人教版八年級(jí)英語上冊(cè)《Will people have robots》SectionA 教學(xué)課件

Tolearntomakepredictions.Tolearntopredictfuturewiththesentencepatterns:will+do/therewillbe.To

predictourfutureandworkhardforthefuture.ObjectivesIplayedcomputerwhenIwasachild.Istudycomputereveryday.Iwillbeacomputerscientist.Freetalk大膽暢想未來

Let’spredictourfutures.Howwilltheworldbedifferentinthefuture,100yearsfromnow?Peoplewillhaverobots.

Robotscando...

Kidswon’tgotoschool.They’llstudyathomeoncomputers.Willtherebemoretreesorfewertrees?Ithinktherewillbe________trees.Peoplewon’tusemoney.Everythingwillbefree.LanguageGoal:Makepredictions.Howwilltheworldbedifferent100yearsfromnow?Readthesepredictions.Check()AforagreeorDfordisagree.___A___D1.Peoplewillhaverobotsintheirhomes.___A___D2.Peoplewon’tusemoney.Everythingwillbefree.___A___D3.Bookswillonlybeoncomputers,notonpaper.___A___D4.Kidswon’tgotoschool.They’llstudyathomeoncomputers.___A___D5.Therewillonlybeonecountry.___A___D6.Peoplewilllivetobe200yearsold.1aListenandcirclethepredictionsyouhearin1a.Peoplewillhaverobotsintheirhomes.Peoplewon’tusemoney.Everythingwillbefree.Bookswillonlybeoncomputers,notonpaper.Kidswon’tgotoschool.They’llstudyathomeoncomputers.Therewillonlybeonecountry.Peoplewilllivetobe200yearsold.1b一張紙apieceofpaper↓livetobe...活到……Translatethesentencesaccordingtothelistening.1.我認(rèn)為人們將不使用錢了。

Idon'tthinkpeoplewillusemoney.2.你認(rèn)為所有東西將免費(fèi)嗎？

Doyouthinkeverythingwillbefree?3.將有世界和平嗎？

Willtherebeworldpeace?4.孩子們將不去上學(xué)。

Kidswon'tgotoschool.A:Willpeopleusemoneyin100years?B:No,theywon’t.Everythingwillbefree.Willpeoplelivetobe200yearsold?A:Yes,theywill.1cAskandanswerquestionsaboutthepredictionsin1a.100年后Peoplewon’tusemoney.Everythingwillbefree.人們不使用錢，任何東西都是免費(fèi)的。

befree免費(fèi)的，除此意思外，befree還有“有空的，空閑的”意思。?

ManySpaniardsbelievethatmusicandmoviesshouldbefree.許多西班牙人認(rèn)為音樂和電影應(yīng)該是免費(fèi)的。?Willyoubefreetomorrowmorning?

你明天早上有空嗎？Languagepoints2.Peoplewilllive

to

be200yearsold.

livetobe+基數(shù)詞+yearsold

“活到……歲”

辨析live,alive,living和livelylive

“活著的”,置于名詞之前,作定語。alive

“在世的”,常作表語,但偶爾也作后置定語

或補(bǔ)語。living

“活著的”,常作定語,也可以作表語,

作表語時(shí)相當(dāng)于alive。lively

“活潑的,有生氣的”,既可以作定語,

又可以作表語。adj.3.Willpeopleusemoneyin100years?

一百年后人們還會(huì)使用錢嗎？這里的

in100years

“在……期間；在……以后”后接一段時(shí)間表示在將來某段時(shí)間之后。?He’llcomebackinaweek.他將于一周之后回來。?I’llcallyouintwohours.我兩個(gè)小時(shí)后給你打電話。4.Willpeopleusemoneyin100years?

will+動(dòng)詞原形表將來莉薩半個(gè)小時(shí)之后到。____________________________Lisawillarriveinhalfanhour.5.“therebe”句型一般將來時(shí)的表達(dá):肯定句:Therewillbe＋名詞(短語)否定句:Therewillnot/won’tbe＋名詞(短語)一般疑問句:—Willtherebe＋名詞(短語)?—Yes,therewill./No,therewon’t.Willtherebefewertrees?Therewillbemorepeople.Therewon’tbemoney.Everythingwillbefree.1.______you_______yourwinterholidaynextweek?A.Do...haveB.Will...haveC.hadD.have2.—When_____you____toAustralia?—NextMonday.A.did;flyB.will;flyC.are;flyD.do;fly3.Whichteam________thenextfootballmatch?A.winsB.wonC.willwinD.winI.單項(xiàng)選擇。BBCExercisesII.根據(jù)要求完成句子。1.Tonywillgotocinematonight.(對(duì)畫線部分提問)

__________________Tony_________tonight?2.IthinkSallywillbeadoctorinfiveyears.（對(duì)畫線部分提問）

_____________youthinkSally_________infiveyears?WhatwillwillbeWhatdodo3.Therewillbefewerpeoplein100years.(改為一般疑問句)___________there____fewerpeoplein100years?4.Therewon’tbeanypapermoney.(改為同義句)Therewillbe________________money.WillbenopaperThere________aconcertinourschoolhallnextweek.A.isgoingtohaveB.willhaveC.willbeD.isgoingtohold中考鏈接由下周可知是一般將來時(shí)。要用therewillbe。CFiveyearsagoTodayInfiveyearsHewas….Heis….Hewillbe….Heplayed….Heplays….Hewillplay….Hehad….Hehas….Hewillhave….AtaskMakeasurveyaboutyourbestfriendsandfinishthefollowingchart.Myfutureisnotjustadream!Whatwillyoube?Willyoubepretty?Willyoubeateacher/doctororwhatever?Writeaconversationtotalkaboutyourdream.

HomeworkSectionA2a-2dTolearntomakepredictions.Tolearntoexpressquantitieswithmore,less,fewer...Toliveacarbonlifetoprotectourearth.Objectivesn.預(yù)言FreetalkLet’smakeapredictionaboutthefuture.n.未來Hestudiesathome_____________.oncomputers直升機(jī)式的帽子可以快速地帶你到達(dá)目的地。Let’ssharemorefunpredictionsaboutthefuture.衣服能自動(dòng)換成時(shí)新樣式。

四條腿的褲子保證你隨時(shí)隨地可以休息。變成一身健康的古銅色皮膚只需幾秒鐘。Listenandcirclethewordsyouhear.Therewillbe(more/less/fewer)people.Therewillbe(more/less/fewer)freetime.Therewillbe(more/less/fewer)cars.Therewillbe(more/less/fewer)pollution.Therewillbe(more/less/fewer)trees.2aTherewillbefewerpeople.___Therewillbelessfreetime.___Peoplewillusethesubwaysless.___Therewillbemorepollution.___Citieswillbeverybigandcrowded.___√√Listenagain.Check()thepredictionsyouhear.√2bListenagain,writeTfortrue,Fforfalse.1.Herearesomestudents'predictionsaboutthefuture.()2.Therewillbemorecarsandsubwaysbecauseofmorepeople.()3.Lesspollutionwillbegoodfortheearth.()4.Countrieswillbebigandcrowdedbecausetherewillbealotmorepeople.()TTFFMakeconversationsaboutthepredictionsin2aand2b.A:What’syourpredictionaboutthefuture?B:Ithinktherewillbemorepollution.A:Really?Idon’tthinkso.ButIthink

therewillbe

fewertrees.2cTherewillbemoretreesonthe_____.earthWhichopiniondoyouagree?Therewillbefewertreesinthefuture.Therewillbelesspollutioninthefuture.Therewillbemorepollutioninthefuture.Nick:Whatareyoureading,Jill?Jill:It’sabookaboutthefuture.Nick:Soundscool.Sowhatwillthefuturebelike?Jill:Well,citieswillbemorecrowdedandpolluted.Therewillbefewertreesandtheenvironment

willbeingreatdanger.2dRole-playtheconversation.Nick:Thatsoundsbad!Willwehavetomovetootherplanets?Jill:Maybe.ButIwanttoliveontheearth.Nick:Me,too.Thenwhatcanwedo?Jill:Wecanuselesswaterandplantmoretrees.Everyoneshouldplayapartinsavingtheearth.

WhatisJillreading?2)Whatwillthefuturebelikeaccordingtothebook?3)Whatcanpeopledotosavetheearth?Readtheconversationthenanswerthefollowingquestions.He’sreadingabookaboutthefuture.Citieswillbemorecrowdedandpolluted.Therewillbefewertreesandtheenvironmentwillbeingreatdanger.Wecanuselesswaterandplantmoretrees.Everyoneshouldplayapartinsavingtheearth.Readandtrytorecitetheconversationin5-10minutes.1.Roleplaytheconversation

ingroups;2.Roleplaytheconversation

infrontoftheclass.Role-playLet’sseewhichgroupdoesthebest.Fillintheblanksaccordingtotheconversation.Jillisreadingabookaboutthefuture.Canyouimaginewhat____thefuture____like?Cities______morecrowdedandpolluted.There______fewertreesandtheenvironment______ingreatdanger.___we______movetootherplanets?Whatcanwedotoliveontheearth?Wecanuse___waterandplant____trees.Everyoneshould_____________savingtheearth.willbewillbewillbewillbeWillhavetoplayapartinlessmore1.“therebe”句型一般將來時(shí)的表達(dá):肯定句:Therewillbe

＋名詞(短語)否定句:Therewillnot/won’tbe

＋名詞(短語)一般疑問句:—Willtherebe

＋名詞(短語)?—Yes,therewill./No,therewon’t.LanguagepointsWilltherebefewertrees?Therewillbemorepeople.Therewon’tbemoney.Everythingwillbefree.意思用法比較級(jí)最高級(jí)few一些（否定）修飾可數(shù)名詞fewerfewestlittle一些（否定）修飾不可數(shù)名詞lessleastmany許多修飾可數(shù)名詞moremostmuch許多修飾不可數(shù)名詞moremost2.fewer與less及more表數(shù)量的用法例:afewdaysago,forafewweeks?Hehasfewfriendshere.?Therewillbefewertrees.few，形容詞，帶否定含義“幾乎沒有，很少的”，修飾可數(shù)名詞。其比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)為規(guī)則變化：few－fewer－fewest。

“afew”表示“一些”。2)There’slittle

foodleft.Wehavetobuysome.There’salittle

waterinthecup.Therewillbeless

pollution.little，形容詞,帶否定含義“很少的，幾乎沒有的”“小的，幼小的”，修飾不可數(shù)名詞。其比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)為不規(guī)則變化:little－less－least?！癮little”表一些”。3)

Therewillbemorepeopleontheearthinthefuture.Moreandmorestudentsstarttoexercisemore

everydaytokeepfit.many

“許多”，修飾可數(shù)名詞。

much

“許多”，修飾不可數(shù)名詞。many/more

比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)為不規(guī)則變化：many/much－more－most

3.playapartin參與某事?Chinaplaysamoreandmoreimportantpartintheworld.現(xiàn)在中國在世界上擔(dān)負(fù)著越來越重要的角色?Everyoneshouldplayapartinprotectingtheenvironment.4.What’syourpredictionaboutthefuture?

你對(duì)未來有什么預(yù)測(cè)？prediction是predict的名詞形式。有“預(yù)言、預(yù)料、預(yù)測(cè)”之意。例如：?Saleswerefivepercentlowerthanpredicted.

銷售額比預(yù)計(jì)的低5%。?NewspaperspredictedthatDaviswouldbere-elected.

報(bào)紙預(yù)測(cè)戴維斯將再次當(dāng)選。5.Everyoneshouldplayapartinsavingtheearth.每個(gè)人都應(yīng)當(dāng)盡一份力來拯救地球。playapartin…

是一個(gè)固定結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“參與……；在……中盡自己一份力量”例如：?Sheplaysanactivepartinteachingthesepoorchildren.

她積極參加對(duì)這些貧窮孩子的教學(xué)工作。?Hedidn’tplayapartinmakingthisdecision.他并沒有參與做出此決定。will+be/do表將來Therebe句型的一般將來時(shí)—Willtherebe...?—No,therewon’t./Yes,therewill.3)more,less,fewer的用法：

可數(shù)名詞前用more/fewer，不可數(shù)名詞前用more/less.SummaryI.根據(jù)句意用括號(hào)內(nèi)所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1.—Therewillbemorecarsinthefuture.—Idisagree.Ithinktherewillbe______(few)cars.2.Ithinktherewillbe_______(robot)everywherein50years.3.Therewillbemore_________(pollution)onearth.4.Iwillhave____(little)freetimenextmonththanthismonth.robotspollutionlessfewerExercisesII.英譯漢，并寫一寫。1.—Willpeopleusemoneyin100years?—No,theywon’t.2.Kidswon’tgotoschoolinthefuture.They’llstudyathomeoncomputers.3.Everyoneshouldplayapartinplantingtrees.4.Therewillbemoretreeshereintenyears.5.—Willtherebefewerjobsforpeople?—Yes,therewill.1.—一百年后人們還使用錢嗎？

—不，不用。2.未來孩子們不會(huì)去上學(xué)了，他們將在家里用電腦學(xué)習(xí)。3.每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該參與植樹。4.十年后這里會(huì)有更多樹木。5.—未來工作崗位會(huì)更少嗎？—是的。1.明天不用上課。

There____________classtomorrow.2.Therewillbeasportsmeetingtomorrow.(一般疑問句）

____________asportsmeetingtomorrow?willbenoWilltherebeIII.完成句子。中考鏈接每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該在環(huán)保方面發(fā)揮作用。(play)Evervoneshould________________theenvironmentalprotection.playapartinMakepredictionsaboutyourselfin10years.Writedown5sentences.Previewthenewwordsandphrases.HomeworkSectionAGrammarFocus-3cTolearntousewill+do.Tolearntousetherewillbe.Tobeabletopredictcityinthefuturewiththewordsmore,fewer,less...ObjectivesWhatwillthefuturebelike?Citieswillbemorepolluted.Andtherewillbefewertrees.Willpeopleusemoneyin100years?No,theywon’t.Everythingwillbefree.Willtherebeworldpeace?Yes,Ihopeso.Kidswillstudyathomeoncomputers.Theywon’tgotoschool.GrammarFocusCountablenouns

UncountablenounsTherewillbemore

people.Therewillbe

fewer

trees.Therewillbe

more

pollution.Therewillbe

less

freetime.’ll=willwon’t=willnotI’m=IamYou’re=youareThere’s=thereisThere’re=thereareDon’t=donotDoesn’t=doesnot你以前還學(xué)過哪些縮寫形式呢？Inthefuture,therewillbe______freshwaterbecausetherewillbe______pollutioninthesea.2.In100years,therewillbe______carsbecausetherewillbe______peopleinthecities.lessmoremoremoreFillintheblankswithmore,lessorfewer.3a3.Therewillbe_______jobsforpeoplebecause_______robotswilldothesamejobsaspeople.4.Ithinktherewillbe______citiesbecausepeoplewillbuild_______buildingsinthecountry.5.In50years,peoplewillhave______freetimebecausetherewillbe_____thingstodo.fewermoremoremorefewermoreCompletethepredictionswithwhatyouthinkwillhappen.Kidsstudyatschoolnow.In100years,___________________________________

2.Isometimesseeblueskiesinmycity,butinthefuture___________________________________________________________KidswillstudyathomeoncomputersIwilloftenseetheblueskies,becausetherewillbelesspollution.3b4.Familiesusuallyspendtimetogetheron

weekends,butmaybein200years_________________________________________________________________________3.Peoplenowusuallylivetobeabout70-80yearsold,butinthefuture_________________________________

Peoplewilllivetobe200yearsold.Everydaycanbeweekend,becausetheyhaverobotstodoeverything.Ithinktherewillbemoretallbuildings,andtherewillbefewercarsandmorebuses.Drawapictureofwhatyouthinkacityinthefuturewillbelike.Thendescribeittotheclass.3cWhatcanyouseeinthispicture?50yearslaterTherewillbemorepeople.Therewillbefewertrees.Therewillbemorepollution.Therewillbemorebuildings.Therewillbemorecars.Therewillbelessfreshair.Therewillbe…將會(huì)有……Changes

begoingto+v原形1)以人為主語，表示計(jì)劃、打算去做某事，這種計(jì)劃

和打算往往是事前就有的。?Sheisgoingtoleavetomorrow.?Thereisgoingtobeafootballmatchafterclass.2)表示人根據(jù)已有的事實(shí)和跡象，認(rèn)為某事即將發(fā)生。?It’sgoingtorain.Review

GrammarFocus一般將來時(shí)—Thesimplefuturetense

概念：1）表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。?Wewillgotoseehimtomorrow.我們明天來看他。2）表示將來經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。?Fromnowon,Iwillcomeeveryday.從現(xiàn)在起，我每天都來。肯定句否定句一般疑問句特殊疑問句主語+will+V原形主語+will+not+V原形Will+主語+V原形特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句2.基本句型

簡(jiǎn)略回答Yes,Iwill.No,Iwon’t.(注意縮寫形式）Will句式總結(jié)肯定否定一般疑問句回答Iwillhavemanytoys.Iwon’thavemanytoys.WillIhavemanytoys?Yes,Iwill.No,Iwon’t.Hewilldoagoodjob.Hewon’tdoagoodjob.WillhedoagoodjobYes,hewill.No,hewon’t.Therewillbemorepeople.Therewon’tbemorepeople.Willtherebemorepeople?Yes,therewill.No,therewon’t.Theywillbehappy.Theywon’tbehappy.Willtheybehappy?Yes,theywill.No,theywon’t.3.will表示將來時(shí)態(tài),其后常跟的時(shí)間狀語。tomorrow明天nextweek

下周nextyear

明年

before在……之前nextmonth

下個(gè)月

soon不久thedayaftertomorrow

后天theyearafternext

后年theweekafternext

下下周★intenyears十年后注意：will常用于第二、三人稱，但在口語中各種人稱都可以用will。否定式：willnot=won’t一般將來時(shí)——Thesimplefuturetense

therebe的一般將來時(shí)，表示：將來存在/有（1）肯定句：therewillbe…e.g.Therewillbemorepeople.Therewillbefewertrees.（2）否定句：therewon’tbe…e.g.Therewon’tbemorepapers.Therewon’tbemorebuildings.1.Willpeopleusemoneyin100years?people作“人”講時(shí)，是可數(shù)名詞,單、復(fù)數(shù)相同。a/onepeople或twopeoples

threepeople,manypeople

people泛指“人們”，是一個(gè)集體名詞.如：?Therearefivepeopleinthatroom.

那個(gè)房里有五個(gè)人。?Manypeopleliketogoshopping.很多人喜歡購物。(×)(√)Languagepointspeople的其他意思1)Westudyforthepeople.

我們?yōu)槿嗣穸鴮W(xué)習(xí)。thepeople作“人民”講，有“全體”的含義。2)TheChinesepeopleisagreatpeople.

中華民族是一個(gè)偉大的民族。people作“民族”講，可以說apeople。thevillagepeople鄉(xiāng)下人thecitypeople城里人people指“平民、百姓、居民”3)辨析:people,person,folks和human.1)people意思為“人們”時(shí),著重指全體2)person①“人”包括men,women,children②people的單數(shù)形式onepeopleoneperson√③意思為“人們”時(shí),著重指?jìng)€(gè)體VIP=veryimportantperson重要成員3)Folks

如:theoldfolksathome家里的老人意為“人們”時(shí),指一般人或特殊年齡、位置、境遇等特殊階級(jí)的人,現(xiàn)在常用people。4)human=humanbeing人(類)

主要用來區(qū)別于其他動(dòng)物紙幣papermoney硬幣coinsmallmoney=change零錢readymoney=cash現(xiàn)金earn/makemoney賺錢bankmoney把錢存入銀行savemoney存錢refundmoney退款2)money，不可數(shù)名詞，意為“錢，金錢”?？捎?much,some,any,alotof

等修飾。2.Everythingwillbefree.

free

adj.免費(fèi)的，免稅的，空閑的，自由的→n.freedom免費(fèi)，自由

freelist免稅貨物單

freemarket自由市場(chǎng)

freespeech言論自由freethinker自由思想家freeway高速公路freeman

自由人(公民)freehearted

坦率的freewill

自愿的3.Kidswill

studyathomeoncomputers.kid小山羊、小山羊皮(口語)小孩Kid=childkids=children(n.)(v.)(口語)欺騙、耍弄、開玩笑變化過去式kidded現(xiàn)在分詞kidding常用語You’rekidding!你在開玩笑Nokidding!別開玩笑homelandhometownhomeworkhomemadehomegrownhomelessbeawayfromhomethejoysofhomePleasemakeyourselfathome.祖國家鄉(xiāng)家庭作業(yè)自制的國產(chǎn)的無家可歸的離家在外天倫之樂請(qǐng)隨便(不要拘束)！辨析:family,house,和home1)family指家、家庭、家人不指住房2)house指居住的房屋、住宅

?Thisismynewhouse.這是我的新居3)

home?Thesearemyfamily.這是我的家人諺語:Eastorwest,homeisbest.金窩銀窩,不如自己的狗窩.諺語：Thereisnoplacelikehome.沒有地方比得上家.①指同家人共同生活的地方,不一定含有建筑物的意思.②可以是船上、窯洞或帳篷里的家庭組織.③特別強(qiáng)調(diào)家里的氛圍和環(huán)境④home在美語中指“住宅”=house4.Therewillbemorepollution.某地有某物(表存在)therebe

某人有某物(表擁有)have/has

2)therebe接詞要運(yùn)用就近(臨近)原則

?Thereisabookandtwobags.?Therearetwobagsandabook.1)有注意:

由于will后接動(dòng)詞原形,因此在“there

be”句型一般將來時(shí)的句中will之后用be動(dòng)詞的原形，即“be”一詞，無論后面是單、復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞(短語)。e.g.There

won’t

beanypapermoney.

There

willonlybeonecountry.

There

will

bemoreleisuretime.3)therebe句型的時(shí)態(tài)變化一般過去時(shí)Therewas/were…一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)Thereis/are…一般將來時(shí)Therewillbe…e.g.Thereisabookonthetable.Therewill

bemorepeopleinthiscity.Therewon’t

berainsoon.—Will

there

berain?—Yes,therewill./No,therewon’t.5.Therewillbefewertrees.Therewillbelessfreetime.相同點(diǎn)：fewer和less都表示“較少”的意思。不同點(diǎn)：1.fewer是few的比較級(jí)，只能修飾

可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。

2.less是little的比較級(jí)，只能修飾不可數(shù)名詞。用fewer或less填空。1)Iearn_____moneythanmysister.Thereare______carsparkedoutsidethanyesterday.3)Wehave______studentsthisyearthanlastyear.4)Yououghttosmoke________cigarettesanddrink_____beer.lessfewerfewerfewerless練一練：6.Yes,Ihopeso.對(duì)，我希望如此。此句意為“yes,IhopetherewillbeworldPeace”。

句中的so為副詞，代替了對(duì)話中上文所說的內(nèi)容，除hope外，so還常與think（想），believe（相信），guess（猜測(cè)）等詞搭配。例如：?A:Ishecomingtoseeus?他要來看我們嗎？B:Ithinkso.我想是的。7.

Isometimesseeblueskiesinmycity,...我有時(shí)看到城市里的藍(lán)天，……句中skies用作復(fù)數(shù)，表示天氣或某地的天空看上去怎樣，如：?alandofblueskiesandwarmsunshine.

一片有著藍(lán)藍(lán)的天空和溫暖的陽光的土地。當(dāng)只指“天空”時(shí)，sky通常用單數(shù)形式，如:?Therewasn’tacloudinthesky.天空中萬里無云。?Theskyturneddarkjustbeforethestorm.

暴風(fēng)雨來臨前，天空變得漆黑了。Ⅰ.寫出句中所缺單詞。1.Ihopemyr_____canhelpmewithmyhousework.2.Willkidsgotos_____?3.Therearemanyc________inAsia.4.Thereisn’tf_____dinnerintheworld.5.Therewon’tbeany_____________(鈔票).6.Thestudentshopeteacherswillgivethem______(少)homeworkthanlastterm.choolountriesreeobotpaper

moneylessExercises1.What_______you______(do)thisSunday?There__________(be)afootballmatch.______you_______(go)withus?2.I___________(go)toseeyourfatherassoonasIgettoBeijing.3.Ithinkit___________(be)rainytomorrow.4.Myfather___________(send)meanewbikewhenIamtallenough.II.填空。willdowillbeWill

gowill

gowill

be

will

send1.—Where______you____(liv