自殺) insecticide(殺蟲劑) pesticide(殺蟲劑)-cyliteracy(識(shí)字) accuracy(準(zhǔn)確性) tendency(傾向)policy(政策) emergency(緊急情況) intimacy(親密)efficiency(效率) sufficiency(足夠) dependency(依賴)-Eryfishery(漁業(yè)) machinery(機(jī)械) misery(痛苦)mystery(神秘性) discovery(發(fā)現(xiàn)) delivery(送,發(fā)表演說(shuō))。--rypoetry(詩(shī)歌) citizenry(公民) entry(加入,進(jìn)入)-age狀態(tài),集合表示行為、狀態(tài)voyage(航海) advantage(好處) baggage(行李)courage(勇氣) garbage(垃圾) storage(儲(chǔ)存)luggage(行李) beverage(飲料) damage(破壞,損害)-alapproval(贊成、批準(zhǔn)) arrival(到達(dá))interval(間隔)removal(搬,移走)-ing行動(dòng),行業(yè),的being(生命體) beginning(開始) ending(結(jié)束)。-ityuniformity(統(tǒng)一,一致) curiosity(好奇性) personality(個(gè)性)reality(現(xiàn)實(shí)) publicity(宣傳) similarity(個(gè)性)-ics /-ology學(xué)科psychology(心理學(xué)) technology(技術(shù)) ideology(思想體系)anthropology(人類學(xué)) geology(地質(zhì)學(xué)) physics(物理學(xué))-th結(jié)果,過(guò)程warmth(溫暖)truth(真理,真實(shí)性) width(寬度)-tyliberty(自由) specialty(專長(zhǎng),特長(zhǎng)) anxiety(焦慮)advisability(可行性) unpredictability(不可預(yù)測(cè)性)-phobia對(duì)…過(guò)度恐懼 claustrophobia(幽閉恐怖癥)英語(yǔ)中有少數(shù)名詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式在詞義方面相當(dāng)不同或絕對(duì)不同。例如:Lastnight,IhadwordswithMr.Bob,thegroupleader,foralongtime.Wehadverygoodwords.Inshorts,IwastouchedbyhisconfidencesandIwasverysatisfiedwiththelastwordssaidbyMr.Bobaboutthepossibilityofourproject.類似的詞還有:affairs(事物,事情),airs(氣氛),arms(武器),ages(很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間),authorities(當(dāng)局,政府),brains(智力),clothes,celebrities(名人),customs(海關(guān)),drinks(飲料),experiences(經(jīng)歷),goods,greens(綠葉,植物),grounds(理由),lessons(教訓(xùn)),manners(禮貌,規(guī)矩,風(fēng)格),means(方法,手段),minutes(會(huì)議記錄),news,pains(努力,辛苦),peoples(種族,民族),papers(報(bào)紙、考卷、論文、文件),quarters(住所,住處),sands(沙灘),spirits(情緒),sights(景觀),times,terms(條件、術(shù)語(yǔ)),works(作品)。名詞中還有些僅以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),如:spectacles(眼鏡),trousers(褲子),findings(調(diào)查結(jié)果),savings(儲(chǔ)金),belongings(所有物,財(cái)產(chǎn)),surroundings(環(huán)境),teachings(教導(dǎo)),earnings(薪水),remains(遺物),thanks(感謝),regards(問(wèn)候)。三.主題名詞的重復(fù)、指代和替換Doweneedlawsthatpreventusfromrunningriskswithourlives?Ifso,thenperhapslawsareneededprohibiting(禁止)thesaleofcigarettesandalcoholic(烈性)drinks.Bothproductshavebeenknowntokillpeople.Thehazards(危險(xiǎn))ofdrinkingtoomuchalcoholareasbadasorworsethanthehazardsofsmokingtoomanycigarettes.Allrightthen,let’spassalawclosingtheliquorstoresandbarsinthiscountry.Let’sputanendforevertothedangerousdiseasefromwhichasmanyas10millionAmericansnowsufferalcoholism(酗酒).五.名詞中同義詞和近形詞1.表示“能力”意思的詞語(yǔ):Ability,capability,competency,faculty,capacity,gift,talent2.表示“目的、目標(biāo)”意思的詞語(yǔ):Aim,purpose,aim,intent,intention,goal,objective,end.3.表示“關(guān)系、聯(lián)系”意思的詞語(yǔ):Ties,bonds,connection,association,relations,combination,relationship,interrelations,relevance,interrelations.4.表示“差別”意思的詞語(yǔ):Difference,distinction,differentiation5.表示“資本、資金”意思的詞語(yǔ):Capital,fund,money,6.表示“個(gè)人”意思的詞語(yǔ):Person,people,folks,individuals7.表示“意義、含義”意思的詞語(yǔ):Meaning,significance,implication,connotation,8.表示“部分、成分”意思的詞語(yǔ):Part,element,ingredient,component,factor,section,fragment9.表示“不平等、歧視”意思的詞語(yǔ):Inequality,bias,prejudice,discrimination10.表示“對(duì)手、支持者”意思的詞語(yǔ):Opponent,rivals,enemy,proponent,advocates11.表示“商品”意思的詞語(yǔ):Commodity,goods,12.表示“將來(lái)”意思的詞語(yǔ):Future,prospect,13.表示“理由”意思的詞語(yǔ):Reason,ground,cause.14.表示“后代、子孫”意思的詞語(yǔ):Offspring,descendant,posterity,children15.表示“錯(cuò)誤”意思的詞語(yǔ):Blunder,error,mistake,fault。16.表示“基礎(chǔ)”意思的詞語(yǔ):Basis,foundation,ground。17.表示“會(huì)議”意思的詞語(yǔ):Assembly,conference,congress,seminar,session,summit,symposium,meeting,gathering,party。18.字形相似的詞:welfare(福利),warfare(戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)),farewell(告別)19.字形相似的詞:attitude(態(tài)度),altitude(海拔,高度),magnitude(數(shù)量),multitude(多數(shù)),aptitude(天資,天賦),latitude(緯度,地區(qū),gratitude(感謝)20.字形相似的詞:convention(習(xí)俗,傳統(tǒng)),conversion(變化,轉(zhuǎn)換),conviction(堅(jiān)定的信念或看法),conservation(保存,保持),conversation(交談)六.名詞與介詞的搭配1.Hegainedadvantageoverotherboys./takeadvantageoftheopportunity./What'syourimpressionofher?/Hisspeechmadeanimpressionontheaudience./Thereisagreatneedforinternationalunderstanding./inneedofsomething./Hehasapreferencefor(喜歡)foreignmovies./Ishouldchooseteainpreferencetocoffee.Ihavemadeasearchforthemissingpaper.Wearestillinsearchofthemissingboy./Ihavegotconfidence_you.Iamconfident______yoursuccessinEnglishexams.Shetookgreatpride___heruniquebeauty./Sheisproud_____herownbeauty.Heprideshimself_____hisindependentvoice.ComprehensionExercise1.Theimprovement,inventionanduseofaseriesofinstruments2.Thenotionofnotdiscriminatingonthebasisofinborntalent3.AstudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia4.Theselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividual5.Proper,scientificstudyoftheimpactsofdamsandofthecostandbenefitsofcontrollingwater____________________________________________________________________________.第二節(jié)動(dòng)詞的理解與運(yùn)用一.動(dòng)詞的分類及用法根據(jù)意義和句法功能,動(dòng)詞可分類為:實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,系動(dòng)詞,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,助動(dòng)詞。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞指有實(shí)在的意義,能獨(dú)立做謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞,如mean,study,love等。系動(dòng)詞是聯(lián)系主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ),說(shuō)明其關(guān)系并與表語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成名詞性復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。除be之外主要的系動(dòng)詞還有:remain,stay,keep(保持);become,get,go,grow,turn,come,(變得);look,sound,seem,taste,smell,feel,hold。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有一定的意義但不完整,僅表示說(shuō)話人之“情態(tài)”,和原形動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞性復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)。Can/could;may/might;must/oughtto/need;dare;shall/will;should/would;助動(dòng)詞be,have,do無(wú)實(shí)在意義,只幫助中心動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成不同的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣等。短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞主要有以下幾種構(gòu)成方式:不及物動(dòng)詞+副詞,如:stayup(熬夜),lookout(小心),breakout(爆發(fā)),goup(上升,爆炸),takeafter(像),dieout(滅絕,消亡),setout(出發(fā)).不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞,如:breakinto(闖入),goafter(追求),gothrough(經(jīng)歷),passon(傳遞),runinto(碰上),sitfor(參與),standfor(代表).及物動(dòng)詞+副詞,如:giveup,see…off,show…around,hand…over,put…off,pick…up不及物動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞,如:putupwith,standupto,doawaywith,fallbackon,liveupto.及物動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞,如:makefunof,takecareof,payattentionto,catchsightof.動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞+介詞,如:makedowith(將就用),letgoof(置之不理)動(dòng)詞閱讀練習(xí)(注意動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的搭配)1.Thisturnedshoppingintoapublicanddemocraticact.這樣一來(lái),購(gòu)物就成了公眾的一項(xiàng)民主活動(dòng)。2.Americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.美國(guó)人不再把繁榮看成是理所當(dāng)然的事。3.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.一般情況下,這些猴子很樂(lè)意用石塊來(lái)?yè)Q黃瓜片。4.StraitfordpresidentGeorgeFriedmansaysheseestheonlineworldasakindofmutuallyreinforcingtoolforbothinformationcollectionanddistribution,aspymaster’sdream.Straitford公司的總裁GeorgeFriedman說(shuō),他把在線世界看作是一種信息收集和發(fā)布的互動(dòng)工具,是間諜頭子的理想世界。5.Hedismissesalotoftheworkofre-engineeringconsultantsasmererubbish—“theworstsortofambulance-cashing.”Question:WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTrueaccordingtothesentence?[A]Hethinkshighlyoftheworkofconsultants.[B]Theconsultantsareofferingconsiderablehelpinmoneymatters.[C]Theconsultantsareabunchofgood-for-nothing.[D]Theconsultantsaredealingwithemergencies.他對(duì)重組顧問(wèn)們做的大量工作不屑一顧,因?yàn)槟切┩耆抢湫偷摹皠诙鵁o(wú)獲”。6.NBACmembersalsoindicatedthattheywillappealtoprivatelyfundedresearchersandclinicsnottotrytoclonehumansbybodycellnucleartransfer.NBAC委員們表示:他們將呼吁由私人贊助的研究人員和機(jī)構(gòu)不要試圖通過(guò)人體細(xì)胞核移植技術(shù)來(lái)克隆人。7.Ihavebeentransformedfromapassionateadvocateofthephilosophyof“havingitall”,preachedbyLindaKelseyforthepastsevenyearsinthepageofShemagazine,intoawomanwhoishappytosettleforabitofeverything.我已從一個(gè)“獲得(擁有)一切”哲學(xué)(琳達(dá)·凱茜過(guò)去七年中在《她》這本雜志所宣揚(yáng)的)的積極倡導(dǎo)者,變成了一個(gè)樂(lè)于接受任何東西只要一丁點(diǎn)的女人。8.Whileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforitsemphasisonthebasics,Japaneseeducationtendstostresstest-takingandmechanicallearningovercreativityandself-expression.Question:WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTrueaccordingtothesentence?[A]Foreignersputemphasisonthebasics.[B]Japaneseeducationischaracterizedbymechanicallearningaswellascreativity.[C]Morestressshouldbeplacedonthecultivationofcreativity.[D]Test-takingismoreimportantthanself-expression.盡管日本因強(qiáng)調(diào)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)而受到外國(guó)人的稱贊,但是其教育往往強(qiáng)調(diào)應(yīng)試和機(jī)械性學(xué)習(xí)而忽視了創(chuàng)造性及表現(xiàn)個(gè)性。9.ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademy,BruceAlberts,addedthiskeypointintheprefacetothepanel'sreport:“Scienceneverhasalltheanswers.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture,anditiscriticalthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions.但科學(xué)可以為我們提供面向未來(lái)的最好的指引,我國(guó)和全世界都要根據(jù)科學(xué)對(duì)于我們目前行動(dòng)給未來(lái)造成的影響所做的最佳判斷來(lái)制定重要政策,這是十分重要的。Question:AccordingtoBruceAlberts,sciencecanserveas_____.[A]aprotector [B]ajudge [C]acritic [D]aguide10.Thereportidentifiestheunder-treatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof“ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying"asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare.Question:Accordingtothereport,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareis______.[A]prolongedmedicalprocedures [B]inadequatetreatmentofpain[C]systematicdrugabuse [D]insufficienthospitalcare二.英語(yǔ)中的名詞和動(dòng)詞是同一詞形的單詞及某些名詞去掉后綴變動(dòng)詞account(for)解釋 advocate(倡導(dǎo)者) decline(下降,衰退) control(控制)view(觀點(diǎn),看法)desire(理想) exchange(交換) fear(畏懼)end(目的) cause(事業(yè)) guide(領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者) base(基礎(chǔ))value(價(jià)值) place(放) hand(交) preserve(專利)stem(來(lái)自) class(種類,分類) force(力量) note(注意到)play(戲?。? share(一份) cost(代價(jià)) half(是一半)record(記錄) return(回報(bào)) trap(陷、卡住) hook(鉤?。﹌eyin(嵌入) post(刊登) match(匹配) arm(武裝)conversationconverse(交談) computer(計(jì)算機(jī))—computeresident—reside(居?。? presidentpresideover(主持)chairmanchair(主持)excellentexcel(擅長(zhǎng))三.常用的動(dòng)詞同義詞歸納1.表示“導(dǎo)致”意思的詞語(yǔ):Leadto,giveriseto,givebirthto,contributeto,causeto,resultin,resultfrom,2.表示“面對(duì)、偶遇”意思的詞語(yǔ):Confront,beconfrontedwith,face,befacedwith,meetwith,encounter,3.表示“集中于”意思的詞語(yǔ):Centeron,focuson,concentrateon4.表示“對(duì)付、處理”意思的詞語(yǔ):Dealwith,copewith,handle,tackle5.表示“消失”意思的詞語(yǔ):Disappear,vanish,perish6.表示“減少、增加”意思的詞語(yǔ):Diminish,lessen,decrease,drop,reduce,fall,/accumulate,increase,rise,soar,rocket7.表示“依靠、依賴”意思的詞語(yǔ):Relyon(upon),dependon(upon),counton(upon),reston(upon)8.表示“變化”意思的詞語(yǔ):Change,turn,vary/range,alter,transform,shift,9.表示“指控”意思的詞語(yǔ):Chargewith,accuseof,suefor10.表示“克服、戰(zhàn)勝”意思的詞語(yǔ):Overcome,conquer,defeat,11.表示“獲得、得到”意思的詞語(yǔ):Achieve,obtain,get,accomplish,earn,attain,secure,acquire,gain12.表示“抓住”意思的詞語(yǔ):Catch,seize,capture,catchholdof,grab13.表示“限制”意思的詞語(yǔ):Limit,confine,restrict14.表示“強(qiáng)迫”意思的詞語(yǔ):compel,constrain,force,oblige15.表示“責(zé)怪”意思的詞語(yǔ):blame,condemn,reproach,scold16.表示“困惑、迷惑”意思的詞語(yǔ):bewilder,puzzle,confuse,embarrass,perplex17.表示“贊揚(yáng)、稱贊”意思的詞語(yǔ):applaud,clap,commend,praise18.表示“擴(kuò)大、加強(qiáng)”意思的詞語(yǔ):amplify,enlarge,stretch,magnify,reinforce,expand19.表示“聲稱”意思的詞語(yǔ):affirm,assert,allege,claim,announce,proclaim20.表示“調(diào)整、改變”意思的詞語(yǔ):adjust,regulate,rectify,amend,convert,alter,modify,transform,vary。四.動(dòng)詞后綴-en,-em使成為enable(使能夠) encourage(鼓勵(lì)) enforce(實(shí)施) enlarge(擴(kuò)大)entitle(有權(quán)利做) empower(授權(quán)) endanger(危害) enjoy(喜歡)enrich(變富,使豐富)ensure(確保)enact(執(zhí)行) enclose(密封、關(guān))encounter(遭遇)engage(從事、忙于) enhance(促進(jìn)) enlighten(啟發(fā))embarrass(使尷尬) enlist(招收) enroll(登記、招收) embark(開始)-en做,使變成…fasten(系好) harden(使堅(jiān)固) lengthen(加長(zhǎng)) threaten(威脅)loosen(放松,松弛) widen(拓寬) weaken(削弱) strengthen(加強(qiáng))hasten(急忙,趕快)shorten(縮短)brighten broaden-ify…化,使成為…,變成…beautify(美化) intensify(加劇) horrify(使恐怖) clarify(澄清)identify(辨認(rèn),識(shí)別) justify(認(rèn)為合理) specify(指定,詳述) solidify(鞏固)purify(潔凈,凈化) qualify(勝任,有資格)classify exemplify-ize…化,照…樣子做apologize(道歉) maximize(最大化) organize(組織) utilize(使用)mobilize(動(dòng)員) criticize(批評(píng)) publicize(宣傳) visualize(想象)democratize(民主化) characterize(概括) specialize(專攻) realize(實(shí)現(xiàn))industrialize(工業(yè)化) revolutionize(徹底改革)recognize(認(rèn)出) civilize(使文明)第三節(jié)形容詞的理解與運(yùn)用一.形容詞的要點(diǎn)形容詞:1)形容詞的認(rèn)知能力和辨別能力;2)詞形及詞義相近的形容詞的區(qū)分;3)形容詞和介詞的搭配。1.詞形相近的形容詞。如:sensible,sensitive,sensational;respectable,respectful,respective2.同義詞和反義詞。如wonderful的同義詞有:marvelous,excellent,extraordinary(不尋常的),remarkable(非凡的)等。如generous的反義詞有mean,stingy,selfish等。3.形容詞和動(dòng)詞的轉(zhuǎn)換。如:indicatebeindicativeof(說(shuō)明);supportbesupportiveof,receivebereceptiveto(樂(lè)于接受的);inquirebeinquisitiveabout(咨詢的)等。4.名詞和形容詞的轉(zhuǎn)換。如:defectdefective(有缺陷的),intentionintentional等。5.以-ly結(jié)尾的單詞的詞性。名詞加-ly多構(gòu)成形容詞。如:friendly,likely,sunny,womanly,worldly等。6.不規(guī)則形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的變化形式。如:原級(jí)比較級(jí)最高級(jí)badworseworstgoodbetterbest,little,less(lesser)least,farfarther(further)farthest(furthest)7.含有絕對(duì)概念或無(wú)最高級(jí)的詞:most,uttermost,foremost,least,first,last,all,every,any,each,none,absolute,entire,whole,total,perfect,excellent,thorough,complete(ly),certainly,sure(ly),necessary,essential,indispensable8.表示極限、主次、等級(jí)的有:maximum,minimum,utmost,main,major,chief,minor,superior,inferior,senior,junior,super,favorite,ultimate,final,just,very9.唯一性only,sole(ly),unique(ly),exclusive(ly),mere(ly),simply,alone二.副詞的用法:1)修飾形容詞:Theflowerisverybeautiful.2)修飾動(dòng)詞:Hestudieshard.3)修飾其他副詞:Heworksveryhard.4)修飾名詞詞組:Evenachildcandoit.5)修飾全句:Probablyhewillcomeback.副詞在閱讀中的作用,放在句(段)首的副詞作用極為重要,它通常對(duì)后面的內(nèi)容有制約作用。尤其是轉(zhuǎn)折副詞。1.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.However,whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoining(相鄰的)cages,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviorbecamemarkedlydifferent.2.Fortunately,theWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit'sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident'sadvisersstilldon'ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofaction,theycontinuetopressformoreresearch.三.形容詞和副詞同義詞歸納1.表示“與……有關(guān)/聯(lián)系”意思的詞組:Berelevantto,berelatedto,betiedto,belinkedto,beassociatedwith,beconnectedwith,becombinedwith,beboundupwith.2.表示“好”意思的詞語(yǔ):wonderful,excellent,good,super,superb,magnificent,first-class,remarkable,fantastic,outstanding,cool,splendid.3.表示“充足”意思的詞語(yǔ):sufficient,enough,adequate,rich,abundant,plentiful4.表示“不足”意思的詞語(yǔ):lack,beshortof,forwantof,forlackof,5.表示“可怕、有害”意思的詞語(yǔ):dreadful,terrible,frightening,horrible,awful,harmful,bad,detrimental,adverse,unfavorable,negative.6.表示“有能力做”意思的詞語(yǔ):becompetentin/as/todo,becapableof,bequalifiedfor/as,beableto7.表示“傳統(tǒng)、習(xí)慣”等有關(guān)的詞語(yǔ):traditional,conventional,customary,habitual,social,global8.表示“許多、大量”意思的詞語(yǔ):many/much,alotof/lotsof/,alargenumberof,alargeamountof,plentyof,plentiful,considerable,ample,numerous,countless,9.表示“合不合適”意思的詞語(yǔ):right,proper,suitable,appropriate,fit,improper,unsuitable,inappropriate,unfit10.表示“效果、效率”意思的詞語(yǔ):effective,effectual,efficient,sufficient11.表示“合不合理”的詞語(yǔ):logical,reasonable,sensible,rational,/illogical,unreasonable,irrational12.表示“傾向于”意思的詞語(yǔ):belikelyto,beliableto,beinclinedto,beaptto,tendto13.表示“意不意識(shí)到”的詞語(yǔ):beawareof,beconsciousof,beunawareof,beunconsciousof,subconscious(潛意識(shí)的)14.表示“簡(jiǎn)短”意思的詞語(yǔ):brief,concise,inbrief,inshort15.表示“合不合法”意思的詞語(yǔ):legitimate,lawful,legal,illegal,16.表示“精確、準(zhǔn)確”意思的詞語(yǔ):accurate,precise,exact,17.表示與“身體”有關(guān)意思的詞語(yǔ):bodily,physical,mental,spiritual,materialistic,18.表示“態(tài)度”意思的詞語(yǔ):optimistic,pessimistic,objective,subjective,impartial,19.表示與“謹(jǐn)慎、小心”有關(guān)意思的詞語(yǔ):careful,cautious,prudent,careless,carefree20.表示“虛弱”意思的詞語(yǔ):weak,fragile,frail,invalid,feeble,vulnerable21.表示“基本”意思的詞語(yǔ):basic,elementary,fundamental,primary22.表示“天生”意思的詞語(yǔ):inborn,innate,inherent,gifted,talented23.表示“普遍、一般”意思的詞語(yǔ):average,common,general,universal,usual24.表示“明顯的,清楚的”意思的詞語(yǔ):apparent,evident,self-evident,manifest,obvious,distinct,clear/ambiguous,obscure,unclear25.表示“嚴(yán)重的、緊急的”意思的詞語(yǔ):acute,critical,crucial,urgent,serious,emergent26.表示“愚蠢,可笑”的詞語(yǔ):absurd,ridiculous,silly,foolish,stupid,ironic,funny27.表示“節(jié)約,奢侈”的詞語(yǔ):economic(經(jīng)濟(jì)的),economical(節(jié)約的),thrifty(節(jié)省的),simple,luxurious,extravagant(浪費(fèi)的),generous(大方的)28.表示“富?!币馑嫉脑~語(yǔ):rich,wealthy,affluent29.表示“僅僅,唯一,就是”意思的詞語(yǔ):only,just,merely,solely,simply,uniquely,alone30.表示“可能的”意思的詞語(yǔ):possible,likely,probable,presumable31.表示“有決心的,堅(jiān)定的”意思的詞語(yǔ):determined,resolute,firm,decisive32.表示“不斷的,不停的”意思的詞語(yǔ):continual,continuous,uninterrupted,successive,eternal,endless,successful(成功的),succession(連續(xù)不斷)33.表示“永久的,永恒的”意思的詞語(yǔ):lasting,ever-lasting,permanent,perpetual,temporary(暫時(shí)的)34.表示“致命的,要死的”意思的詞語(yǔ):deadly,fatal,mortal,35.表示“重要的,必要的,關(guān)鍵的”意思的詞語(yǔ):important,significant,vital,critical,crucial,necessary,essential,indispensable四.形容詞后綴-able,-ible,-ble能夠…,值得…knowledgeable(知識(shí)淵博的) sustainable(可持續(xù)的) acceptableavailable(可以得到的) comparable(可比的) favorable(有利的)honorable(可敬的,光榮的) liable(傾向于,有責(zé)任的) noticeable(注意到的)reliable(可靠的) unbelievable(難以相信的) responsible-al…的,行為,人,物skeptical(懷疑的) perpetual(永恒的) commercial(商業(yè)的)annual(每年的) casual(隨意的) classical(古典式的)continual(不斷的) conventional(傳統(tǒng)的) experimental(實(shí)驗(yàn)的)identical(相同的) optional(選擇的) detrimental(有害的)critical(關(guān)鍵的,批評(píng)的) original(原始的,原創(chuàng)的)-ateaffectionate(親愛的) passionate(熱情的,多情的)-ed…的accustomed(習(xí)慣的) advanced(先進(jìn)的) ashamed(羞愧的)beloved(敬愛的) complicated(復(fù)雜的) crowded(擁擠的)learned(有學(xué)問(wèn)的) limited(有限的) naked(裸露的)puzzled(困惑的) amazed(吃驚的)-en做,使,…的,人golden(金色的),wooden(木制的),woolen(羊毛的)-entproficient(熟練的),turbulent(動(dòng)蕩不安的),persistent(堅(jiān)持的)-ful…的powerful(強(qiáng)大的) doubtful(懷疑的) colorful(五顏六色的)faithful(忠誠(chéng)的) fearful(畏懼的) fruitful(有成效的)grateful(感謝的) hopeful(有希望的) peaceful(和平的)plentiful(大量的) thoughtful(善于思考的,體貼的)-Fold倍數(shù)tenfold(十倍的) hundredfold-ic,ical…的,人,…學(xué)optimistic(樂(lè)觀的) dynamic(有活力的) academic(學(xué)術(shù)的,學(xué)業(yè)的)artistic(藝術(shù)的,高尚的) economic(經(jīng)濟(jì)的) electronic(電子的)heroic(英勇的) organic(有機(jī)的) systematic(系統(tǒng)的)practical(實(shí)際的) statistical(統(tǒng)計(jì)的)-ish…的,有…性質(zhì)的selfish(自私的),British(英國(guó)的)-sivedivisive(分裂的),aggressive(挑釁的,好斗的)-tive…的,人,物assimilative(同化的) conservative(保守的) active(積極的)comparative(比較的) collective(集體的) creative(有創(chuàng)造力的)relative(相關(guān)的) protective(保護(hù)的)-less無(wú)…的,不…的endless(無(wú)窮的) careless(粗心的) helpless(無(wú)助的)hopeless(沒(méi)希望的) restless(不安的) worthless(無(wú)價(jià)值的)-like如…的childlike(像孩子一樣的),godlike(神似的)-ly…的,…地deadly(致命的),elderly(上了年紀(jì)的),monthly,weekly,yearly-ous,-ious…的ambitious(有抱負(fù)的) anxious(著急的) cautious(小心的)curious(好奇的) dangerous(危險(xiǎn)的) delicious(美味的)famous(著名的) glorious(光榮的) religious(宗教的)suspicious(懷疑的) insidious(隱蔽的)-somehandsome(英俊的) burdensome(有負(fù)擔(dān)的) troublesome(麻煩的)tiresome(討厭的) quarrelsome(好爭(zhēng)吵的)-y…的,人,物rainy(下雨的)noisy(嘈雜的) dirtygreedy(貪婪的) sunny/rainy/cloudy/stormywealthy(富裕的) slippery(滑的)-orycompulsory(強(qiáng)迫的,義務(wù)的) illusory(欺騙的,虛幻的)五.副詞后綴-lyGenerally hardly highly increasingly largelyMainly merely mostly namely naturallyNearly necessarily normally obviously particularlypartly, possibly practically presently probablyrarely readily really repeatedly respectivelyscarcely shortly simply specifically virtually -wise otherwise,likewise六、詞綴與詞根1.表示“否定”的前綴UnUnprecedented(史無(wú)前例的) uninformed(不知曉的) unchallenged(無(wú)異議的)unreliable(不可靠的) unanswered(不能回答的) unconscious(無(wú)意識(shí)的)uncertainties(不確定性) unmistakable(正確的) unaware(不知道的)unimaginable(難以想象的) unforced,unbelieving unsurpassed(不能勝過(guò)的)Nonnonstandard(非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的) nonsmoker(不吸煙者) nonsense(胡說(shuō))InInefficient(無(wú)效率的) incompetently(不稱職地)insecurity(不安全)Inevitable(不可避免的) insensitive(不敏感的) inability(無(wú)法,不能夠)Ineffectual(無(wú)效的) incomplete(不完整的) indefinitely(無(wú)限地)DisDisintegrate(分解,死亡) disadvantage(不利) discrimination(歧視)Disorganized(無(wú)組織的) dishonor(不尊重) disappear(消失)Discharge(丟掉,扔掉) discount(忽視) discourage(泄氣)MisMisinformation(錯(cuò)誤信息) misplace(誤放) misfortunes(不幸)Misunderstand(誤解) mislead(誤導(dǎo)) misuse(誤用)DeDegrade(降級(jí),墮落) depart(告別) deforest(毀林)Depopulate(人口減少) defrost(除霜) deformity(畸形)Imimpractical(不切實(shí)際的),immature(不成熟的),immeasurable(無(wú)法測(cè)量的),immoral(不道德的),immortal(不朽的)Ililliterate(不識(shí)字的),illicit=illegal,illogical,illegible(unclear)IrIrresponsible(不負(fù)責(zé)任的) irrelevant(不相關(guān)的) irrational(不合理的)Irreparable(無(wú)法修復(fù)的) irreplaceable(不能替換的)irresistible(難以抗拒的)Ababnormal(不正常的) absent(缺席的)abuse(濫用的)2.表示“縮小”、“不夠”、“向下”和“擴(kuò)大”、“過(guò)多”、“向上”Downdownscaling=downsizing(縮小規(guī)模),downshifting(減慢生活節(jié)奏),downloadUnder在…下,次underlie(是基礎(chǔ)) underlying(內(nèi)在的) underestimate(低估)underfunding(資金投入不夠) undergo(經(jīng)歷) understatement(低調(diào)闡述),undermanned(人員配備不足) underground(地下) undergraduate(本科生)Upupgrade(升級(jí)),upper,update(更新)Over過(guò)度,太;外overestimate(高估),overstatement(夸張),overcharged(要價(jià)過(guò)高),over-funding,overflow(溢出),overcoat(大衣),overwork,oversleep,overexcitedsemisemiconductor,semi-conscious,mono單一monologue(獨(dú)白),monotonous(單調(diào)的),monopoly(壟斷)Uni相同uniform(制服),unisex(同性)bi/di雙Bicycle,bilingual,bimonthly,dilemma(兩難境地)triangular(三角形的),tripling(三倍),triple,tricyclequadrupled(四倍),quarter(四分之一)Millimillimeter(毫米)Mini小minimum(最小值),minimize,miniskirt,miniature,minorityMaximaximum(最大值),maximize,multi多multiple,multiply(乘,繁殖),multi-national(s),multi-troops3.表示“反抗、反對(duì)”的前綴Antianti-war,anti-bacteria,anti-happy,anti-social,anti-intellectualism(反才智),anti-smoking,anti-competitive(反競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的),anti-consumerism(反消費(fèi)主義)Countercounterbalance(平衡力)counter-culture(反主流文化)counterpartContracontradict(矛盾),contrary,contrast4.表示“先(前)后”意義的前綴Pre先于prehistoric(史前的),predict(預(yù)言),preschool(學(xué)前),pre-liberation(解放前),predecessor(先輩,前輩)precautionprejudiceprevailEx以前ex-wife,ex-president,ex-chairmanFore預(yù)先,在前面的forefather(祖先),forecast(預(yù)報(bào)),foreword(前言),foreleg,foretell(預(yù)言),foreground(前景)Post后于postgraduate(研究生),postwar,posterity(后代)Mid中midday,midnightAnte先于,在前面的ante-nuptial(婚前的),antecedent(先例,經(jīng)歷)5.表示其它意義的前綴Auto自Automobile(汽車),automatic(自動(dòng)的)automationBio生命,生物Biology,biomass(生物數(shù)量),biomedical,biographyCo-,col-,com-,con-,cor共同cooperate(合作),cooperative,coincidence(巧合),coordinate(協(xié)調(diào)),colleague(同事),corporation,cohabit(同居)Ex向外exchange(交換),exclaim(呼喊),exclude(排除),express,extract(拔出),export(出口)Extra外extraordinary(極不尋常的),extramarital(婚外的),Homo相同homogeneous(同化),homosexual(同性戀),homogeneity(同類,同質(zhì))Hyper非常hyperactive,hypercritical(非常批評(píng)的),hypersensitive(過(guò)度敏感的)Super上,超級(jí)supermarket,superpower,superman,supernature,superpower,supernatural,inter相互interact(互動(dòng)),interactive,interaction,intermarriage(聯(lián)姻),interview(面試,接見,采訪),Internet,international,interrelations(相互關(guān)系)kilo千kilogram,kilometerRe再,recurring(再現(xiàn)的),react(反應(yīng)),reaction,recall(回憶),recover(恢復(fù)),recycle(回收),reform(改革),refresh(提神),repay(償還),renew(更新,更換),replace(替代),reserve(保留,預(yù)定),restore(恢復(fù)),rewrite,revive,reinforce,remedySub-下,次subsequent(后面的),subtitle(副標(biāo)題),substitute(代替),subway(地鐵)Subconscious,submerge(下沉),submit,suburb(郊區(qū)),subscribe(訂閱)Tele遠(yuǎn)telegram,telephone,telescope,television,telecommunicationThermo與熱、溫度有關(guān)的thermostat(恒溫計(jì)),thermometer(溫度計(jì))Trans橫貫,轉(zhuǎn)移transform(改變),transmit(傳遞,傳播,傳染),transport(運(yùn)輸),transportation,trans-continent,transaction(交易)Vice副vice-president,vice-chairmanNeo新neoclassical-Pro親、支持pro-social,pro-revolutionary-Sym,Syn相同sympathy,synonym,synonymous第四節(jié)詞匯特點(diǎn)與詞義引申詞匯是考研閱讀的基礎(chǔ),主要難點(diǎn)在于一詞多義與一詞多性。一詞多義是指一個(gè)普通的詞有多個(gè)意義,困難在于對(duì)該詞詞義的精確把握,而考試時(shí)測(cè)試的往往是考生忽略或沒(méi)有記住的意義。例如,check的常見意思是“檢查”,而考研閱讀中常見到“限制、控制”這一意思。比如:Iadviseyoutokeepacheckon(=control)yourtemper.Iadviseyoutokeepyourtemperincheck.一詞多性指的是一個(gè)單詞有幾個(gè)詞性,且每個(gè)詞性有不同的詞義,比如,present有三個(gè)詞性(在場(chǎng)的,現(xiàn)在的;出席;禮物)等等,對(duì)它的精確理解甚至影響答案的選擇,另外,一些詞匯表示態(tài)度傾向,如果對(duì)其意義進(jìn)行褒貶判斷可加深句子的理解。例如,sensational(轟動(dòng)一時(shí)的)。所以,復(fù)習(xí)詞匯時(shí)要注意到以上三點(diǎn)。一.詞法現(xiàn)象1.一詞多性是指一個(gè)詞通常有幾個(gè)詞性,且存在意思不同的情況,這些詞性常包括名詞、形容詞和動(dòng)詞,如:light:1.n.燈光,2.adj.輕的,輕松的;3.vt.照亮、點(diǎn)燃Paragraph1First,inanyapproachtoaproblemandinanynegotiationsinJapan,thereisthe“youtoyou”approach,asdistinguishedfromtheWestern“Itoyou”approach.Thedifferenceisthis:in“Itoyou”,bothsidespresenttheirargumentsopenlyfromtheirownpointsofviewtheystatewhattheywantandwhattheyexpecttoget.Aconfrontationsituationistherebysetup,andWesternersareveryskillfulindealingwiththis.TheJapanesebusinesspersonworkstoachieveharmony,evenifthedealfallsthrough,andwillspendwhatevertimeisnecessarytodeterminea“youtoyou”approach.真題閱讀1.Everyonelovesafatpayrise.2.Hesearcheditwithnosuccessbutwasattractedbythesite’s“personalsearchagent”.It’saninteractivefeaturethatletsvisitorskeyinjobcriteriasuchaslocation,title,andsalary,thenE-mailsthemwhenamatchingpositionispostedinthedatabase.3.Someusethemtokeepaclosewatchonthedemandfortheirlineofworkorgatherinformationoncompensationtoarmthemselves
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