Unit4LanguageandCulture市公開課一等獎省賽課微課金獎?wù)n件

Unit4LanguageandCultureLudwigWittgensteinfamousAustrian-Britishphilosopher,onceputforwardthe"LanguageGameTheory",i.e.Themeaningofawordorphraseorpropositionisnothingotherthanthesetof(informal)rulesgoverningtheuseoftheexpressioninactuallife.EzraPoundfamousAmericanimagistpoetBenJohnsonRenaissanceplaywright,poet,andcompetitortoShakespeare1/32WarmUp

HereitseemstobealmostimpossibleforustotranslatethedialoguesintoChineseandrenderthemashumorousastheoriginal.Thingslikepuns(amusinguseofawordorphrasethathastwomeanings,orofawordwiththesamesoundbutdifferentmeanings)defytranslationacrosslanguages.2/32MoreExamples1.OnSundaystheyprayforyouandonMondaystheypreyonyou.2.Whytimeflies?Becausesomebodywantstokillit.3.兩個人吵架。一個人氣急罵起來：“你有什么了不起，能把我吃了！”“不能，我是回民！”4.戀愛“三草”標準女：你說你很寂寞，為何不去找你以前女朋友而來追我呢？男：好馬不吃回頭草！女：你們班上也有女孩呀！我們倆相隔這么遠，你為何卻來追我呢？男：兔子不吃窩邊草！女：那你現(xiàn)在為何又要拋棄我呢？你這個混蛋！男：天涯何處無芳草！5.某人刻苦學習英語，終有小成。一日上街不慎與一老外相撞，忙說：Iamsorry.老外應(yīng)道：Iamsorry，too.某人聽后又道：Iamsorry,three.老外不解：Whatareyousorryfor(four)?某人無奈，道：Iamsorryfive.3/32Continued6.Patient:Well,doctor,mynoserunsandmyfeetsmell.Doctor:Hummm,that'sawkward.You'vebuiltupside-down.7.Policeman:Yourdogkeepschasingamanonabicycle.Man:Nonsense,officer.Mydogcan'trideabicycle.8.7days,without7-Up,makesoneweak(week).9.Whatsentenceisthelongestintheworld?10.Whichpartoftheclockisalwaysold?4/32ReadingI

RelationshipBetweenLanguageandCulture●Languageisapartofculture.Itisoneofthefeaturesthatdistinguishmanfromanimals.Itisthekeystoneofculture.●Sincetheknowledgeandbeliefsthatconstituteapeople'sculturearehabituallyencodedandtransmittedinlanguage,itisextremelydifficulttoseparatethetwo.Theyinfluenceandshapeeachother.●Humanslearntheirculturethroughlanguage.Cultureistransmittedthroughlanguage.●Languageisthecarrierandcontainerofculturalinformation.Withoutlanguage,culturewouldbeimpossible.●Language,asanintegralpartofhumanbeing,permeateshisthinkingandwayofviewingtheworld.Languagebothexpressesandembodiesculturalreality.●Language,asaproductofculture,helpsperpetuatetheculture,andthechangesinlanguageusesreflecttheculturalchangesinreturn.5/32Continued

socialquestioneventhoughitcomesinquestionform,doesnotaskforinformation.itissimplyalubricanttomovetheconversationforward.

Sapir-WhorfHypothesis薩皮爾-沃爾夫假說linguisticdeterminismlanguagemaydeterminepeople'sthinkingpatternslinguisticrelativitydifferentlanguagesofferpeopledifferentwaysofexpressingtheworldarounde.g.“天生有?！盓nglish:“生來嘴里就含著一把銀勺”(bornwithasilverspooninone'smouth)Russian:“穿著襯衣生下來”German:“梳好了頭才出世”“一箭雙雕”或“一舉兩得”English:“一石打死二鳥”(tokilltwobirdswithonestone)French:“一塊石頭打兩處”Russian:“一槍打死兩只兔子”German:“一個拍子打兩只蒼蠅”6/32Continuedman(OldEnglish)husbandhusband(OldEnglish)farmeralternative(另類）HippiesHokkien福建話，閩南話Hakka客家話Cantonese粵語Teochew潮汕話7/32Continued日文：“怪我”，“油斷”，“油斷一秒，怪我一生”●“怪我”意即“讓我受傷害，使我傷殘”。古代日本人跑到中國來學漢語，看到兩個人走路撞到了一起，紛紛道歉說，“怪我，怪我！”日本人認為是在說“我受傷了，你傷著我了”，所以“怪我”一詞在日語中便成“傷我”之意?！裰袊巳ト毡酒髽I(yè)考查，看到人家車間里有一口號，以為尤其好，寫是“油斷一秒，怪我一生”，回國后就給自己員工開大會，說我們要學習日本人嚴謹時間觀念和責任心，“車間里油斷一秒，就怪我一輩子”。其實人家這句話意思是提醒員工注意安全，“油斷”在日語中是“疏忽大意”意思，“油斷一秒，怪我一生”就是“一時疏忽，終生傷殘”/“疏忽一時，受傷一世”。

●這句話在日本也慣用來提醒大家大家注意交通安全，聽說有中國人在日本高速路上開車，看到這個奇怪口號，認為是在提醒前方路上加油站極少，于是趕快停車加油——油千萬不能斷，不然怪我一生啊。

8/32Fill-inTask1.green2.brownstudy沉思、幻想、呆想3.outofthebluesuddenly/unexpectedly4.whiteelephant昂貴無用之物5.blacksheep敗家子/害群之馬6.yellowtimid/cowardish7.greenenvyc.f.green-eyed8.seeredbecomeveryangry9.blacklooks愁眉苦臉；怒氣沖沖樣子；敵視臉色，惡狠狠樣子10.bluesad/depressed/gloomy11.whitelie12.redtape繁文縟節(jié)，官樣文章13.blue下流c.f.bluemovie14.lookgreen臉色蒼白15.yellowjournalism黃色新聞，或黃色新聞學，是新聞報道和媒體編輯一個取向，指極度夸大及捏造情節(jié)手法來渲染新聞事件，尤其是關(guān)于色情、暴力、犯罪方面事件。到達聳人聽聞，進而擴大銷數(shù)之目標新聞報道。9/32Example

Mr.Brownisaverywhite

man.Hewaslookingrathergreentheotherday.Hehasbeenfeelingbluelately.WhenIsawhim,hewasinabrown

study.Ihopehe’llsoonbeinthepinkagain.

布朗先生是一位忠實可靠人。那天他臉色不好，最近感到悶悶不樂。我見到他時，他顯得心事重重。我希望他早點振作起來。10/32Continued

Red(1)紅旗

redflag

紅糖

brownsugar

紅茶

blacktea

紅榜

honorroll紅豆

lovepea

紅運

goodluck

紅利

dividend

紅事

wedding紅葡萄酒

redwine

火災(zāi)

redruin

血戰(zhàn)

redbattle

彩霞

redsky盛大

/上賓待遇

red-carpet

修改/檢驗/刪除

red-pencil貨運快車/鐵路特快貨車

redball（俚）

一分錢

/

毫厘（口）

redcent真金/金錢（古）

redgoldRed(2)賈寶玉神游太虛境，警幻仙曲演紅樓夢。JiaoBaoyuvisitstheLandofIllusion;AndthefairyDisenchantmentperformstheDreamofGoldenDays.賈寶玉品茶櫳翠庵，劉姥姥醉窩怡紅院。JiaBaoyutastessomesuperiorteaatGreenBowerHermitage;

AndGrannieLiusamplesthesleepingaccommodationatGreenDelights.

11/32ContinuedGreen(1)

嫉妒、眼紅”greeneye

眼紅

greenwithenvy

羨慕極了

greenwithjealousy

十分嫉妒green-eyed

monster

嫉妒/妒忌

inagreenrage

怒氣沖天

Green(2)“錢財、現(xiàn)金、有經(jīng)濟實力”InAmericanpoliticalelectionsthecandidatesthatwinareusuallytheoneswhohavegreenpowerbackingthem.在美國政治競選中獲勝候選人通常都是些有財團支持人物。Green(3)“沒有經(jīng)驗、缺乏訓練、知識淺薄”“;（傷口）新/未愈合”；Thenewtypistisgreenatherjob.

剛來打字員是個生手。YoucannotexpectMarytodobusinesswithsuchpeople.Sheisonlyeighteenandasgreenasgrass.你不能指望瑪麗同這么人做生意，她只有十八歲，還毫無經(jīng)驗。agreenwound

新傷口

12/32ContinuedYellow(1)“膽小、卑怯、卑劣”ayellowdog

可鄙人，卑劣人

ayellowlivered

膽小鬼yellow-belly

膽小鬼/懦夫Heistooyellowtostandupandfight.

他太軟弱，不敢起來斗爭。Yellow(2)特定顏色YellowPages

黃頁（電話號碼簿，用黃紙印刷）YellowBook

黃皮書（法國等國家政府匯報，用黃封面裝幀）yellowboy（俗）金幣Yellow(3)象征低級趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥褻yellowjournalism(以低級趣味文字或聳人聽聞報道吸引讀者)黃色辦報作；聳人聽聞關(guān)于丑聞新聞報道/嘩眾取寵新聞）13/32ContinuedBlue(1)"情緒低落”、“心情沮喪”、“憂愁苦悶”Theyfeltratherblueafterthefailureinthefootballmatch.球賽踢輸了，他們感到有些沮喪?！猄helooksbluetoday.What’sthematterwithher?

——Sheisinholidayblue.她今天顯得悶悶不樂，出了什么事情？她得了假期憂郁癥。Blue(2)"黃色”、“下流”bluetalk

下流言論

bluevideo

黃色錄像

bluejokes

下流玩笑bluefilms/movies

黃色電影Blue(3)社會地位高、出身名門意義,e.g.blueblood（貴族血統(tǒng)）othermeanings:

outofblue意想不到

onceinablue

千載難逢drinktillall’sblue

一醉方休

bluebook/BlueBook

藍皮書（英國政府或議會發(fā)表封皮為藍色官方匯報；封皮為藍色官方出版物/名人錄"bluebutton”藍徽“（指倫敦證券交易所職員）bluechip藍籌股

14/32ContinuedWhite(1)英語中white有時表示含義，與漢語中“白色”沒有什么關(guān)系awhitelie善意謊言

thewhitecoffee

牛奶咖啡

whiteman善良人，有教養(yǎng)人whiteday吉日whitecoal水力white-livered

怯懦

whiteelephant昂貴又無用之物White(2)漢語中有些與“白”字搭配詞組，實際上與英語white所表示顏色也沒有什么聯(lián)系，而是表示另外含義白開水

plainboiledwater

白菜

Chinesecabbage

白搭

nouse白字

wronglywrittenormispronouncedcharacter

白費事

allinvain

15/32ContinuedPurpleraisetothepurple

升為紅衣主教

tobeborninthepurple

生于帝王之家tomarryintothepurple

與皇室或貴族聯(lián)姻purplepatches辭藻華麗段落populartotheextreme紅得發(fā)紫purplewithanger臉色鐵青

Pinkticklesomebodypink使某人很高興inthepink身體健康pink-collarworkers粉領(lǐng)階層，指職業(yè)婦女群體Graygraywisdom智力graymatter頭腦grayexperience老練grayhair白發(fā)，老年人

16/32ReadingIILanguage-and-cultureappearsinthefivedimensionsofculture:1.languageandculturalproductsmembersofthecultureuselanguagetomanipulateoruseculturalproducts,culturalproductsconsistentirelyoflanguage,andlanguageisaculturalproductinandofitself.2.languageandculturalpracticesPerhapsthemostobvioususeoflanguageincultureoccursinculturalpractices,andculturalpracticesalwaysrequirelanguage,thelanguageofparticipation.3.languageandculturalperspectiveslanguagereflectsandembodiesperspectives.4.languageandculturalcommunitiescommunitiesdevelopdistinctlanguagetodescribeandcarryouttheparticularpracticesandproductsassociatedwiththeirgroupanditsactivities.,andcommunitiesalsodefinenormsforlanguageuse.5.languageandpersonslanguage,likeculture,isnotonlycollectivebutalsopersonal.17/32ContinuedBlack(1)

象征生氣和惱怒

blackintheface

臉色鐵青

tolookblackatsomeone

怒目而視Black(2)

“陰險”、“邪惡”blacksheep

害群之馬

blackfuture

暗淡前途blackday

兇日blackday沮喪，意志消沉ablacklookanangrylook

inablackmoodinlowspirits

ablackstranger:完全陌生人

18/32IdentifyingDifference:KinshipTermsandMoreIncategorizingkinfolk,whattheChineselanguagefindssignificantaretheperson'ssex,age,andwhetherheorsheiscloselyrelatedtoone'sfatherormother.Allthesethings,however,arenotsignificantintheEnglishlanguage.●Denotationsofawordorphrasearethemeaningsthatrelateittotheobjectsorconceptsreferredto,theactualorfictional"things"thataresymbolized.所指意義●Connotationsrefertotheadditionalmeaningsthatawordorphrasehasbeyonditscentralmeaning.隱含意義19/32

ExamplesofConnotativeDifferencesBetweenEnglishandChineseasstrongasahorse壯如牛asstubbornasamule犟牛asstupidasagoose蠢豬alioninthepath攔路虎oldgraymare河東獅anabsolutedragon母夜叉adrownedrat落湯雞chicken-hearted膽小如鼠birdsofthesamefeather一丘之貉老黃牛望子成龍棒打鴛鴦ashappyasacow高興得像百靈鳥asblindasabat有眼無珠ascunningasadeadpig像狐貍一樣狡猾20/32WhypeopleincountrieslikeJapanandChinaoftenrefusetosay"no"directly

BothJapaneseandChinesepeopletendtoconveymessagesimplicitly.Themostconspicuouscaseisthewaytheysay“no”.Thereasonsaremany.Firstly,JapanandChinaarehumblecultureswhichteachtheirpeopletobemodestandmild.Theyalwaysavoidexpressingstrongemotionsagainstotherparty,instead,theyprefertoshowdisapprovaltactfullythroughimplication.

Secondly,“face”ishighlyvaluedincommunication.Peopletendtoprotecttheirownfaceandmeanwhilefeelobligednottothreatentheotherparty’sface.

Still,harmonyisveryimportantinJapaneseandChinesecultures.Peopleareexpectedtokeepaharmoniousrelationshipwitheachother.Theytrytoavoidbeingaggressivewhichmayresultindirectconflict.21/32

漢語中“面子”

面子在中國人社會生活尤其是社會交往中主要性是其它文化無與倫比。面子

在很大程度上調(diào)整和支配中國人社會行為。所以,

漢語“臉、面”在向社會關(guān)系域映射過程中能產(chǎn)性要比英語高。漢語中見面方式有各種表示法,

如“見面、謀面、碰面、見面、晤面”等,與不一樣身份人見面用不一樣詞語。而英語中普通用meet一詞來表示。同時,在社會交往過程中,

失去面子在漢語中可用“丟臉、拋臉、搶臉、抹臉、丟面子”等很多詞語來表示,而在英語中就用loseface一詞來囊括?！氨Ｈ矫孀印痹谟⒄Z中是saveface,在漢語中保全方面子是相互,在交往中不但要保全自己面子,還要顧及他人面子,其對應(yīng)漢語表示就包括到交際雙方,自己要“顧面子、愛面子、要面子、講面子”,對他人要“留面子、買面子、給臉、給面子”等。

林語堂眼中“中國人臉”

林語堂先生在《臉與法制》一文中所言:“中國人臉,不但能夠洗,能夠刮,而且能夠丟,能夠賞,能夠爭,能夠留?！边@里可丟、可賞、可爭、可留之臉就是中國“面子、情

面”。由此,漢語中就有“變臉、抹臉、翻臉、破臉、撕臉、賞臉、給臉、爭面子、爭臉”等說法?！懊孀訂栴}是中國特有國粹。這個詞兒,外國文沒法翻譯?！敝形魑幕忻孀佑^念差異使得我們極難找到上面所列詞對等英文表示。這些都是中國人強烈面子觀念在語言中動態(tài)表征。

22/32TranslatingAcrossLanguages

翻譯不但包括語言問題，也包括文化問題。譯者不但要了解外國文化，還要深入了解自己民族文化。不但如此，還要不停地把兩種文化加以比較，因為真正對等應(yīng)該是在各自文化中含義、作用、范圍、感情色彩、影響等等都是相當。翻譯者必須是一個真正意義文化人。人們會說:"他必須掌握兩種語言；確實如此，不過不了解語言當中社會文化，誰也無法真正掌握語言（王佐良,1989)

ExamplesofthedifficultyinachievingequivalenceintranslationbetweenChineseandEnglish:

1.lexicalequivalence風水fengshui磕頭、叩頭kowtow餃子jiaozi豆腐doufu2.Idiomaticequivalencepullone'sleg(開某人玩笑）hinder（拖后腿）moveheavenandearth（盡一切努力）earth-shaking（翻天覆地）eatone'swords（收回已說出話）breakone'swords（食言）child'splay（非常輕易做事）treatasatrifle（視如兒戲）23/32Continued

3.Grammatical-syntacticalequivalenceTherearenoequivalentsinChineseforthegrammaticalorsyntacticalfeatureslikerelativepronounssuchas"which","whom",etc.andthedefinitearticle"the"inEnglish.AndtherearenoequivalentsinEnglishfortheauxiliarywordsperformingthegrammaticalfunctionofmoodsuchas"也”，“乎”，“哉”...inClassicalChinese.

4.Experientialequivalence梅雨，清明，三伏，三九，民辦教師，臭老九AMidsummerNight'sDreamOdetotheWestWindShallIcomparetheetoasummer'sday(Shakespeare)5.Conceptualequivalence自由主義liberalism唯心主義idealism唯物主義materialism折衷主義eclecticism政治運動politicalcampaign干部cadre宣傳propaganda保守conservative24/32Translation我們說語言總是含糊，指是我們永遠無法控制我們所說所寫東西所表示意思。我們經(jīng)過說話和寫作所傳達意思不但僅由詞語和句子本身決定，聽眾和讀者了解也起到了一定作用。換言之，是交際雙方共同創(chuàng)造了語言所表示意思。語言含糊性是與生俱來。為了溝通，我們必須自己推斷出對方意思，除此之外別無他法。在了解他人說話時，我們必須推測這些話意思。這些推測主要基于以下兩個起源：1.他們所使用語言；2.我們世界知識。這種知識包含能夠預(yù)知在某種特定語境下人們通常會說些什么。語言是含糊。這意味著不論是讀或?qū)?，我們永遠無法完全地領(lǐng)會他人意思。換言之，語言永遠無法完全地表示我們意思。然而，這對跨文化交際意味著什么呢？首先必須明白，假如交際參加者擁有更多共同預(yù)期和世界認識，交際便會有比很好效果。相同歷史、背景和經(jīng)歷使得人們之間交際較為輕易，因為任何一方對另一方意思推測都基于共同經(jīng)驗和知識。在推測話意方面，來自同一個村子、同一個家庭兩個人要比來自地球不一樣半球不一樣城市兩個人少犯錯誤。25/32Example一老外苦學漢語十年，滿懷信心到中國參加漢語考試。試題以下：請解釋下文中每個“意思”意思：小王給領(lǐng)導送紅包，兩人對話很有意思。領(lǐng)導：“你這是什么意思？”小王：“沒什么意思，意思意思。”領(lǐng)導：“你這就不夠意思了?！毙⊥酰骸靶∫馑迹∫馑??！鳖I(lǐng)導：“你這人真有意思。”小王：“其實也沒有別意思。”領(lǐng)導：“那我就不好意思了?！毙⊥酰骸耙稽c小意思，是我不好意思?！鳖I(lǐng)導：“這次意思就算了，下次不要再小意思了。”小王：“明白您意思，下次不會小意思了?！崩贤飧悴欢K究是啥意思，不會意思交了白卷，懊喪地回國鉆研這些意思。

26/32Case13Thisexamplevividlyillustratesthatfailuresininterculturaltranslationmayleadtoseriousconsequence,orevendisasterstohumanbeings.Definitely,translationisnotsuchasimpleprocessasrenderingaword,asentenceoratextliterally,butratherafarmorecomplexonethanmostpeopleassume.Forexample,onceaChinesecosmeticmanufacturerwantedtopromotetheirproductsintotheinternationalmarket.Thesloganoftehadvertisementwas:"sweetasJade",asinChinese"jade"wasalwaysusedtocomplimentawoman'sbeauty;butunfortunately,itwasnotanappropriatewordtodescribethebeautyofaladyinWesterncultures.InEnglish,"jade"whenreferringtoawomanhastheconnotationsofbeingvulgar,rude,orimmoral.Undoubtedly,thesaleswerenotsatisfying.Theseemingequivalentsbetweenlanguagesmayhaveverydifferentconnotationsindifferentcultures,thusthetranslatorshouldbecautiousintheprocessoftranslationsoastoavoidmisunderstanding.27/32Case14“楊"referstoYangKaihuiwhowasMaoZedong'sdeceasedwife,"柳”referstoLiuZhixunwhowasLiShuyi'sdeceasedhusband.Theycanbetranslatedindifferentways,butitseemstobeverydifferent,ifnotimpossible,toachieveequivalenceintranslatingfromChineseintoEnglish.Adoptingtheliteraltranslationstrategy,version1appearstobefaithfultotheoriginalbutmayeasilyconfusereadersinthetargetlanguage.Version2employstheliberaltranslationstrategywithanattempttoconveytheoriginalmeaningaspreciselyaspossible.However,theoriginalpoeticflavorislostbecausetherhetoricdevicepunisnotreproduced.28/32Case15Thetranslationseemstobefaithfultotheoriginal,butitmaynotworkforthepurposeofinterculturalcommunication.Foreignreadersofthetranslationmayfinditstrange.ThefollowingiswhatafriendlyAmericanjournalisthascommentedonthetranslation:Myfirstreactionwasunfortunatelylaughterbecauseitissofullofmistakes.ItomitssomenecessaryinformationabouttheDragon-BoatFestival,includingitshistoricaloriginsandwhenitactuallytakesplace.Thesethingsareimportant...Thecopyseemstotryto"snow"thereaderwithfanciful,overblownassertionsabouthowterrificitallis,butitunintentionallyhilariouslanguagethatleavesthereaderlaughingoutuninformed...Thebrochurealsosuffersfromlackofbackgroundmaterial,thetaking-it-for-grantedthatthereaderalreadyisfamiliarwithmanyaspectsofChinesehistoryandculture29/32ContinuedItdoesn'ttellyouwheretogo,howtogetthere,whenthingsareopenan