山東建筑大學外國語學院《357英語翻譯基礎》專業(yè)碩士歷年考研真題及詳解合集

目錄2015年山東建筑大學外國語學院357英語翻譯基礎考研真題及詳解2016年山東建筑大學外國語學院357英語翻譯基礎考研真題及詳解2017年山東建筑大學外國語學院357英語翻譯基礎考研真題及詳解2018年山東建筑大學外國語學院357英語翻譯基礎考研真題及詳解

2015年山東建筑大學外國語學院357英語翻譯基礎考研真題及詳解一、詞語翻譯（30分）1.漢譯英（15%）（1）意合【答案】parataxis（2）對等【答案】equivalence（3）信、達、雅【答案】faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance（4）音譯【答案】transliteration

（5）冗余【答案】redundancy（6）搭配【答案】collocation（7）生態(tài)學【答案】Ecology（8）詞類轉換【答案】wordclassshift（9）翻譯體【答案】translationbody（10）語境【答案】context（11）語序

【答案】wordorder（12）源出語【答案】thesourcelanguage（13）語義分析【答案】semanticanalysis（14）可譯性【答案】translatability（15）文化轉向【答案】culturalturn2.英譯漢（15%）(1)rewriting【答案】重寫；改寫

(2)coherence【答案】一致；連貫性(3)polysystem【答案】多元系統(tǒng)(4)intelligibility【答案】可懂度；可理解性(5)readability【答案】可讀性(6)ambiguity【答案】歧義(7)norm【答案】標準；規(guī)范(8)domesticating

【答案】歸化(9)compoundsentence【答案】復合句(10)linguistics【答案】語言學(11)blankword【答案】虛詞(12)receptiontheory【答案】接受理論(13)relevance【答案】相關性(14)interdiscipline

【答案】跨學科；交叉學科(15)dialect【答案】方言；同源語二、英漢互譯（120分）1.英譯漢（60%）DuskNormanGortsbysatonaseatinthepark.HydeParkCorner,withitsnoiseoftraffic,layimmediatelytotheright.ItwasaboutthirtyminutespastsixonanearlyMarchevening,andduskhadfallenheavilyoverthescene,duskwithsomefaintmoonlightandmanystreetlamps.Therewasawideemptinessoverroadandpavement,andyetthereweremanyfiguresmovingsilentlythroughthehalf-light,orsittingonseatsandchairs.ThescenepleasedGortsbyandsuitedhismood.Dusk,inhisopinion,wasthehourofthedefeated.Menandwomen,whohadfoughtthebattleoflifeandlost,whohidtheirdeadhopesfromtheeyesofthecurious,cameoutinthishour,whentheiroldclothesandbentshouldersandunhappyeyesmightpassunnoticed.OntheseatbyGortsby’ssidesataratheroldgentlemanwithalookofdefiancethatwasprobablethelastsignofself-respectinamanwhohadstoppeddefyingsuccessfullyanybodyoranything.Asherosetogo,Gortsby

imaginedhimreturningtoahomewherehewasofnoimportance,ortosomeuncomfortablelodgingwherehisabilitytopayhisweeklyrentwasthebeginningandendoftheinterestwhichhecaused.【參考譯文】傍晚時分諾曼·戈茨比坐在公園的凳子上。充滿交通噪音的海德公園角就坐落在右邊。那是一個早春3月的傍晚，6點半鐘，太陽已經(jīng)下山了。街燈已亮，但天還不是太黑。路上十分空曠，但也有許多人孤獨地行走在暮色里，有的則坐在凳上或椅子上。這情景正合戈茨比的心情。他想，黃昏正是失敗者的時刻，是那些夢想未實現(xiàn)、奮斗未成功的男男女女的時刻。他們在暮色中出門，那時，他們雙眼里已經(jīng)死去的夢想、破舊的衣衫才不致太顯眼。坐在他旁邊的是一位老者。他帶著一種蔑視的表情，這可能是一個無法阻止任何人和任何事的人的一點最后的自尊。當他站起來離開時，戈茨比想象他一定是回到哪兒一間他沒有任何存在感的屋子里去，或者是回到一個不舒服的住處去，那里他每個月要付的房租是唯一讓人感興趣的東西。2.漢譯英（60%）飄逸人生行路難，但人生之路誰都要走。有的人在趕路，心急切切，步急匆匆，眼中只有目標卻忽略了風景，可路迢迢不知哪是終點。有的人如游客，

不急不慌，走走停停，看花開花落，看云卷云舒。有時也在風中走，雨中行，心卻像張開的網(wǎng)，放過焦躁苦惱。人生之路誰不走？只是走路時別忽略了一路的良辰美景。一個人工作的地方是小的，居住的家是小的，社交的圈子是小的，有的人就越來越不滿這缺乏變化的單調。有的人卻總是怡然自得，隨遇而安。世界浩渺，一個人只能居于一隅。比海洋大的是天空，比天空大的是心靈，因為這小小的心靈內住著一只時起時落的想象鳥。大碗喝茶解渴，卻說不上是怎樣的好。心想得到的東西終于得到了，失去的卻很多很多，而失去的原來比得到的可能還要好。物化了的生命硬如巖石，而那些看似無價值的卻永葆著神韻和空靈。人生旅途上，有人背負著名利疾疾奔走，有人回歸自然，飄逸而行?！緟⒖甲g文】Togoonajourneyisoftenfullofhardships,butsolongasonelives,heproceedsonhislife‘sjourney.Differentpeoplegoalongdifferently.Sometakehastystepsinanxiety.Obsessedwithreachingthenextgoalintime,theysparenotimeforsightseeingalongtheway,nordotheyhaveaclearviewofwheretheirlongroadsend.Otherstravelleisurelyliketourists.Theywouldtaketimeoffnowandthenforalookatbloomingflowersorfallenpetals.Theywouldstoptoadmirecloudsgatheringanddispersing.Evenwhentheygoagainstthewindorarecaughtintherain,theynevergetannoyed,forworriesslipofftheirmindsasfromanopennet.Everyonegoeshiswayinlife.Whatmakesadifferenceis:doeshehaveapleasanttripenjoyingthelandscapealongtheway?

Crampedisone’sworkplace,narrowisone’sresidenceandsmallisthesocialcircleonemovesabout—suchlimitednessinspaceentailslackofvarietywhichisthesourceofsomepeople’scomplaint.Butothersarealwayscontendedandhappyforhecanadapthimselftodifferentcircumstances.Comparedwiththevastnessoftheuniverseitisonlyatinyspotoneoccupiesonearth.However,thoughlargerthantheoceanisthesky,evenlargeristhehumanmind,forinitimaginationcancomeandgoonthewingwithoutlimitation.Todrinkatagulpisaquickwaytoquenchthirst,butitgivesnotasteofthehighgradetea.Onemayeventuallywinwhathehassethismindto,onlytofindthathehaslostquitealot.Perhapswhathelosesiseverbetterthanwhathegains.Life,whenpetrifiedbymaterialdesires,isascallousasstone,whilethoseseeminglyworthlessthingsalwaysremainfreshandfullofspirit.Intheirjourneythroughlife,somepeoplehurryonwithaheavyheartinpursuitoffameandgain,whileothersgowithaneasy,grace,enjoyingthemselvesinharmonywithnature.

2016年山東建筑大學外國語學院357英語翻譯基礎考研真題及詳解一、詞語翻譯(30分)1.漢譯英(15%)(1)形合【答案】hypotaxis(2)忠實【答案】faithfulness(3)意譯【答案】freetranslation;liberaltranslation(4)洋化【答案】westernization(5)增詞

【答案】amplification(6)目的語【答案】targetlanguage(7)功能對等【答案】functionalequivalence(8)語用分析【答案】pragmaticanalysis(9)生態(tài)翻譯學【答案】Eco-translatology(10)交際理論【答案】communicativetheory(11)機器翻譯【答案】machinetranslation

(12)同聲傳譯【答案】simultaneousinterpretation(13)亞洲基礎設施投資銀行【答案】AsianInfrastructureInvestmentBank(14)一帶一路【答案】OneBeltandOneRoad(15)風格【答案】style2.英譯漢(15%)(1)complexsentence【答案】復雜句(2)universal

【答案】普遍性(3)cohesion【答案】凝聚力(4)culturalinterpretation【答案】文化解讀；文化詮釋(5)compensation【答案】賠償金(6)CAT【答案】計算機輔助翻譯(ComputerAidedTranslation)(7)horizonofexpectation【答案】期待視野(8)SDR【答案】國際貨幣基金組織的特別提款權(SpecialDrawingRights)

(9)TPP【答案】跨太平洋伙伴關系協(xié)議(Trans-PacificPartnershipAgreement)(10)Sociology【答案】社會學(11)Stylistics【答案】文體學(12)wordplay【答案】文字游戲(13)discourse【答案】話語(14)translationese【答案】翻譯腔

(15)textanalysis【答案】文本分析二、英漢互譯(120分)1.英譯漢(60)SelectionoftheProjectManagerSelectionoftheprojectmanagerisoneofthetwoorthreemostimportantdecisionsconcerningtheproject.Inthissection,wewroteafewofthemanyskillstheprojectmanager(PM)shouldpossessinordertohaveareasonablechanceofsuccess.Thefollowingisalistofsomeofthemorepopularattributes,skills,andqualitiesthathavebeenusedintheselectionofprojectmanagers.AstrongtechnicalbackgroundAhard—nosed(精明而講求實際的)managerSomeonewhoiscurrentlyavailableApersonwhocankeeptheprojectteamhappyOnewhohasworkedinseveraldifferentdepartmentsApersonwhocanwalkon(orpart)thewatersThesereasonsarenotsomuchwrongastheyare“notright”.Theymissthe

keycriterion.Aboveall,thebestPMistheonewhocangetthejobdone!Asanyseniormanagerknows,hardworkersareeasytofind.Whatisrareistheindividualwhosefocusisonthecompletionofadifficultjob.OfallthecharacteristicsdesirableinaPM,thisdrivetocompletethetaskisthemostimportant.WecanconcludethattherearethreemajorcategoriesofskillsthatarerequiredofthePMandserveasthekeycriteriaforselection,giventhatthecandidatehasapowerfulbiastowardtaskcompletion.Also,itisnotsufficientforthePMsimplytopossesstheseskills:theymustalsobeperceivedbyothers.Thefactandtheperceptionareequallyimportant.CredibilityThePMneedstwokindsofcredibility.Firstistechnicalcredibility.ThePMmustbeperceivedbytheclient,seniorexecutives,thefunctionaldepartments,andtheprojectteamaspossessingsufficienttechnicalknowledgetodirecttheproject.ThePMdoesnothaveahighlevelofexpertise(專門技術),knowmorethananyindividualteammembers(orallofthem),orbeabletostandtoe-to-toeandintellectuallyslugitoutwithexpertsinthevariousfunctionalareas.Quitesimply,thePMhastohaveareasonableunderstandingofthebasetechnologiesonwhichtheprojectrests,mustbeabletoexplainprojecttechnologytoseniormanagement,andmustbeabletointerpretthetechnicalneedsandwantsoftheclient(andseniormanagement)toprojectteam.Second,thePMmustbeadministratively(管理上地)credible.ThePMhasseveralkeyadministrativeresponsibilitiesthatmustbeperformedwith

apparentlyeffortlessskill.Oneoftheseresponsibilitiesistotheclientandseniormanagementtokeeptheprojectonscheduleandwithinthecostandtomakesurethatprojectreportsareaccurateandtimely.Anotherresponsibilityistotheprojectteam-tomakesurethatmaterial,equipment,andmanpowerareavailablewhenneeded.Stillanotherresponsibilityistopresenttheinterestsofallpartiestotheproject(team,management,functionaldepartments,andclient)tooneanother.ThePMistrulythe“personinthemiddle.”Finally,thePMisresponsibleformakingthetoughtrade-offdecisionsfortheproject,andmustbeperceivedasapersonwhohasthematurejudgmentandcouragetodosoconsistently.SensitivityTheprecedingpagescontainmanyreferencestothePM’sneedforpoliticalsensitivity.Thereisnopointinbelaboringtheissuefurther.Inaddition,toagoodworkingsetofpoliticalantennae,thePMneedstosenseinterpersonalconflictontheprojectteamorbetweenteammembersandoutsiders.SuccessfulPMsarenotconflictavoiders.Quitetheopposite,theysenseconflictveryearlyandconfrontitbeforeitescalatesintointer/intradepartmentalwarfare.ThePMmustkeepprojectmembers“cool”.Thisisnoteasy.Aswithanygroupofhumans,rivalries,jealousies,friendships,andhostilitiesaresuretoexist.ThePMmustpersuadepeopletocooperateirrespectiveofpersonalfeelings,tosetasidepersonallikesanddislikes,andtofocusonachievingprojectgoals.Finally,thePMneedsasensitivesetoftechnicalsensors.Itiscommon,

unfortunately,forotherwisecompetent(有能力的)andhonestteammemberstotrytohidetheirfailures.Individualswhocannotworkunderstresswouldbewelladvisedtoavoidprojectorganizations.Inthepressure-cookerlifeoftheproject,failureisparticularlythreatening.Rememberthatwestaffedtheteamwithpeoplewhoaretask-oriented.Wenowhaveaconditionwhereteammembersmaynotbeabletotoleratetheirownfailures(thoughtheyarerarelyasintolerantoffailureinothers),andwillhidefailureratherthanadmittoit.ThePMmustbeabletosensewhenthingsarebeing“sweptundertherug”andarenotprogressingproperly.LeadershipLeadershiphasbeendefinedas“interpersonalinfluence,exercisedinsituationsanddirectedthroughthecommunicationprocess,towardtheattainment(目標，目的)ofaspecifiedgoalorgoals”.Buthowisinterpersonalinfluencegenerated?Toalltheskillsandattributeswehavementioned,addenthusiasm,optimism,energy,tenacity(堅強),courage,andpersonalmaturity.Itisdifficulttoexplainleadership.Wetendtorecognizeitafterthefact,ratherthanbefore.Wedefineitanecdotally(軼事地，非正式地)bysayingthatthispersonorthatoneactedlikealeader.ThePMmustcapitalize(利用)onpeople’sstrengths,covertheirweaknesses,knowwhentotakeoverandwhento“givetheteamitshead”,knowwhentopunishandwhentoreward,knowwhentocommunicateandwhentokeepsilent.Aboveall,thePMmustknowhowtogetotherstosharecommitment(義務)totheproject.Inaword,thePMmustbealeader.【參考譯文】

選擇項目經(jīng)理選擇項目經(jīng)理是項目的兩三項最重要的決定之一。在本節(jié)中，我們談到了項目經(jīng)理（PM）以獲得合理的成功機會應具備的許多技能。以下是在選擇項目經(jīng)理時選用的一些更受歡迎的屬性，技能和素質的列表：技術背景強精明而講求實際的經(jīng)理目前可以被任用可以讓項目團隊開心的人曾在幾個不同部門工作的人可以經(jīng)受（或解決）困境的人這些原因既不全對也不全錯。他們忽略了關鍵的標準。最重要的是，最好的項目經(jīng)理是可以完成工作的人！任何高級經(jīng)理都知道，勤奮的工作人員很容易找到。罕見的是把個人的重點放在完成艱難的工作上的人。在項目經(jīng)理所需的所有特征中，完成任務的這個驅動力是最重要的。我們可以得出結論，考慮到候選人對任務完成有強烈的偏見，項目經(jīng)理還需要三個主要技能類別，并且這三個技能是作為選擇的關鍵標準。而且，項目經(jīng)理光擁有這些技能是不夠的，他們也必須得到別人的認可。事實和看法同樣重要。信譽

項目經(jīng)理需要兩種信譽。首先是技術信譽。項目經(jīng)理必須被客戶，高級管理人員，職能部門和項目組認為具有足夠的技術知識來指導項目。項目經(jīng)理并不具備高水平的專業(yè)技術，也并不比任何一個團隊成員（或者所有人）都知道更多，也能夠和騰出手來和不同的功能領域的專家進行智力上的對抗。很簡單，項目經(jīng)理必須對項目所依賴的基礎技術有一個合理的了解，必須能夠向高級管理層解釋項目技術，并且必須能夠給項目組解釋客戶（和高級管理層）的技術需求。第二，項目經(jīng)理在管理上必須是可信的。項目經(jīng)理擁有幾項關鍵的行政職責，必須用顯而易見的技能來執(zhí)行。其中一個職責是讓客戶和高級管理層按計劃和預算來進行項目操作，確保項目報告準確及時。項目團隊的另一個職責是確保在需要時有可用的材料，設備和人力。另一個責任就是將項目各方（團隊，管理，職能部門和客戶）的利益相互交織在一起。項目經(jīng)理是真正的“中間人”。最后，項目經(jīng)理負責為項目做出艱難的權衡決定，并且項目經(jīng)理必須被認為是一個具有成熟的判斷力和勇氣的人。敏感度前面幾頁提到了很多關于項目經(jīng)理對黨派敏感性的需求。這里就不再贅述這個問題了。另外，為了做好黨派思想工作，項目經(jīng)理需要知道項目團隊或團隊成員和外部人員之間的人際沖突。成功項目經(jīng)理的不是沖突避免者。恰恰相反，他們很早就感受到?jīng)_突，并在它升級為部門間/部門間戰(zhàn)爭之前與之對抗。項目必須保持項目成員之間的良好關系。這不容易。與任何一群人類一樣，對抗，嫉妒，友誼和敵對肯定存在。項目經(jīng)理必須說服人們合作，拋開個人情感和偏好，專注于實現(xiàn)項目目標。最后，項目經(jīng)理需要一套靈敏的技術傳感器。不幸的是，有能力的和誠

實的團隊成員試圖隱藏他們的失敗。不能在壓力下工作的人員會被建議避免項目組織。在該項目的壓力鍋生命中，失敗特別恐怖。請記住，我們?yōu)閳F隊配備了以任務為中心的人員。我們現(xiàn)在面臨這樣一個情況，即團隊成員可能無法容忍自己的失敗（盡管他們很少不能容忍別人的失?。?，并且會隱藏失敗，而不是承認失敗。項目經(jīng)理必須能夠感覺到團隊成員避而不談而且不能正常進行的事情的發(fā)生。領導力領導力被定義為“在情境中行使并通過溝通實現(xiàn)特定目標的人際影響力”。但如何產(chǎn)生人際影響力？對于我們提到的所有技能和屬性，加上熱情，樂觀，精力，堅強（堅強），勇氣和個人成熟度，就可以產(chǎn)生人際影響力。領導力是很難解釋的。我們總是在事實發(fā)生后而不是之前認識到這一點。我們總是非正式地定義說這個人或那個人像一個領導人。項目經(jīng)理必須利用人們的優(yōu)勢來覆蓋他們的弱點，知道何時接手領導團隊，知道什么時候懲罰，什么時候獎勵，什么時候溝通以及什么時候保持沉默。最重要的是，項目經(jīng)理必須知道如何讓別人共同承擔關于項目的義務?？偠灾?，項目經(jīng)理必須是領導者。2.漢譯英(60)趵突泉公園簡介趵突泉公園，位于濟南市市中心。面積10.5公頃，是以泉水為主的文化公園。趵突泉聞名遐邇，譽滿天下，位居濟南七十二名泉之冠，是濟南的象征標志，素有“游濟南不游趵突泉不成游”之說。園內名泉眾多，趵突泉與

其附近的金線泉、漱玉泉、柳絮泉、馬跑泉、無憂泉等二十多處名泉組成趵突泉群，是“濟南四大泉群”之首。乾隆皇帝南巡時因趵突泉水泡茶味醇甘美，曾冊封趵突泉為“天下第一泉”。趵突泉公園名勝古跡眾多，文化底蘊深厚。濼源堂、娥英祠、觀瀾亭、來鶴橋、蓬山舊跡、尚志堂、李清照紀念堂、易安舊居、白雪樓、萬竹園、滄園及諸多名泉、碑石形成了濟南泉文化的發(fā)源地。新建景區(qū)濼苑、百花園、“五·三”紀念園、船站，與老景區(qū)渾然一體，同映成輝。公園風景秀美、古樸典雅，以泉品茗，賞戲購物為特色。園內經(jīng)常舉辦書畫、盆景展、戲曲演唱、金秋菊展、迎春燈會等文化活動，豐富了公園的傳統(tǒng)文化內涵。公園現(xiàn)為國家5A級景區(qū)、全國優(yōu)秀公園、十佳公園、全國精神文明建設先進單位，是海內外著名旅游勝地?！緟⒖甲g文】ABriefIntroductiontotheBaotuSpringParkLocatedinthecenterofJinan,theBaotuSpringParkwithanareaof10.5hectareshasbecomeafamousculturalparkforitssprings.Theworld-famousBaotuSpringranksthefirstamong72localfamoussprings,thusithasbecomethesymboloftheCityofSprings.Asthesayingalwaysgoes:“YourvisittoJinancannotmakeavisitwithoutvisitingBaotuSpring.”Therearemanyfamousspringsinthepark.BaotuSpringand20otherneighboringspringsincludingJinxianSpring,ShuyuSpring,LiuxuSpring,MapaoSpringandWuyouSpringformBaotuSpringGroup,whichisthebiggestamongthefourspringgroups.EmperorQianLongoftheQingDynastygrantedtothespringthegreattitleof“TheFirstSpringinHeaven”afterhetastedthe

delicatefragranceoftheteainfusedbyitonhissouthtour.Witharichculturalheritage,theBaotuSpringParkisabundantinhistoricinterestandscenicbeautysuchasLuoyuanHall,EYingShrine,GuanlanPavillion,LaiheBridge,PengshanArch,ShangzhiHall,WhiteSnowTower,WanzhuGarden,CangGarden,manyfamousspringsandstonetabletsaswell.AllthesemakeBaotuSpringParkbecomethecradleofspringcultureofJinan.ThenewlybuiltLuoyuanGarden,HundredFlowersGarden,“TheMay3rdMassacre”MemorialGarden,ShipStationareharmoniouswitholdscenicspots.Thegracefulandclassicparkisnotedforspring,tea,operaandshopping.IntheparkareoftenheldculturalactivitiessuchasshowsofChinesepaintingandcalligraphy,pottedlandscape,autumnchrysanthemum,SpringFestivalLanternsandoperas,whichhavegreatlyenrichedthetraditionalcultureofthepark.Thepark,rankedas4Aclassscenicspot,NationalExcellentPark,OneofTenTopParks,AdvancedUnitofNationalCulturalandEthicalProgress,hasbecomeatouristresortathomeandabroad.

2017年山東建筑大學外國語學院357英語翻譯基礎考研真題及詳解一、詞語翻譯（30分）1.英譯漢（15分）1.CAT【答案】計算機輔助翻譯2.APEC【答案】亞太經(jīng)貿合作組織3.NATO【答案】北大西洋公約組織4.AIIB【答案】亞洲基礎設施投資銀行5.CBD

【答案】中央商務區(qū)6.NuclearNon-proliferationTreaty【答案】不擴散核武器條約7.UNSecurityCouncil【答案】聯(lián)合國安理會8.Reuters【答案】路透社9.Reciprocaltariffs【答案】互惠關稅10.tradeembargo【答案】貿易禁運11.treasurybonds【答案】國庫債券

12.Dominoeffect【答案】多米諾效應13.blacksheep【答案】害群之馬14.over-representation【答案】比例過高15.CulturalPreservation【答案】文化保護2.漢譯英（15分）1.信、達、雅【答案】faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance2.充分表達

【答案】fullexpression3.動態(tài)對等【答案】dynamicequivalence4.直譯【答案】literaltranslation5.意合【答案】parataxis6.歸化【答案】domesticationtranslation7.翻譯體【答案】translationese8.金磚四國【答案】BRIC

9.絲綢之路【答案】SilkRoad10.外匯儲備【答案】foreignexchangereserve11.世界文化遺產(chǎn)【答案】worldculturalheritage12.國民生產(chǎn)總值【答案】GNP(GrossNationalProduct)13.增值稅【答案】added-valuetax14.自貿區(qū)【答案】FTA(freetradearea)

15.地緣政治【答案】geopolitics二、英漢互譯（120分）1.英譯漢（60分）TheNatureofPlanning—ConflictandDisputesLanduseplanning(規(guī)劃)isaprocessconcernedwiththedeterminationoflanduses,thegeneralobjectivesofwhicharesetoutinlegislationorinsomedocumentoflegaloracceptedstanding.Thenatureofthisprocesswilldependinpartontheobjectiveswhichitistoserve.ThebroadobjectiveoftheUKsystemistoregulatethedevelopmentanduseoflandinthepublicinterest.Politics,conflict,anddisputeareatthecentreoflanduseplanning.Conflictarisesbecauseofthecompetingdemandsfortheuseofland,becauseoftheexternalityeffectsthatarisewhentheuseoflandchanges,andbecauseoftheunevendistributionofcostsandbenefitswhichresultsfromdevelopment.Iftherewerenoconflicts,thereshouldbenoneedforplanning.Indeed,planningmightusefullybedefinedastheprocessbywhichgovernmentresolvesdisputesaboutlanduse.Alternativeariseateverylevelofplanning—fromthehighest(supranational)leveltothelowest(site)level.Theplanningsystemisthemachinerybywhichtheselevelsofchoicearemanaged—fromplan-makingto

developmentcontrol.Thoughplanningsystemsvaryamongcountries,theycanallbeanalyzedintheseterms.Theprocessesinvolvedencompassthedeterminationofobjectives,policy-making,consultationandparticipation,formaldisputeresolution,developmentcontrol,implementation,andtheevaluationofoutcomes.Theexplicitfunctionoftheprocessesistoensurethatawidevarietyofinterestsatstakeareconsideredandthatoutcomesareinthegeneral“publicinterest”.Inrealitythereareverymanyintereststhatmightbeserved.Fourmaingroupsofparticipantsarepoliticiansservingvariouslevelsofgovernment,thedevelopmentindustry,landowners,and“thepublic”.Thelatterishighlydiversegroupwhichisachievinganincreasedrole(notalwaysmeaningfully)bywayofpressuregroupandpublicinvolvement.Governmentsusuallyarguethatareasonablebalanceisbeingachievedbetweenthedifferentinterests.Criticsarguethatinterventionthroughlanduseplanningservestomaintainthedominanceofparticularinterests.Evaluationsofplanningsuggeststhatthosewithapropertyinterestaremoreinfluentialandgetmoreoutoftheplanningsystem,butorganizedinterestgroupsandevensomeindividualshavehadsuccessinindividualcases,sotheoutcomesarebynomeanscertain.Oneofthereasonsfortheincreasedimportanceattachedtoplanningprocess,andpublicinvolvementinthem(apartfromquestionsofdemocracy),liesinthebeliefthattheyareeffectiveinreducingthescopeforlaterconflict.Theclearerandfirmerthepolicy,andthewideritssupport,thelessroomthereisforarguingaboutitsapplicationandimplementation.Thusforthemanagersofthesystemefficiencyisincreased.Buttherearelimitstothis:thereisno

waythatconflictcanbeplanningaway.Acentralproblemfortheplanningsystemistodeviseameansforpredictinglikelyfuturechangesthatmayimpactonthesystem.Infact,thisisextremelydifficult,andpastattemptshavedemonstratedthatthereisaseverelimittoprediction.Thisisoneofthereasonswhydiscretion(慎重)hastobebuiltintotheprocesses:withoutthis,itisdifficulttotakeaccountofchangingcircumstances.Asecond,moreimmediatereasonfordiscretionistheimpossibilityofdevisingaprocesswhichcanbeappliedautomaticallytotheenormousvarietyofcircumstancesthatcometolightwhenactionisbeingtaken.Plansandotherpolicydocumentsprovideareferencepointforwhathasbeenagreedthroughtheplanningprocess,andagainstwhichproposalswillbemeasured.Professionalresearchandanalysis,togetherwithopportunitiesforconsultation,publicparticipation,andformalobjectionandadoptionbypoliticalrepresentatives,givesuchdocumentslegitimacy.Buttheycannotbeblueprints(設計圖).Theimplementationofaplanalwaysdiffersfromwhatisanticipated.【參考譯文】土地利用規(guī)劃就是確定土地用途的過程，其一般目標載于法律或合法、公認的文件中。土地利用規(guī)劃的性質部分取決于其服務的目標。英國土地利用規(guī)劃制度的廣泛目標是規(guī)范土地的開發(fā)利用，維護社會公共利益。政治、沖突和爭端是土地利用規(guī)劃的核心問題。沖突產(chǎn)生自土地使用需求的競爭，土地使用發(fā)生變化造成的外部影響，以及發(fā)展帶來的成本和效益分配不均。如果沒有沖突，就沒有必要規(guī)劃。事實上，規(guī)劃可以有

效地定義為政府解決土地使用糾紛的過程。從最高（超國家）級到最低（現(xiàn)場）級的每一個規(guī)劃級別都有備選方案。規(guī)劃系統(tǒng)是管理這些選擇方案的機制——從計劃制定到開發(fā)控制。雖然各國的規(guī)劃制度各不相同，但都可以用這些術語來分析。所涉及的過程包括確定目標、制定政策、協(xié)商與參與、正式解決糾紛、發(fā)展控制、執(zhí)行及效果評估。這些程序的明確功能是確?？紤]到各種利害關系，并確保結果符合普遍的“公共利益”。在現(xiàn)實中，有許多利益可能得到滿足。參與者主要包括各級政府官員、發(fā)展產(chǎn)業(yè)、土地所有者和“公眾”。后者是高度多樣化的群體，通過壓力集團和公眾參與，正發(fā)揮更大的作用（但不一定有意義）。政府通常聲稱，土地利用規(guī)劃能使不同的利益之間取得合理的平衡。批評人士則認為，通過土地利用規(guī)劃進行干預是為了保持特定利益集團的主導地位。對規(guī)劃的評估表明，擁有地產(chǎn)權益的人更具影響力，從規(guī)劃體系中獲益更多，但有組織的利益集團甚至一些個人也在個別案例中取得了成功，所以評估結果不是確定的。規(guī)劃過程及其公眾參與（除民主問題外）越來越受重視的原因之一，在于人們相信規(guī)劃過程能夠有效地減少沖突發(fā)生的可能性。政策越明確、越堅定，越有廣泛的支持，就越?jīng)]有爭論其適用和實施的空間。從而為管理者提高了系統(tǒng)效率。但也存在局限性：再怎么規(guī)劃也還是會有沖突。規(guī)劃系統(tǒng)的中心問題是設計一種方法來預測可能對系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生影響的未來變化。其實這很困難，過去的嘗試表明，預測存在嚴重的局限性。這就是規(guī)劃程序必須慎重的原因之一：沒有這一點，就很難考慮不斷變化的環(huán)境。第二，慎重的更直接原因是不可能設計出一種程序，能自動適用

于采取行動時出現(xiàn)的各種各樣的狀況。計劃和其他政策文件為規(guī)劃過程中達成的協(xié)議提供了參考點，并以此作為衡量提案的標準。專業(yè)的研究分析，以及咨詢、公眾參與、政治代表正式反對和通過，賦予了這些文件合法性。但它們不是設計圖。計劃的執(zhí)行總是不同于預期。2.漢譯英（60分）我的生命大概不會很長久罷。然而在短促的過去的回顧中卻有一盞明燈，照徹了我的靈魂的黑暗，使我的生存有一點光彩。這盞燈就是友情。我應該感謝它，因為靠了它我才能夠活到現(xiàn)在；而且把舊家庭給我留下的陰影掃除了的也正是它。世間有不少的人為了家庭拋棄朋友，至少也會在家庭和朋友之間畫一個界限，把家庭看得比朋友重過若干倍，這似乎是很自然的事情。我也曾親眼看見一些人結婚以后就離開朋友，離開事業(yè)?！笥咽菚簳r的，家庭是永久的。在好些人的行為里我發(fā)現(xiàn)了這個信條。這個信條在我實在是不可理解的。對于我，要是沒有朋友，我現(xiàn)在會變成怎樣可憐的東西，我自己也不知道。然而朋友們把我救了。他們給了我家庭所不能給的東西，他們的友愛，他們的幫助，他們的鼓勵，幾次把我從深淵的邊沿救回來。他們對我表示了無限的慷慨。我的生活曾經(jīng)是悲苦的，黑暗的，然而朋友們把多量的同情，多量的愛，多量的歡樂，多量的眼淚分給了我，這些東西都是生存所必需的。這些不要報答的慷慨的施舍，使我的生活里也有了溫暖，有了幸福。我默默地接受了他們。我并不曾說過一句感激的話，我也沒有做過一件報

答的行為。但是朋友們卻不把自私的形容詞加到我的身上，對于我，他們太慷慨了。【參考譯文】Thelengthofmydayswillnotbeunlimited.However,wheneverIlookbackonbriefpastlife,Ifindabeaconilluminatingmysoulandtherebylendingalittlebrightnesstomybeing.Thatbeaconisfriendship.Ishouldbegratefultoitbecauseithashelpedmekeepaliveuptonowandclearawaytheshadowleftonmebymyoldfamily.Manypeopleforsaketheirfriendsinfavoroftheirownfamilies,oratleastdrawalineofdemarcationbetweenfamiliesandfriends,consideringtheformertobemanytimesmoreimportantthanthelatter.Thatseemstobeamatterofcourse.Ihavealsoseenwithmyowneyeshowsomepeopleabandontheirfriendsaswellastheirowncareerssoonaftertheygetmarried…Friendsaretransientwhereasfamilyarelasting—thatisthetenet,asIknow,guidingthebehaviorofmanypeople.Tome,thatisutterlyinconceivable.Withoutfriends,IwouldhavebeenreducedtoIdon’tknowwhatamiserablecreature.Friendsaremysaviors.Theygivemethingswhichitisbeyondmyfamilytogiveme.Thankstotheirfraternallove,assistanceandencouragement,Ihavetimeandagainbeensavedfromfallingintoanabysswhileonitsverge.Theyhavebeenenormouslygeneroustowardsme.Therewasatimewhenmylifewasmiserableandgloomy.Myfriendsthen

gavemeinlargequantitiessympathy,love,joyandtears—thingsessentialforexistence.ItisduetotheirbountifulfreegiftsthatIalsohavemyshareofwarmthandhappinessinmylife.Iacceptedtheirkindnessesquietlywithouteversayingawordofthanksandwithouteverdoinganythinginreturn.Inspiteofthat,myfriendsneverusedtheepithet“self-centered”whenreferredtome.Theyareonlytoogeneroustowardsme.

2018年山東建筑大學外國語學院357英語翻譯基礎考研真題及詳解一、詞語翻譯（30分）1.英譯漢（15分）(1)parataxis【答案】意合(2)domesticating【答案】歸化(3)dynamicequivalence【答案】動態(tài)對等(4)skopostheory【答案】目的論(5)geopolitics

【答案】地緣政治(6)Brics【答案】金磚五國(7)grossnationalproduct【答案】國民生產(chǎn)總值(8)supplysidereform【答案】供給側改革(9)translationese【答案】翻譯腔；翻譯體(10)tradeembargo【答案】貿易禁運(11)taxi-hailingapp【答案】打車軟件

(12)targetedpovertyreduction【答案】精準扶貧(13)blacksheep【答案】害群之馬(14)communityofsharedinterests【答案】利益共同體(15)two-dimensionalbarcodepayment【答案】二維碼支付2.漢譯英（15分）（1）信、達、雅【答案】faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance（2）形合

【答案】hypotaxis（3）異化【答案】foreignizationtranslation（4）意譯【答案】freetranslation（5）計算機輔助翻譯【答案】CAT(computeraidedtranslation)（6）多米諾效應【答案】dominoeffect（7）亞投行【答案】AIIB(AsianInfrastructureInvestmentBank)（8）北約【答案】NATO(NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization)

（9）聯(lián)合國安理會【答案】UNSecurityCouncil（10）一帶一路【答案】theBeltandRoadInitiative（11）“雙一流”【答案】DoubleFirst-Classinitiative（12）工匠精神【答案】craftsmanshipspirit（13）新常態(tài)【答案】newnormal（14）京津冀一體化【答案】Beijing-Tianjin-HebeiIntegration

（15）人工智能【答案】artificialintelligence二、英漢互譯（120分）1.英譯漢（60分）High-risebuildingsarecloselyrelatedtothecity;theyareanaturalresponsetodensepopulationconcentration,scarcityofland,andhighlandcosts.Themassingofthehigh-risebuildingevolvesoutofthedesigner’sinterpretationoftheenvironmentalcontextandhisresponsetothepurposeofthebuilding.Ahigh-risebuildingmaybefreestanding—thatis,verticalandslenderorhorizontalandbulky—oritmaybeplaceddirectlyadjacenttoothertallbuildings,thusformingasolidbuildingblock.Inbothapproachesthebuildingisbasicallyanisolatedobject.Howeverthetallbuildingofthefuturemayverywellbeanintegralpartofonelargebuildingorganism,thecity,wherethebuildingsoractivitycellsareinterconnectedbymultilevelmovementsystems.High-risebuildingsrangeinheightfrombelow10tomorethan100stories.Arathercomplexplanningprocessisnecessarytodeterminetheheightofabuilding.Someofthefactorstobeconsideredaretheclient’sneedsversusthelandavailableandthelocationofthelandasrelatedtothefacetsoftheenvironmentalcontext,forexamplenecessaryservicestosupportthebuildinganditsinhabitantsortheecologicalimpactofthebuildingorthesceniccharacteristicofthelandscape.

Thedevelopmentofthehigh-risebuildingsfollowscloselythegrowthofthecity.Theprocessofurbanizationwhichstartedwiththeageofindustrializationisstillinprogressinmanypartsoftheworld.IntheUnitedStatesthisprocessbeganinthenineteenthcentury;peoplemigratedfromruraltourbanareas,therebyforcinganincreaseinthedensityofcities.Technologyrespondedtothispressurewiththelightweightsteelcagestructure(輕鋼骨架結構),theelevator,andtheenergysupplysystemsnecessitatedbythehighdensityverticalcity.Atthebeginningofthiscenturybuildingblocksabout20storieshighweresetoppositeeachother,separatedonlybydarknarrowstreets,formingurbancanyons.Primaryconcernwastheplacementofmaximumnumberofpeopleonaminimumareaofland.Theresultingcongestion(擁擠)anditsimpactonpeopleandthecityasanorganicinteractionsystemwashardlyadesignconsideration.Theneedsforlight,air,andopengroundlevelforpublicactivityspacesledtotheevolutionofthefree-standingskyscraper.Itismuchtaller,sinceitmustprovideadensityatleastequivalenttothebuildingblockitisreplacing.Presenttechnologyisfarenoughadvancedtoallowconstructionofthesingleskyscraperataneconomicallyfeasiblecost.Fromatechnologicalormaterialspacepointofview,thedesignoftallbuildingsisrelativelywellunderstood;howeverconsiderationofthebehavioralspace,thatis,identificationofhumanneedsandspaceadaptability,isstillinan